CN1048420A - Cotton/cotton/polyester fiber blends and layered article thereof - Google Patents

Cotton/cotton/polyester fiber blends and layered article thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1048420A
CN1048420A CN90104558A CN90104558A CN1048420A CN 1048420 A CN1048420 A CN 1048420A CN 90104558 A CN90104558 A CN 90104558A CN 90104558 A CN90104558 A CN 90104558A CN 1048420 A CN1048420 A CN 1048420A
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Prior art keywords
fiber
layered article
cotton
mixture
copolyesters
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Granted
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CN90104558A
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Chinese (zh)
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CN1083026C (en
Inventor
郭和刚
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EIDP Inc
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EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co
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    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04HMAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/04Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres having existing or potential cohesive properties, e.g. natural fibres, prestretched or fibrillated artificial fibres
    • D04H1/08Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres having existing or potential cohesive properties, e.g. natural fibres, prestretched or fibrillated artificial fibres and hardened by felting; Felts or felted products
    • D04H1/10Felts made from mixtures of fibres
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04HMAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/54Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of mixture, a kind of layered article and the technology of making layered article from mixture.Mixture and layered article are produced by the homogeneous mixture of cotton fiber and copolyester binder fiber, and wherein the binding property fiber fusing point is 230-340 .

Description

Cotton/cotton/polyester fiber blends and layered article thereof
The present invention relates to cotton and the mixture of polyethylene terephthalate copolymer binder fiber and the layered article that makes with this mixture thereof.Layered article prepares with thermal bonding technology; They can bear the impulsive force of cyclic washing enduringly.Mixture is high bulk and low-density.
The US P4 that on August 11st, 87 announced, 685, the 914(personal belongings) point out the mixture hot melt adhesive of adsorbing fiber and binding property fiber is made the adsorptivity liner.Adsorbent fibers can be wood pulp, viscose glue, cellulose acetate, flax, hemp, jute, Limonene fiber crops, cotton and analog thereof.Binder fiber is a polyester.A kind of liner adopts the mixture of polyester staple fibers peacekeeping polyester binding fiber and the mixture of tacryl and polyester binding fiber, and the binder fiber of 20-25% is arranged approximately, and bonding under about 315 °F.
European patent discloses 227,914 and points out the thermoplastic fibre of appearance fusing is dispersed in and floatingly in the cotton fiber become bonding cotton felt.250 of hot melt adhesive temperature.
The open J60029182A(Toray of Japan Patent) and J60040239A(Kanegafuchi), (can digest form obtain) have pointed out to make a kind of fibre blend; Adopt heater hot melt adhesive mixture of fibers from following relative materials with high melting point, to select, comprise polyester, polypropylene, polyacrylic acid, cotton, wool, hemp, viscose glue and analog thereof; Binder fiber comprises copolyesters, polyolefin and analog thereof.
The USP4 that announced on September 6th, 88 769,022(3M) points out the preparation method of stratiform thing, promptly 50/50(wt.) cotton/polyester mixture 285 heating 20 seconds down.
People such as W.K.Kwok point out then that at industrial be entitled as " polyester staple fiber that is used for the hot melt adhesive bondedfibre fabric " delivered of the nonwoven fabric in June, 88 indivedual polyester binding fibres can be used to make the hot melt adhesive mixture of fiber.Cotton is not considered to be used for the optimum fiber of mixture.
The invention provides the fibre blend that a kind of thermofusible closes, it is by 75-85(wt) cotton and the 15-25(wt of %) terephthalic acids/isophthalic acid ethylene glycol copolyesters of % forms homogeneous mixture, copolyesters is by the 60-80(mole) terephthalate and the 20-40(mole of %) the % isophthalate forms the fusing point 230-340 of copolyesters °F.
The present invention also comprises the technology of said mixture being carried out hot melt adhesive,, mixture is heated 20-100 second, no pressure down at 230-390 °F that is.The present invention also comprises a kind of layered article, and it is made by above-mentioned technology, and its density is 0.014-0.038 gram/(cm) 3, it can stand the impulsive force of cyclic washing.
The present invention points out about adopt cotton fiber in the mixture of other fiber that comprises the copolyester binder fiber.Although in fact mixture contain can not hot melt cotton fiber, but it also comprises the binding property fiber of hot melt, can be heated and fusion makes and produces bounding point between the adjacent fiber.The invention describes the method that adopts cotton short fiber to make the improved layered article of high-quality low-density and excellent durability.
Cotton short fiber can obtain from any commodity channel, can be that what to clean also can be to clean, and can be that what to bleach also can be fibril.To purpose of the present invention, cotton fiber also refers to wood pulp and regenerated cellulose, as viscose glue.
Be used to implement preferred copolyesters of the present invention and be the copolyesters that ethylene glycol and terephthalic acids and isophthalic acid mixture make by the certain mol proportion polycondensation.It is terephthalate/isophthalate of 70/30 that this copolyesters has mol ratio, about 288 of its fusing point, about 194 of stick point.The fiber that is made by this copolyesters is as thermal bonding fiber, and must make its fusing point be lower than the cotton fiber discoloring temperature, also must can be melt bonded with cotton short fiber.
Be used for fiber of the present invention and be adopting form of mixtures, must select in the mixture fiber so that mixture can interact when being transformed into durability stratiform thing.One of synergistic key factor is to determine the relative size of cotton fiber and binder fiber.The DENIER of cotton fiber should be 1.0-1.8, and is preferred about 1.6, has found that length is suitable for the 0.8-1.5 inch.The DENIER of binder fiber is similar to cotton short fiber, if but they must have a few difference, then their DENIER number should be cotton short fiber 0.75-2.7 doubly.The length range of binding property fiber is the 0.5-3 inch; But in the mixture of appointment preferably the length of binding property fiber be cotton short fiber length 0.75-2 doubly.
Cotton fiber and copolyester fiber can carry out bonding with any commercialization mixing device.Certainly, mixed with fibers also can be finished by any other effective way, and the mixture that only requires to be provided is the homogeneous mixture of different fibers.
Should be noted that mixture of the present invention only is not restricted to cotton fiber and copolyester fiber.If for the consideration and the needs of any reason, other fiber can be added in the mixture.Other fiber can be finished specific function or only exist as packing material.Other fiber can be hollow, or solid, and organic or inorganic is natural or synthetic.Other interpolation material that is not fiber can be added in the mixture, as filler, colouring agent, spices, antiseptic, swelling agent, fire-proofing chemical, antistatic additive etc.Having under the situation of adding material, have been found that their common consumptions are the 0.1-20% of mixture total weight amount.When interpolation can be finished the auxiliary fiber of specific function in mixture, fiber number should be selected by desired purpose.
Mixture of the present invention comprises the copolyester binder fiber of the 15-25% of mixture of fibers gross weight.Having determined can not be formed on the mixture that is less than 15% copolyester binder fiber manufacturing has the bonding of enough durability under any condition, and the adhesive layered goods of using the mixture made greater than 25% copolyester fiber to produce show relatively poor washability.The mixture that contains 15-25% copolyester binder fiber can be produced the layered article of very good durability.As prior art was disclosed, adhesive material only needed as the surperficial composition existence of binding property fiber just passable, for example the cortex composition of core-skin bicomponent fibers.The remainder of fiber or sandwich layer can be dystectic, finish its adhesive function at the low melting material hot melt after remaining fiber constitute portal structure.This class dual-component binder fibre is open, and for example, at USP3, shoulding be understood to this in 589,956 and USP4,068,036 is to obtain the optimum of using bicomponent fibers.It is desirable that certain ratio is suitably adjusted, and doing like this is corresponding those preferred proportions when using the one-component binder fiber that is mixed with cotton fiber for optimization.
Mixture can be made layered article of the present invention with form of single sheet or multilayer form.Typically, on mobile conveying flat, count synusia shape or netted mixture formation layered article by the thickness interfolded of required stratiform thing.As USP3,290,704 is disclosed such.Through after the above-mentioned operation, under tack temperature, heat layered article more than or equal to binder fiber, like this, binder fiber is softening and the cotton fiber in they and the layered article is bonded together.Heating can be penetrated devices such as heater by open form baking oven, air rotary drum baking oven, infrared heater, the width of cloth and be provided.Heating should not surpass the temperature that cotton fiber begins variable color, and is about 390 °F, preferably low.Heating-up temperature should be hanged down as far as possible; Based on such reason, importantly use low-melting copolyesters, in practical operation, 360-380 tack temperature is high.Be used for binder fiber and softening and bonding heat time heating time should be sufficient-be generally 20-100 second, possible words, suitably long.Owing to attempt to make the layered article of making that alap density is arranged, layered article do not exerted pressure when heating usually.But, do not consider layered article density for satisfying special purpose, layered article also may make applying under the certain pressure heating.
Layered article of the present invention is usually used in fiberfill, insulating cell, elastic cushion etc.Usually layered article is made density 0.018-0.038g/cm 3As pointing out, total work to break is adjusted to big numerical value, these layered articles show good washability and high intensity.Washability is to obtain by the washability of measuring autowash and dry run laminate goods.Have been found that owing to the bonding layered article that contains binder fiber very little of making inadequately between the fiber is discrete when the washing, the layered article that contains too many binder fiber is creased and rupture owing to too sticking and too crisp.The performance of washing back layered article performance of the present invention is better than the similarity condition same material but the copolyester binder fiber is less than 15% layered article of making more than 25%.The test method of measuring these quality index is following to be listed:
Test method
The DENIER of DENIER-long filament can be calculated from its fundamental resonance frequency, changes the long long filament of frequency vibration 2-4cm and determine its DENIER under the tension force condition.(ASTM D1577-66,part 25,1968)。
The method that definite employing of density-layered article density is weighed to the layered article of known volume.
The method that tack temperature-reference [Beaman and Cramer, J.Polymer Sclence 21, Page 228(1956)] is described is measured the tack temperature of fiber.Electrical heating-brass ingot slowly raises the brass ingot temperature.Under suitable tension force, hang on fiber sample between the glass bar and place above the brass ingot near the brass ingot surface.Between rod partly with 200 restrain brass press to brass ingot and with 5 seconds of warmed-up brass ingot Continuous Contact.The temperature of fiber and brass ingot surface brass ingot during bonding at least 2 seconds is exactly a tack temperature after removing weight.
Total work to break of work to break-correction is measured the intensity of the layered article of fiber of the present invention.Press total work to break that ASTM D885-85 determines correction, ASTM D885-85 is as described below:
The layered article sample is cut into 1 inch wide 7 inches long, and ten samples are cut by the machine length direction, cuts by lateral length for ten in addition.Sample balance 2 hours under 75 55% relative humidity.
It is on 5 inches chucks that every sample is fixed on that strength tester spaces; Its outcome record of sample after the stretching is on the stress-strain diagram that testing machine is drawn.
Under the computing formula public affairs of work to break:
Work to break, m-1bf=A * F * E
Wherein
Area under the A=load stress strain curve, inch 2
The loading range factor of F=curve map, inch
The elongation range factor of E=per inch curve map sample elongation, inch,
Work to break is the mean value of ten samples.Measure machine direction and horizontal work to break.Total work to break is machine direction work to break and transverse breakage merit sum.
Total work to break calculates total work to break of correction divided by every square yard basis weight (ounce).According to purpose of the present invention, total work to break of the correction that acceptable layered article should show is greater than 2 in-lbs/OZ/Yd 2
Outward appearance after the washing-most important quality index of layered article of the present invention is the durability of layered article to the washing impulsive force.AATCC test method 135-1987(AATCC stand for American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists is pressed in the experiment of this durability).In carrying out this test, need every of 38 * 8 inches layered article be tested.Press the AATCC operational procedure, washing is to carry out in autowash and drying machine, wherein standard sample or cotton fine sample is washed, and cotton sample carries out drying in pressurization under 4 pounds.In order to finish this test, need wash dry 5 times altogether 5 times.
By outward appearance sample is decided to be the 1-4 level, 1 grade the poorest-the mutual conglomeration of fiber is arranged and present irregular-4 grades best-excellent appearance that is similar to the rule of not washing sample arranged.By requirement of the present invention, outward appearance is that 2.5 grades stratiform fiber is considered to acceptable.
Example 1
In preparation mixture-this example, fibre blend makes like that by the present invention's narration.
Used cotton short fiber is to clean and bleaching, and DENIER is about 1.6, about 1.1 inches of average length (0.8-1.5 inch).
Used copolyester binder fiber has the terephthalate and the isophthalic acid ester group of ethene and 70/30 mole, 194 of tack temperature, 288 of molten points.The binder fiber DENIER is about 3, about 1.5 inches of average length.
Mix cotton fiber and copolyester fiber, mixing is to carry out in the open form blender of commercial sale, so that mix, in each of several cycles, the content of binder fiber changes.
Several cycles are listed in the table behind the embodiment.
Example 2
Preparation layered article-is in this example generated layered article of the present invention from the mixture of example 1 by hot melt adhesive.
Mixture combing on the roller of anterior 40 inches of combing machine for fur from example 1 generates continuous net-shaped thing, and WEB overlaps into continuous layered article, its basis weight 3~8 oz/yd 2
Layered article is placed on the conveyer and with different speed and temperature by 2 meters long air-ovens.The temperature of hot melt adhesive and speed be 230-420 and 1.3-5 rice/minute.
The total work to break of correction of test layered article and the outward appearance of layered article.Result of the test is in the table I.
The table I
Cycle, bonding basic weight was proofreaied and correct total work to break outward appearance
Temperature speed OZ/yd 2Laterally+machine direction=summation
m/min
Bonding 10%
1 300 1.29 4.5 0.624 0.710 1.334
2 310 1.29 4.2 1.016 0.875 1.892
3 320 1.29 4.2 1.062 0.914 1.977 2.3
4 330 1.29 4.1 1.211 1.158 2.369
5 340 1.29 4.1 1.371 1.163 2.534
6 350 1.29 4.3 1.057 1.083 2.139 2.2
7 360 1.29 3.9 1.227 1.427 2.653
8 370 1.29 4.0 1.459 1.760 3.218
9 370 2.26 4.1 1.171 1.070 2.242
10 370 5.00 5.3 0.505 0.515 1.020
11 380 1.29 4.6 1.509 1.553 3.061 2.3
12 390 1.29 4.1 1.988 1.388 3.376
13 400 1.29 4.0 1.470 1.639 3.110
14 410 1.29 4.8 1.494 1.824 3.317 2.3
15 420 1.29 4.6 1.730 1.853 3.583
16 420 2.26 4.4 1.588 1.567 3.156 2.2
17 420 3.10 4.0 1.743 1.946 3.688 2.5
18 420 5.00 4.6 0.809 0.809 1.618 2.7
Bonding 20%
19 280 1.29 3.9 1.249 1.454 2.703
20 290 1.29 5.0 1.085 0.963 2.048 2.8
21 300 1.29 4.8 1.435 1.160 2.595
22 310 1.29 4.4 1.611 1.507 3.118
23 320 1.29 5.2 1.281 1.278 2.559 3.5
24 330 1.29 5.0 1.745 1.431 3.176
25 340 1.29 4.7 1.736 1.890 3.626
26 350 1.29 4.5 1.893 2.304 4.197 2.2
27 360 1.29 4.0 2.352 2.266 4.619
28 370 1.29 4.7 2.206 2.471 4.678
29 380 1.29 4.5 2.408 2.383 4.791 3.5
30 390 1.29 4.2 2.806 2.466 5.273
31 400 1.13 4.3 2.353 2.146 4.499
32 410 1.29 4.1 3.281 2.935 6.216 3.5
33 420 1.29 4.5 3.063 3.193 6.256
34 420 2.26 4.9 2.372 2.485 4.857 3.0
35 420 3.10 5.2 2.032 1.964 3.996 2.8
36 420 5.00 4.4 1.789 1.514 3.302 3.2
Bonding 38%
37 230 1.29 7.6 0.892 0.772 1.665 1.3
38 237 1.29 5.1 0.992 0.945 1.938
39 240 1.29 4.6 1.037 1.085 2.122
40 240 1.29 7.3 1.145 1.015 2.161
41 250 1.29 4.3 1.044 1.005 2.049
42 260 1.29 4.2 0.769 1.277 2.047 3.2
43 270 1.29 4.3 1.219 1.294 2.513
44 280 1.29 3.8 1.646 1.608 3.254
45 290 1.29 3.9 1.333 1.517 2.849 2.0
46 300 1.29 5.5 1.408 1.481 2.889
47 310 1.29 5.3 1.636 1.461 3.097
48 320 1.29 5.5 1.372 0.849 2.221 2.3
49 330 1.29 5.6 1.481 0.886 2.368
50 340 1.29 5.5 1.706 1.154 2.860
51 350 1.29 5.3 2.031 1.601 3.632 2.3
52 360 1.29 5.1 1.963 1.564 3.527
53 370 1.29 5.4 2.650 2.092 4.742
54 380 1.29 5.2 2.294 2.410 4.704 3
55 390 1.29 4.7 3.215 2.810 6.025
56 400 1.29 4.9 2.910 2.888 5.797
57 410 1.29 4.9 6.620 5.012 11.632
58 420 1.29 5.2 2.879 2.957 5.836 2.8
59 420 2.26 6.4 2.298 1.656 3.954 3.2
60 420 5.00 5.2 1.616 1.477 3.093 2.8
* expression: temperature Cambodia's fading of fiber too during processing.

Claims (10)

1, the fibre blend that closes of thermofusible comprises by the cotton fiber of 75-85 (wt) % and the fibrous homogeneous mixture of copolyester binder of 15-25 (wt) %, 230-340 of its fusing point.
2, the mixture of claim 1, cotton fiber DENIER 1-1.8 wherein, length 0.8-1.5 inch, the DENIER of binder fiber is 0.75-2.7 a times of cotton fiber, length is 0.75-2.0 times of cotton fiber, binder fiber is terephthalic acids/isophthalic acid ethylene glycol copolyesters, and the mol ratio of the two is 80/20-60/40.
3, the mixture of claim 2, wherein the mol ratio of terephthalate and isophthalate is 70/30 in the copolyesters.
4, the technology for preparing the durability layered article from fibre blend, wherein the homogeneous mixture fusing point of the cotton fiber of 75-85wt% and 15-25wt% copolyester binder fiber is 230-340 °F, make layered article from mixture and comprise several steps, under 230-390 °F to layered article heat treatment 20-100 second with softening binder fiber effectively and carry out bonding in fiber intersection points.
5, the technology of claim 4, wherein binder fiber is terephthalic acids/isophthalic acid ethylene glycol copolyesters, the mol ratio of terephthalate and isophthalate is from 80/20-60/40.
6, the technology of claim 5, wherein the mol ratio of terephthalate and isophthalate is 70/30 in the copolyesters.
7, the layered article of making from 230-340 homogeneous mixture by the fusing point of 75-85wt% cotton fiber and 15-25wt% copolyester binder fiber, wherein, binder fiber on the crosspoint with layered article in other fiber bonding at random, wherein, total work to break of correction is greater than 2.0 lbins/OZ/yd 2, density is less than 0.038 gram/cm 3
8, the layered article of claim 7, wherein, binder fiber is that mol ratio is terephthalic acids/isophthalic acid ethylene glycol copolyesters of 80/20-60/40.
9, the layered article of claim 8, wherein, the mol ratio of terephthalate and isophthalate is 70/30 in the copolyesters.
10, the layered article of claim 7, wherein the outward appearance that presents after cleaning is better than containing under the same material similarity condition and is less than the stratiform fibre that 15wt% makes greater than 25wt% copolyester binder fiber.
CN90104558A 1989-06-05 1990-06-05 Cotton/polyester fiber blends and batts Expired - Fee Related CN1083026C (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US36141889A 1989-06-05 1989-06-05
US361,418 1989-06-05

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CN1083026C CN1083026C (en) 2002-04-17

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JP (1) JPH0369649A (en)
KR (1) KR910001129A (en)
CN (1) CN1083026C (en)
AR (1) AR243246A1 (en)
AU (1) AU639866B2 (en)
BR (1) BR9002640A (en)
CA (1) CA2017836A1 (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1081249C (en) * 1997-10-05 2002-03-20 泰安市第一山毛纺织有限公司 Treating method for ironed fabrics
CN107326530A (en) * 2017-06-15 2017-11-07 东华大学 A kind of preparation method of increasing material manufacturing cotton fiber fabric

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA2048938A1 (en) * 1991-07-10 1993-01-11 Paul M. Muncrief Method for making insulation by sequentially utilizing apparatus for opening fibers
JP2842100B2 (en) * 1992-11-04 1998-12-24 トヨタ自動車株式会社 Manufacturing method of cushioning material
JP7220020B2 (en) 2017-01-06 2023-02-09 モリリン株式会社 Mixed cotton batting

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DE1903289A1 (en) * 1969-01-23 1970-07-30 Talpay Dr Bela M Non woven fabrics consisting of polyamide - or polyester or their mixtures with cotton
DE3164554D1 (en) * 1980-07-10 1984-08-09 Ici Plc Coverstock fabrics
US4685914A (en) * 1983-09-23 1987-08-11 Personal Products Company Disposable urinary pad
DE3541830A1 (en) * 1985-11-27 1987-06-04 Hartmann Paul Ag Cotton swabs and process for their manufacture
CN1029414C (en) * 1986-01-30 1995-08-02 张俊生 Elasticized cotton wading by jet melt cohesion and processing
US4769022A (en) * 1986-05-02 1988-09-06 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Cleansing pad
US4879168A (en) * 1987-10-28 1989-11-07 The Dow Chemical Company Flame retarding and fire blocking fiber blends

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1081249C (en) * 1997-10-05 2002-03-20 泰安市第一山毛纺织有限公司 Treating method for ironed fabrics
CN107326530A (en) * 2017-06-15 2017-11-07 东华大学 A kind of preparation method of increasing material manufacturing cotton fiber fabric

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AU639866B2 (en) 1993-08-05
KR910001129A (en) 1991-01-30
AU5627190A (en) 1990-12-06
CN1083026C (en) 2002-04-17
BR9002640A (en) 1991-08-20
JPH0369649A (en) 1991-03-26
AR243246A1 (en) 1993-07-30
EP0401738A3 (en) 1991-04-03
CA2017836A1 (en) 1990-12-05
EP0401738A2 (en) 1990-12-12

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