CN104959498A - Forging raw material production mode selection method - Google Patents
Forging raw material production mode selection method Download PDFInfo
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- CN104959498A CN104959498A CN201510218923.9A CN201510218923A CN104959498A CN 104959498 A CN104959498 A CN 104959498A CN 201510218923 A CN201510218923 A CN 201510218923A CN 104959498 A CN104959498 A CN 104959498A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a forging raw material production mode selection method. The method selects forging raw materials by using carbon equivalent w(C). When the range of the carbon equivalent w(C) is [0, 0.477], continuous casting blanks, mold ingots, or ESR ingots are used as the forging raw material. When the range of the carbon equivalent w(C) is [0.477, 2.128], continuous casting blanks or ESR ingots are used as the forging raw material. When the range of the carbon equivalent w(C) is [4.442, +infinity], the ESR ingots are used as the forging raw material. The forging raw material production mode selection method can conveniently and rapidly select the raw materials which should be selected in forging according to the carbon equivalent of the raw materials. The method can accurately select the raw materials which are affordable before forging, and effectively ensure quality of forge pieces and greatly reduce production cost. The method has significance for providing feedback information for steel ingot casting and guiding forging production.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the system of selection of a kind of forging raw material mode of production.
Background technology
Steel ingot, in process of setting, its section generally also exists three regions, i.e. solid phase area, solidification zone and liquid phase region.Situation ingot quality being had to the size of the mainly solidification zone of considerable influence and extend to center.Generally the solidification mode of steel ingot is divided into three kinds: Layer by layer solidification, mushy freezing and intermediate setup.The solid phase area that shows as of Layer by layer solidification is successively passed to liquid phase region; The alloy of thermostatical crystallization and narrow the solidifying of alloy of crystallization range all belong to which.Mushy freezing show as within certain a period of time of solidifying, whole steel ingot section almost solidifies simultaneously; Solidifying when Temperature Distribution is comparatively smooth on the very wide or steel ingot section of alloy crystallization range belongs to which.The solidification mode shown as between Layer by layer solidification and mushy freezing of intermediate setup.
The crystallization range of steel is the principal element determining molten steel solidification mode, and solidification mode affects the quality of steel ingot.The alloy that crystallization range is large, its solidification mode is partial to mushy freezing, and during crystallization, dendritic crystal is just flourishing, forms loose tendency larger; Otherwise the alloy that crystallization range is little, the tendency forming concentrating shrinkage cavity is just larger.
Obtaining one of prerequisite of the forging of good quality is exactly ensure raw material quality.The raw material of forging have continuous casting ingot, ingot casting and electric slag refusion ingot.Usually the raw material needed for selecting according to different product requirements.From flaw detection situation, usual three kinds of steel ingot internal soundnesses are followed successively by ESR ingot, ingot casting, continuous casting ingot by good to bad.ESR ingot is optimum as forging raw material, but its cost compare is high.For ingot casting, detection defects is few or do not have the steel grade of detection defects can consider to substitute, to reduce costs, as carbon steel with continuous casting billet; The steel grade that detection defects is many can be considered to use ESR ingot, to improve forging quality.
In recent years, along with industrial developments such as metallurgy, petrochemical industry, space flight, shipbuildings, the demand of forging, in continuous increase, therefore requires and the also corresponding raising of quantity demand as the raw-material ingot quality of forging.Because forging raw material quality directly has influence on process even end product quality below, so particularly crucial to the raw-material selection of forging.
Steel ingot is raw material main in Forging Technology, therefore in today of steel industry develop rapidly, is the target that large iron and steel enterprise is pursued to the pursuit of ingot quality always.In pouring molten steel process, in the liquidus curve dropping to steel when temperature and solidus temperature gap, it is solid-state process that liquid state will occur.Steel ingot casting flaw, if shrinkage cavity, loose, segregation, fire check etc. are all produce in process of setting.Such as in the process of setting of steel, the contraction of steel can not get compensating, and the place of in the end solidifying is put and just be there will be shrinkage cavity or loose.
If selected inapplicable raw material before forging, so will inevitably affect the choose reasonable of Forging Technology, even potential safety hazard caused to the use of product, also can cause the economic loss that cannot retrieve.Enterprise only has promptly and accurately selects forging type of raw materials, adjustment Forging Technology that can be correct as the case may be.Can find out that the selection of effective steel ingot can ensure its production efficiency and product quality, Ye Shi enterprise obtains the powerful guarantee of economic benefit simultaneously.
Therefore, need the system of selection of a kind of forging raw material mode of production to solve the problem.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is, for the defect of not forging raw material selection in prior art, to provide one to forge the system of selection of the raw material mode of production simply and easily.
For achieving the above object, the present invention forges the system of selection of the raw material mode of production and can adopt following technical scheme:
The system of selection of a kind of forging raw material mode of production, utilizes the carbon equivalent w (C) of iron and steel to select forging raw material:
When the scope of the carbon equivalent w (C) of iron and steel be [0,0.477) time, adopt continuous casting billet, ingot casting or ESR ingot as forging raw material;
When the scope of the carbon equivalent w (C) of iron and steel be [0.477,2.128) time, adopt continuous casting billet or ingot casting as forging raw material;
When the scope of the carbon equivalent w (C) of iron and steel be [2.128,4.442) time, adopt ingot casting or ESR ingot as forging raw material;
When the scope of the carbon equivalent w (C) of iron and steel is [4.442 ,+∞], adopt ESR ingot as forging raw material.
Further, when the scope of the carbon equivalent w (C) of iron and steel be [0,0.477) time, adopt continuous casting billet as forging raw material.Effectively can ensure the quality of forging, and can effectively reduce forging cost.
Further, when the scope of the carbon equivalent w (C) of iron and steel be [0.477,2.128) time, adopt ingot casting as forging raw material.Effectively can ensure the quality of forging, and can effectively reduce forging cost.
Further, when the scope of the carbon equivalent w (C) of iron and steel be [2.128,4.442) time, adopt ESR ingot as forging raw material.Effectively can ensure the quality of forging.
Beneficial effect: the forging raw material mode of production of the present invention system of selection can conveniently be selected according to raw-material carbon equivalent to forge the raw material that should choose, more economic and practical raw material can be selected accurately and effectively can ensure the quality of forging and significantly reduce production cost before forging, provide feedback information for steel ingot casting and instruct forging to be significant.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is that alloying component and shrinkage cavity are loosened the graph of a relation formed;
Fig. 2 is the graph of a relation of carbon equivalent and shrinkage cavity volume;
Fig. 3 is the flaw detection waveform that " the 16MnD ingot casting " of embodiment 1 reduces grass-like;
Fig. 4 is the flaw detection waveform of " 4130 ingot casting " center porosity of embodiment 2;
Fig. 5 is the flaw detection waveform of " 18CrNiMo ingot casting " center porosity+shrinkage cavity of embodiment 3;
Fig. 6 is the flaw detection waveform of " 410 ingot casting " central pipe+loose of embodiment 4;
Fig. 7 is the flaw detection waveform of " 17-4PH ingot casting " central pipe of embodiment 5;
Fig. 8 is the flaw detection waveform of " F51 ingot casting " bottomless ripple of embodiment 6;
Fig. 9 is the flaw detection waveform that " the LF2 continuous casting billet " of embodiment 7 reduces grass-like;
Figure 10 is the flaw detection waveform of " 15 continuous casting billet " center porosity of embodiment 8;
Figure 11 is the flaw detection waveform of " F22 continuous casting billet " center porosity+shrinkage cavity of embodiment 9;
Figure 12 is the flaw detection waveform of " H13 ESR ingot " central pipe+loose of embodiment 10;
Figure 13 is the flaw detection waveform of " F51 ESR ingot " central pipe of embodiment 11;
Figure 14 is the flaw detection waveform that " 20 ingot casting " of embodiment 12 reduces grass-like;
Figure 15 is the flaw detection waveform that " 20 continuous casting billet " of embodiment 13 reduces grass-like;
Figure 16 is the flaw detection waveform of " 8630 ingot casting " center porosity of embodiment 14;
Figure 17 is the flaw detection waveform of " 8630 continuous casting billet " center porosity of embodiment 15;
Figure 18 is the flaw detection waveform of " 9Cr2Mo ingot casting " center porosity+shrinkage cavity of embodiment 16;
Figure 19 is the flaw detection waveform of " 9Cr2Mo continuous casting billet " center porosity+shrinkage cavity of embodiment 17;
Figure 20 is the flaw detection waveform of " F6NM ingot casting " central pipe+loose of embodiment 18;
Figure 21 is the flaw detection waveform of " F6NM continuous casting billet " central pipe+loose of embodiment 19;
Figure 22 is the flaw detection waveform of " 00Cr30Mo2 ESR ingot " bottomless ripple of embodiment 20.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments, illustrate the present invention further, these embodiments should be understood only be not used in for illustration of the present invention and limit the scope of the invention, after having read the present invention, the amendment of those skilled in the art to the various equivalent form of value of the present invention has all fallen within the application's claims limited range.
The forging raw material mode of production of the present invention system of selection, introduce the concept of carbon equivalent and alloying element various in iron and steel be converted to the crystallization range of each alloy of comparision contents of carbon, first can calculate the carbon equivalent of various alloy, on iron-carbon diagram, then compare their crystallization property according to carbon equivalent.The affect essence of crystallization range on crystallization is exactly the impact of carbon equivalent on crystallization.Carry out the crystallization range of more different steel grade according to alloying component from the relation of formation shrinkage cavity, loose volume, based on the actual result of a large amount of ingot castings flaw detection, set up the carbon equivalent of each steel grade and actual flaw detection situation analysis relation.Draw carbon equivalent and shrinkage cavity, loose relation, and the relation of carbon equivalent and forging raw material quality.
Introduce the concept of carbon equivalent and alloying element various in iron and steel be converted to the crystallization range of each alloy of comparision contents of carbon, first can calculate the carbon equivalent of various alloy, on iron-carbon diagram, then compare their crystallization property according to carbon equivalent.The affect essence of crystallization range on crystallization is exactly the impact of carbon equivalent on crystallization.Accompanying drawing is alloying component and the relation forming shrinkage cavity, loose volume.Accompanying drawing can be utilized to carry out the crystallization range of more different steel grade, thus the defect situation of each steel grade of attaining the Way.From accompanying drawing:
1. carbon equivalent one timing, gross shrinkage is certain, and gross shrinkage is concentrating shrinkage cavity volume and loose volume sum;
2. when carbon equivalent becomes large, shrinkage cavity and loose total amount become large gradually, and the trend that is producing defect increases, and shrinkage cavity and loose distribution constantly change;
3. when carbon equivalent is very little, is simple metal, easily forms shrinkage cavity, not easily formed loose;
Simulate the formula (wherein w (C) represents carbon equivalent) of total retraction volume and shrinkage cavity volume with reference to the accompanying drawings respectively:
1. total retraction volume V is total:
V is total=-0.1397w (C)
2+ 1.9975w (C)+10.15
2. shrinkage cavity volume V contracts:
V contracting=0.0541w (C)
5-0.836w (C)
4+ 4.0717w (C)
3-6.1202w (C)
2+ 0.169w (C)+9.8464
3. loose volume V dredges:
V dredges the=total-V contracting of V
4. contraction cavity ratio ξ:
The carbon equivalent of each alloy is brought into above formula, their total retraction volume, shrinkage cavity volume, loose volume and contraction cavity ratio can be drawn.In actual flaw detection, shrinkage cavity all produces flaw echo with loose.We apply carbon equivalent tentatively judge steel ingot quality time, use the total retraction volume size corresponding with carbon equivalent as criterion.
Based on the actual result of a large amount of ingot castings flaw detection, set up the carbon equivalent of each steel grade and actual flaw detection situation analysis relation.For the ingot casting of unlike material, be carrying out flaw detection face from the mouth of a river to the bus in the center side region of rising head, detect a flaw as flaw detection sensitivity using the echo of bottom surface, the mouth of a river or test block.
When 2.1 carbon equivalents increase to 2.11% (eutectoid point) from 0, shrinkage cavity volume reduces, and loose volume increases;
2.1.1 as 0≤w (C)≤0.45, carbon equivalent is very little, close to simple metal, easily forms shrinkage cavity, is not easily formed loose, because when carbon equivalent is very little, although contraction cavity ratio is comparatively large, total retraction volume is less.The principal character of flaw detection waveform is: become to reduce grass-like feature, back wave crest is clear, and it is clear that flaw echo is smudgy, and be difficult between ripple and ripple differentiate, during mobile probe, flaw echo is beated rapidly.Therefore waveform definition of detecting a flaw is for reducing grass-like;
2.1.2, as 0.45 < w (C)≤0.77, the principal character of flaw detection waveform is: back wave crest constantly rises, and constantly declines again to tower top, pagoda both sides crest near symmetrical.Therefore loose centered by waveform definition of detecting a flaw;
2.1.3, as 0.77 < w (C)≤2.11, the principal character of flaw detection waveform is: the multiple spike in central area, woods shape feature, and back wave crest is clear, and with shrinkage cavity peak.Therefore loose+shrinkage cavity centered by waveform definition of detecting a flaw;
When 2.2 carbon equivalents are 2.11%, loose volume is maximum, and shrinkage cavity volume is minimum;
When 2.3 carbon equivalents increase to 4.3% (eutectic point) from 2.11%, shrinkage cavity volume increases, and loose volume reduces;
2.3.1 as 2.11 < w (C)≤4.3, the principal character of flaw detection waveform is: the principal character of flaw detection waveform is: central area wave base is roomy, fasciculation, normal with little flaw echo near main flaw echo, and with multiple spikes of woods shape feature.Therefore shrinkage cavity centered by waveform definition of detecting a flaw+loose;
When 2.4 carbon equivalents are 4.3%, shrinkage cavity volume is maximum, loose minimum;
When 2.5 carbon equivalents increase to 6.69% from 4.3%, shrinkage cavity volume reduces, and loose volume increases.
2.5.1 as w (C) > 4.3, the principal character of flaw detection waveform is: the principal character of flaw detection waveform is: flaw echo reflection is strong, and wave base is roomy, fasciculation, normal with little flaw echo near main flaw echo, serious to end wave action, often make end ripple disappear.Therefore shrinkage cavity centered by waveform definition of detecting a flaw, or end ripple is little, or bottomless ripple.
Of the present inventionly a kind ofly forge raw material that the system of selection of the raw material mode of production can be the forging of oil gas drilling industry forging and carry out selection and recommend, especially can select more economic and practical raw material accurately before forging.
The chemistry of embodiment 1 raw material 16MnD ingot casting becomes: C0.15%, Mn1.32%, Cr0.21%, Mo0.005%, V0.003%, Ni0.20%, Cu0.23%, and the carbon equivalent that can obtain this ingot casting was thus 0.442% (belonging to 0≤w (C)≤0.45).Use the probe of 1MHz, Ф 30mm to detect raw material, carrying out flaw detection face is be bus from the mouth of a river to the center side region of rising head, detects a flaw using the echo of bottom surface, the mouth of a river or test block as flaw detection sensitivity.The principal character of flaw detection waveform is: become to reduce grass-like feature, back wave crest is clear, and it is clear that flaw echo is smudgy, and be difficult between ripple and ripple differentiate, during mobile probe, flaw echo is beated rapidly.Waveform spy is defined as reduction grass-like.Refer to shown in Fig. 3;
The chemistry of embodiment 2 raw material 4130 ingot casting becomes C0.324%, Mn0.58%, Cr0.98%, Mo0.21%, V0.005%, Ni0.09%, Cu0.04%, and the carbon equivalent that can obtain this ingot casting was thus 0.668% (belonging to 0.45 < w (C)≤0.77).Use the probe of 1MHz, Ф 30mm to detect raw material, carrying out flaw detection face is be bus from the mouth of a river to the center side region of rising head, detects a flaw using the echo of bottom surface, the mouth of a river or test block as flaw detection sensitivity.The principal character of flaw detection waveform is: back wave crest constantly rises, and constantly declines again to tower top, pagoda both sides crest near symmetrical.Loose centered by the specific justice of waveform.Refer to shown in Fig. 4;
The chemistry of embodiment 3 raw material 18CrNiMo ingot casting becomes: C0.20%, Mn0.89%, Cr1.78%, Mo0.33%, V0.008%, Ni 1.58%, Cu0.108%, and the carbon equivalent that can obtain this ingot casting was thus 0.884% (belonging to 0.77 < w (C)≤2.11).Use the probe of 1MHz, Ф 30mm to detect raw material, carrying out flaw detection face is be bus from the mouth of a river to the center side region of rising head, detects a flaw using the echo of bottom surface, the mouth of a river or test block as flaw detection sensitivity.The principal character of flaw detection waveform is: the multiple spike in central area, woods shape feature, and back wave crest is clear, and with shrinkage cavity peak.Loose+shrinkage cavity centered by the specific justice of waveform.Refer to shown in Fig. 5;
The chemistry of embodiment 4 raw material 410 ingot casting becomes: C0.148%, Mn1%, Cr13.36%, Mo0.005%, V0.004%, Ni0.08%, Cu0.04%, and the carbon equivalent that can obtain this ingot casting was thus 2.996% (belonging to 2.11 < w (C)≤4.3).Use the probe of 1MHz, Ф 30mm to detect raw material, carrying out flaw detection face is be bus from the mouth of a river to the center side region of rising head, detects a flaw using the echo of bottom surface, the mouth of a river or test block as flaw detection sensitivity.The principal character of flaw detection waveform is: central area wave base is roomy, fasciculation, normal with little flaw echo near main flaw echo, and with multiple spikes of woods shape feature.Shrinkage cavity centered by the specific justice of waveform+loose.Refer to shown in Fig. 6;
The chemistry of embodiment 5 raw material 17-4PH ingot casting becomes: C0.07%, Mn0.97%, Cr17.05%, Mo0.03%, V0.009%, Ni4.98%, Cu4.99%, and the carbon equivalent that can obtain this ingot casting was thus 4.314% (belonging to w (C) > 4.3).Use the probe of 1MHz, Ф 30mm to detect raw material, carrying out flaw detection face is be bus from the mouth of a river to the center side region of rising head, detects a flaw using the echo of bottom surface, the mouth of a river or test block as flaw detection sensitivity.The principal character of flaw detection waveform is: flaw echo reflection is strong, and wave base is roomy, fasciculation, normal with little flaw echo near main flaw echo, serious to end wave action, often makes end ripple disappear.Shrinkage cavity centered by the specific justice of waveform.Refer to shown in Fig. 7;
The chemistry of embodiment 6 raw material F51 ingot casting becomes: C0.03%, Mn1.92%, Cr22.85%, Mo3.3%, V0.008%, Ni5.8%, Cu0.05%, and the carbon equivalent that can obtain this ingot casting was thus 5.972% (belonging to w (C) > 4.3).Use the probe of 1MHz, Ф 30mm to detect raw material, carrying out flaw detection face is be bus from the mouth of a river to the center side region of rising head, detects a flaw using the echo of bottom surface, the mouth of a river or test block as flaw detection sensitivity.The principal character of flaw detection waveform is: flaw echo reflection is strong, and wave base is roomy, fasciculation, normal with little flaw echo near main flaw echo, serious to end wave action, often makes end ripple disappear.Waveform spy be defined as or end ripple little, or bottomless ripple.Refer to shown in Fig. 8;
The chemistry of embodiment 7 raw material LF2 continuous casting billet becomes: C0.16%, Mn0.92%, Cr0.21%, Mo0.08%, V0.03%, Ni0.28%, Cu0.31%, and the carbon equivalent that can obtain this steel ingot was thus 0.417% (belonging to 0≤w (C)≤0.45).Use the probe of 1MHz, Ф 30mm to detect raw material, carrying out flaw detection face is be bus from one end to the center side region of another end, detects a flaw using the echo of bottom surface or test block as flaw detection sensitivity.The principal character of flaw detection waveform is: become to reduce grass-like feature, back wave crest is clear, and it is clear that flaw echo is smudgy, and be difficult between ripple and ripple differentiate, during mobile probe, flaw echo is beated rapidly.Waveform spy is defined as reduction grass-like.Refer to shown in Fig. 9;
The chemistry of embodiment 8 raw material 45 continuous casting billet becomes C0.48%, Mn0.72%, Cr0.23%, Mo0.15%, V0.009%, Ni0.12%, Cu0.08%, and the carbon equivalent that can obtain this steel ingot was thus 0.691% (belonging to 0.45 < w (C)≤0.77).Use the probe of 1MHz, Ф 30mm to detect raw material, carrying out flaw detection face is be bus from one end to the center side region of another end, detects a flaw using the echo of bottom surface or test block as flaw detection sensitivity.The principal character of flaw detection waveform is: back wave crest constantly rises, and constantly declines again to tower top, pagoda both sides crest near symmetrical.Loose centered by the specific justice of waveform.Refer to shown in Figure 10;
The chemistry of embodiment 9 raw material F22 continuous casting billet becomes: C0.12%, Mn0.45%, Cr2.3%, Mo1.08%, V0.005%, Ni0.12%, Cu0.13%, and the carbon equivalent that can obtain this steel ingot was thus 0.889% (belonging to 0.77 < w (C)≤2.11).Use the probe of 1MHz, Ф 30mm to detect raw material, carrying out flaw detection face is be bus from one end to the center side region of another end, detects a flaw using the echo of bottom surface or test block as flaw detection sensitivity.The principal character of flaw detection waveform is: the multiple spike in central area, woods shape feature, and back wave crest is clear, and with shrinkage cavity peak.Loose+shrinkage cavity centered by the specific justice of waveform.Refer to shown in Figure 11;
The chemistry of embodiment 10 raw material H 13 ESR ingot becomes: C0.45%, Mn0.6%, Cr5.5%, Mo1.72%, V1.19%, Ni 1.8%, Cu0.08%, and the carbon equivalent that can obtain this steel ingot was thus 2.357% (belonging to 2.11 < w (C)≤4.3).Use the probe of 1MHz, Ф 30mm to detect raw material, carrying out flaw detection face is be bus from one end to the center side region of another end, detects a flaw using the echo of bottom surface or test block as flaw detection sensitivity.The principal character of flaw detection waveform is: central area wave base is roomy, fasciculation, normal with little flaw echo near main flaw echo, and with multiple spikes of woods shape feature.Shrinkage cavity centered by the specific justice of institute's waveform of telling+loose.Refer to shown in Figure 12;
The chemistry of embodiment 11 raw material F51 ESR ingot becomes: C0.02%, Mn0.9%, Cr22.8%, Mo0.03%, V0.008%, Ni5.2%, Cu0.05%, and the carbon equivalent that can obtain this steel ingot was thus 5.722% (belonging to w (C) > 4.3).Use the probe of 1MHz, Ф 30mm to detect raw material, carrying out flaw detection face is be bus from one end to the center side region of another end, detects a flaw using the echo of bottom surface or test block as flaw detection sensitivity.The principal character of flaw detection waveform is: flaw echo reflection is strong, and wave base is roomy, fasciculation, normal with little flaw echo near main flaw echo, serious to end wave action, often makes end ripple disappear.Shrinkage cavity centered by the specific justice of waveform.Refer to shown in Figure 13;
The chemistry of embodiment 12 raw material 20 ingot casting becomes: C0.18%, Mn0.45%, Cr0.12%, Mo0.07%, V0.005%, Ni0.01%, Cu0.08%, and the carbon equivalent that can obtain this steel ingot was thus 0.32% (belonging to 0≤w (C)≤0.45).Use the probe of 1MHz, Ф 30mm to detect raw material, carrying out flaw detection face is be bus from the mouth of a river to the center side region of rising head, detects a flaw using the echo of bottom surface, the mouth of a river or test block as flaw detection sensitivity.The principal character of flaw detection waveform is: become to reduce grass-like feature, back wave crest is clear, and it is clear that flaw echo is smudgy, and be difficult between ripple and ripple differentiate, during mobile probe, flaw echo is beated rapidly.Waveform spy is defined as reduction grass-like.Refer to shown in Figure 14;
The chemistry of embodiment 13 raw material 20 continuous casting billet becomes: C0.17%, Mn0.38%, Cr0.13%, Mo0.38%, V0.06%, Ni0.14%, Cu0.13%, and the carbon equivalent that can obtain this steel ingot was thus 0.305% (belonging to 0≤w (C)≤0.45).Use the probe of 1MHz, Ф 30mm to detect raw material, carrying out flaw detection face is be bus from one end to the center side region of another end, detects a flaw using the echo of bottom surface or test block as flaw detection sensitivity.The principal character of flaw detection waveform is: become to reduce grass-like feature, back wave crest is clear, and it is clear that flaw echo is smudgy, and be difficult between ripple and ripple differentiate, during mobile probe, flaw echo is beated rapidly.Waveform spy is defined as reduction grass-like.Refer to shown in Figure 15;
The chemistry of embodiment 14 raw material 8630 ingot casting becomes C0.32%, Mn0.98%, Cr0.45%, Mo0.21%, V0.005%, Ni0.58%, Cu0.06%, and the carbon equivalent that can obtain this steel ingot was thus 0.659% (belonging to 0.45 < w (C)≤0.77).Use the probe of 1MHz, Ф 30mm to detect raw material, carrying out flaw detection face is be bus from the mouth of a river to the center side region of rising head, detects a flaw using the echo of bottom surface, the mouth of a river or test block as flaw detection sensitivity.The principal character of flaw detection waveform is: back wave crest constantly rises, and constantly declines again to tower top, pagoda both sides crest near symmetrical.Loose centered by the specific justice of waveform.Refer to shown in Figure 16;
The chemistry of embodiment 15 raw material 8630 continuous casting billet becomes C0.29%, Mn0.88%, Cr0.52%, Mo0.18%, V0.009%, Ni0.52%, Cu0.08%, and the carbon equivalent that can obtain this steel ingot was thus 0.618% (belonging to 0.45 < w (C)≤0.77).Use the probe of 1MHz, Ф 30mm to detect raw material, carrying out flaw detection face is be bus from one end to the center side region of another end, detects a flaw using the echo of bottom surface or test block as flaw detection sensitivity.The principal character of flaw detection waveform is: back wave crest constantly rises, and constantly declines again to tower top, pagoda both sides crest near symmetrical.Loose centered by the specific justice of waveform.Refer to shown in Figure 17;
The chemistry of embodiment 16 raw material 9Cr2Mo ingot casting becomes: C0.9%, Mn0.35%, Cr1.82%, Mo0.18%, V0.009%, Ni0.52%, Cu0.08%, and the carbon equivalent that can obtain this steel ingot was thus 0.618% (belonging to 0.77 < w (C)≤2.11).Use the probe of 1MHz, Ф 30mm to detect raw material, carrying out flaw detection face is be bus from the mouth of a river to the center side region of rising head, detects a flaw using the echo of bottom surface, the mouth of a river or test block as flaw detection sensitivity.The principal character of flaw detection waveform is: the multiple spike in central area, woods shape feature, and back wave crest is clear, and with shrinkage cavity peak.Loose+shrinkage cavity centered by the specific justice of waveform.Refer to shown in Figure 18;
The chemistry of embodiment 17 raw material 9Cr2Mo continuous casting billet becomes: C0.92%, Mn0.23%, Cr1.75%, Mo0.38%, V0.006%, Ni0.22%, Cu0.07%, and the carbon equivalent that can obtain this steel ingot was thus 1.405% (belonging to 0.77 < w (C)≤2.11).Use the probe of 1MHz, Ф 30mm to detect raw material, carrying out flaw detection face is be bus from one end to the center side region of another end, detects a flaw using the echo of bottom surface or test block as flaw detection sensitivity.The principal character of flaw detection waveform is: the multiple spike in central area, woods shape feature, and back wave crest is clear, and with shrinkage cavity peak.Loose+shrinkage cavity centered by the specific justice of waveform.Refer to shown in Figure 19;
The chemistry of embodiment 18 raw material F6NM ingot casting becomes: C0.03%, Mn0.85%, Cr13.12%, Mo0.88%, V0.004%, Ni4.23%, Cu0.14%, and the carbon equivalent that can obtain this steel ingot is thus 3.264% (2.11 < w (C)≤4.3).Use the probe of 1MHz, Ф 30mm to detect raw material, carrying out flaw detection face is be bus from the mouth of a river to the center side region of rising head, detects a flaw using the echo of bottom surface, the mouth of a river or test block as flaw detection sensitivity.The principal character of flaw detection waveform is: central area wave base is roomy, fasciculation, normal with little flaw echo near main flaw echo, and with multiple spikes of woods shape feature.Shrinkage cavity centered by the specific justice of waveform+loose.Refer to shown in Figure 20;
The chemistry of embodiment 19 raw material F6NM ingot casting becomes: C0.04%, Mn0.72%, Cr12.65%, Mo0.64%, V0.008%, Ni5.24%, Cu0.09%, and the carbon equivalent that can obtain this steel ingot was thus 3.175% (belonging to 2.11 < w (C)≤4.3).Use the probe of 1MHz, Ф 30mm to detect raw material, carrying out flaw detection face is be bus from the mouth of a river to the center side region of rising head, detects a flaw using the echo of bottom surface, the mouth of a river or test block as flaw detection sensitivity.The principal character of flaw detection waveform is: central area wave base is roomy, fasciculation, normal with little flaw echo near main flaw echo, and with multiple spikes of woods shape feature.Shrinkage cavity centered by the specific justice of waveform+loose.Refer to shown in Figure 21;
The chemistry of embodiment 20 raw material 00Cr30Mo2 ESR ingot becomes: C0.008%, Mn0.27%, Cr28.35%, Mo2.24%, V0.005%, Ni0.08%, Cu0.09%, and the carbon equivalent that can obtain this steel ingot was thus 6.183% (belonging to w (C) > 4.3).Use the probe of 1MHz, Ф 30mm to detect raw material, carrying out flaw detection face is be bus from one end to the center side region of another end, detects a flaw using the echo of bottom surface or test block as flaw detection sensitivity.The principal character of flaw detection waveform is: flaw echo reflection is strong, and wave base is roomy, fasciculation, normal with little flaw echo near main flaw echo, serious to end wave action, often makes end ripple disappear.Waveform spy be defined as or end ripple little, or bottomless ripple.Refer to shown in Figure 22.
The raw material of forging are recommended
When forging selects raw material, the shape of forging product, size, quality requirement be combined with raw-material characteristic, select the suitable and raw material of economy, basic principle is:
1. for ingot casting, detection defects is few or do not have the steel grade of detection defects can consider to substitute, to reduce costs, as carbon steel with continuous casting billet; The steel grade that detection defects is many can be considered to use ESR ingot, to improve forging quality.
2. forge hollow object, three kinds of steel ingots all can be selected;
3. forge solid member, some steel grade can select continuous casting billet blanking to forge, as carbon steel; Maybe can select that ingot casting is whole beats monobloc forging; The forging that quality requirement is higher can be considered to use ESR ingot.
The raw-material selection of forging is made and recommends as table 1.
Table 1 forges the raw material mode of production and recommends
Conclusion
Carbon equivalent increases, and total retraction volume increases, and namely shrinkage cavity and loose total amount increase, and the trend producing defect increases.
Raw material system of selection: according to Ingot defects and carbon equivalent corresponding relation theory, in conjunction with actual steel ingot flaw detection situation, in his-and-hers watches 1, the raw material of steel grade forging are selected to recommend: during w (C) < 0.477%, recommendation continuous casting billet; During 0.477%≤w (C) < 2.128%, recommend first-selected ingot casting, also optional continuous casting billet; During 2.128%≤w (C) < 4.442%, recommend first-selected ESR ingot, also optional ingot casting; Time w (C) >=4.442%, recommendation ESR ingot.
Claims (4)
1. forge the system of selection of the raw material mode of production, it is characterized in that: utilize the carbon equivalent w (C) of iron and steel to select forging raw material:
When the scope of the carbon equivalent w (C) of iron and steel be [0,0.477) time, adopt continuous casting billet, ingot casting or ESR ingot as forging raw material;
When the scope of the carbon equivalent w (C) of iron and steel be [0.477,2.128) time, adopt continuous casting billet or ingot casting as forging raw material;
When the scope of the carbon equivalent w (C) of iron and steel be [2.128,4.442) time, adopt ingot casting or ESR ingot as forging raw material;
When the scope of the carbon equivalent w (C) of iron and steel is [4.442 ,+∞], adopt ESR ingot as forging raw material.
2. the forging raw material mode of production as claimed in claim 1 system of selection, is characterized in that: when the carbon equivalent w (C) of iron and steel scope for [0,0.477) time, adopt continuous casting billet as forging raw material.
3. the forging raw material mode of production as claimed in claim 1 system of selection, is characterized in that: when the carbon equivalent w (C) of iron and steel scope for [0.477,2.128) time, adopt ingot casting as forging raw material.
4. the forging raw material mode of production as claimed in claim 1 system of selection, is characterized in that: when the carbon equivalent w (C) of iron and steel scope for [2.128,4.442) time, adopt ESR ingot as forging raw material.
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