CN104782015A - 用于逆变器和电网监控单元之间数据通信的方法和装置 - Google Patents

用于逆变器和电网监控单元之间数据通信的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN104782015A
CN104782015A CN201380059186.1A CN201380059186A CN104782015A CN 104782015 A CN104782015 A CN 104782015A CN 201380059186 A CN201380059186 A CN 201380059186A CN 104782015 A CN104782015 A CN 104782015A
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lock
power system
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CN104782015B (zh
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D·艾策特米勒
C·法斯蒂伯
C·比特曼
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/40—Synchronising a generator for connection to a network or to another generator
    • H02J3/383—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H02J13/00007—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using the power network as support for the transmission
    • H02J13/00009—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using the power network as support for the transmission using pulsed signals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H02J13/00007—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using the power network as support for the transmission
    • H02J13/0001—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using the power network as support for the transmission using modification of a parameter of the network power signal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B3/00—Line transmission systems
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B3/00—Line transmission systems
    • H04B3/54—Systems for transmission via power distribution lines
    • H04B3/542—Systems for transmission via power distribution lines the information being in digital form
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to line transmission systems
    • H04B2203/54—Aspects of powerline communications not already covered by H04B3/54 and its subgroups
    • H04B2203/5404—Methods of transmitting or receiving signals via power distribution lines
    • H04B2203/5408—Methods of transmitting or receiving signals via power distribution lines using protocols
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to line transmission systems
    • H04B2203/54—Aspects of powerline communications not already covered by H04B3/54 and its subgroups
    • H04B2203/5404—Methods of transmitting or receiving signals via power distribution lines
    • H04B2203/5416—Methods of transmitting or receiving signals via power distribution lines by adding signals to the wave form of the power source
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    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
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    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
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    • Y02E40/70—Smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the energy generation sector
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    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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    • Y04S10/00—Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y04S10/12—Monitoring or controlling equipment for energy generation units, e.g. distributed energy generation [DER] or load-side generation
    • Y04S10/123—Monitoring or controlling equipment for energy generation units, e.g. distributed energy generation [DER] or load-side generation the energy generation units being or involving renewable energy sources
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    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S10/00—Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y04S10/50—Systems or methods supporting the power network operation or management, involving a certain degree of interaction with the load-side end user applications
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    • Y04S40/00—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them
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    • Y04S40/121—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment using the power network as support for the transmission

Abstract

为了一种简单且可靠的数据通信，在一种包括多个串联连接的逆变器(31、32、...3n)和一个电网监控单元(5)的装置中规定，施加在电气负载(4)上的电网电压(VN)通过电网监控单元(5)叠加同步脉冲(10)，可以通过逆变器(31、32、...3n)探测所述同步脉冲以用于在时间上同步。

Description

用于逆变器和电网监控单元之间数据通信的方法和装置
技术领域
本申请涉及一种用于在连接到电气负载上的电网监控单元和多个在输出侧串联连接的逆变器之间进行数据通信的方法，其中，所述逆变器与所述电网监控单元在时间上互相同步。
背景技术
光伏设备通常包括多个太阳能电池板，其依赖于太阳光的照射提供一定大小的直流电压。该直流电压利用逆变器转化为交流电压或者交流电流并且提供至供电电网中，或者接通到电气负载上、例如电机或者电池充电站上。在此，不同的配置已经已知。本发明涉及一种装置，在该装置中每个太阳能电池板具有一个自身的逆变器并且各个逆变器串联连接，其中，所述逆变器的输出电压的总和得出供电电网的电压或电气负载的电压。一种这样的装置例如由GB 2 483 317 A已知。在其中还实施，各个逆变器必须互相同步并且各个逆变器必须与供电电网或者与负载同步。为此提出，也借助于传感器分析电网电压，例如在幅值、相位和频率方面进行分析，并且将这些信息发送到各个逆变器的同步单元上。这可以通过自身的控制线来进行，或者借助于电力线通信。不过GB 2 483 317 A没有描述，应该如何详细地实现所述同步。
EP 1 483 819 B1描述了一种用于借助于电力线通信来控制电气设备的方法。在此，多个参与者连接到供电电网上，所述参与者必须互相通信并且为此互相同步。参与者为了同步而使用电网电压的过零点，以便建立具有一种发送和接收周期的信道扫描(Kanalraster)。每个发送和接收周期通过电网电压的过零点来限定。为此每个参与者必须对电网电压观察其过零点并且对此相应进行配备。然而这种类型的同步仅仅当各个参与者并联连接到供电电网上时才能正常工作。因此，该电力线通信方法不能在按照文件GB 2 483 317 A的装置中正常工作。
发明内容
本发明的任务在于，提供一种装置和一种方法，借此在包括多个串联连接的逆变器的装置中能够进行简单并且可靠的数据通信。
该任务按照本发明通过如下方式得到解决，其中，施加在电气负载上的电网电压通过电网监控单元叠加同步脉冲，可以通过逆变器探测所述同步脉冲以用于在时间上同步。这些同步脉冲可以由所有串联连接的逆变器探测，由此所述逆变器能够非常简单地进行与电网监控单元同步以便进行数据通信。而且所述同步脉冲形成了所定义的时间段，在所述时间段内可以实现一种任意的通信协议。
特别有利地，将预定持续时间的至少两个数据信道构成到两个相继的同步脉冲之间。所述数据信道于是可以由逆变器和由电网监控单元按照通信协议进行使用。
如果在所述同步脉冲的发送或者探测与第一数据信道之间设有预定的脉冲持续时间，从而所述同步脉冲能够在数据通过线缆被发送之前就充分衰减了，则可以改善数据通信的可靠性。
有利地，所述同步脉冲参照电网电压的所定义的、明确的并且可容易检测的参考点并且在所述参考点之后在一预定的延迟时间后发送所述同步脉冲，参考点优选是电网电压的过零点或者顶点。
可以有利地使用所述延迟时间，以便将附加的数据由逆变器发送到电网监控单元上、例如用于用信号表示逆变器的紧急情况，或者反之亦然，即将附加的数据由电网监控单元发送到逆变器上、例如用于逆变器的寻址。按照该方式还可以以简单的方式传送对于设备运行重要的信息，而不用限制数据通信的带宽。所述紧急情况的信号表示相应地可以导致一种紧急切断，从而提高设备的安全性和对于用户的安全性。
附图说明
以下参照图1至4进一步描述本发明，图1至4示例性地和示意性地示出本发明的有利的实施方案。图中：
图1示出光伏设备连接于电气负载上的框图，
图2示出具有同步脉冲的电网电压，
图3示出所述电网电压的放大图，以及
图4示出同步单元的实施方案。
具体实施方式
光伏设备1包括一列光伏模块21、22、...2n。每个光伏模块21、22、...2n以本身已知的方式与所属的逆变器31、32、...3n连接，所述逆变器分别将光伏模块21、22、...2n的直流电压VDC1、VDC2、...VDCn转化为逆变器31、32、...3n的输出端上的交流电压VAC1、VAC2、...VACn。所述逆变器31、32、...3n经由其输出端串联连接，其中，所述交流电压VAC1、VAC2、...VACn的总和在幅度和相位方面得出要馈送的供电电网或者要供应的电气消耗器(一般称为电气负载4)的电网电压VN。所述电网电压VN在连接到电气负载4上的电网监控单元5中监控。所述电网监控单元5在此并联连接到串联连接的逆变器31、32、...3n。电网监控单元5中另外设置了一个同步单元6，所述同步单元负责各个逆变器31、32、...3n对于电网电压VN的同步，如以下还将详细地描述的那样。为此每个逆变器31、32、...3n还包括一个控制单元71、72、...7n，所述控制单元分析同步单元6的同步信息并且控制所述逆变器31、32、...3n用于对于电网电压VN的同步。
图2示出电网电压VN的时间曲线。在过零点的预定的时间间隔td内，短时间的同步脉冲10(见图3)这里通过同步单元6产生并且将其叠加于电网电压VN。基于逆变器31、32、...3n的串联连接，该同步脉冲10通过每个逆变器31、32、...3n或者通过所属的控制单元71、72、...7n进行探测并且因此是明确的时间参考，所述逆变器31、32、...3n能够按照该时间参考同步。在此，所述同步脉冲10当然可以具有或者没有延迟td、当然也可以在电网电压VN的其它明确的时刻(例如在电网电压VN的顶点处)发送。
在同步脉冲10之后定义时间段tN、tl，所述时间段可以用于数据的发送，即所谓的数据信道。在此，在两个同步脉冲10之间可以设置有一个数据信道或者也可以设有多个数据信道。在探测到同步信号10之后，在数据信道开始前优选地等待一个预定的脉冲持续时间tsp。
在图2中例如定义两个数据信道用于数据通信。为此，在探测到或者发送了同步脉冲10之后等待一个预定的脉冲宽度tsp。此后，在确定的持续时间tN将数据由电网监控单元5发送到逆变器31、32、...3n上。这也可以用于通过控制信号中央地从电网监控单元5根据电气负载4的状态来控制逆变器31、32、...3n，例如通过预定电压值VAC、频率、无功功率预定以及有功功率预定等等。此后对于持续时间tl跟随第二数据信道，用于将数据从逆变器31、32、...3n发送到电网监控单元5上，所述数据例如是状态数据、运行数据、用于中央监测的数据等等。在此，传输周期持续电网电压VN的一个周期。
但也可想到的是，每隔x个的同步脉冲10、也多个相继的同步脉冲用于沿着例如从电网监控单元5至逆变器31、32、...3n的方向对数据的发送进行同步，并且其他的同步脉冲10用于沿着另外的例如从逆变器31、32、...3n至电网监控单元5的方向对数据的发送进行同步。例如可以规定，仅仅使用每隔一个的同步脉冲10用于沿着一个方向发送。两个相继的同步脉冲10例如也可以用于沿着一个方向发送，并且第三个跟随的同步脉冲10用于沿着另外一个方向发送，此后重复所述循环。
以这种方式，电网电压的整波或半波(如在图2中)能够用于数据通信。如在北美或者亚洲常见的那样电网频率为60Hz时，以此得到大约16.7ms(整波)或者8.35ms(半波)的时间段用于预定的数据信道。如在欧洲常见的那样电网频率为50Hz时，得到20ms的时间段。
但也可想到如下的配置，在该配置中多个这样的经由逆变器31、32、...3n串联连接的光伏模块21、22、...2n互相并联连接并且接通到电网监控单元5或者电气负载4上。例如可以将分别具有十个串联连接的逆变器的三个串并联连接到电网监控单元5或者电气负载4上。通过并联连接，同步脉冲10在每个由串联连接的逆变器组成的串中被发送并且在那里可以由逆变器被探测以用于同步。
当然，在此可想到任意的适配。例如可以实施多于两个数据信道或发送周期也可以长于所述电网电压VN的一个周期。
针对数据传输可以实施任意合适的通信协议。为了物理上实施数据传输可以采取电力线通信的已知方法。
同样可以规定，所述逆变器31、32、...3n之一或者所属的控制单元71、72、...7n也可以将同步脉冲10沿着电网监控单元5的方向发送和/或发送到其它逆变器上，也可以是异步地发送，例如用于用信号表示紧急情况或者触发电网监控单元5的某一必要的干预、例如光伏设备1的紧急关机或者将光伏设备1与电气负载4分离。朝向电网监控单元5的同步脉冲10例如也可以在延迟时间td期间发送。
同样其他数据、例如用于选择确定的逆变器31、32、...3n的地址信息也可以在延迟时间td期间被发送。
还可以规定，所述逆变器31、32、...3n之一可以承担电网监控单元5的功能，由此可以节省单独的电网监控单元5。
同步信号10可以以多样性的方式产生。例如可以在相线和零线之间将阻抗12与开关11串联连接，如图4中所示。当开关1打开时，电能储存在阻抗12中，所述阻抗在开关11闭合时放电并且产生同步脉冲10。用于产生和探测同步脉冲10的其他可能性例如在US7,078.982B2中进行描述。
特别是在电力线用于数据通信的方法中，其中，所述数据信号叠加于载波信号(电网电压)，但也可以是要传输的数据的第一位被用作同步脉冲10并且被探测。一般也可以将特殊的时刻、如数据传输的开始或者末尾用作同步脉冲10。
代替通过所述逆变器31、32、...3n的串联连接的输出端来传输所述同步脉冲10，在电网监控单元5和逆变器31、32、...3n之间也可以设有自身的控制线用于数据通信。所述同步脉冲10于是将同样通过控制线发送到逆变器31、32、...3n上。

Claims (7)

1.用于在连接到电气负载(4)上的电网监控单元(5)与多个在输出侧串联连接的逆变器(31、32、...3n)之间进行数据通信的方法，其中，所述逆变器(31、32、...3n)与所述电网监控单元(5)在时间上互相同步，其特征在于，所述施加在电气负载(4)上的电网电压(VN)通过所述电网监控单元(5)叠加同步脉冲(10)，通过逆变器(31、32、...3n)检测所述同步脉冲以用于在时间上同步。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，将预定的持续时间(tN、tl)的至少一个数据信道构成到两个相继的同步脉冲(10)之间。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，将预定的持续时间(tN、tl)的至少两个数据信道构成到两个相继的同步脉冲(10)之间。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述的方法，其特征在于，在同步脉冲(10)的发送或者检测与第一数据信道之间设有预定的脉冲持续时间(tSp)。
5.根据权利要求1至4之一所述的方法，其特征在于，在电网电压(VN)的参考点之后在预定的延迟时间(td)后发送所述同步脉冲(10)，所述参考点优选是电网电压(VN)的过零点或者顶点。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，在所述延迟时间(td)期间，将数据由逆变器(31、32、...3n)发送到电网监控单元(5)上或者由电网监控单元发送到逆变器上。
7.在连接到电气负载(4)上的电网监控单元(5)和多个在输出侧串联连接的逆变器(31、32、...3n)之间进行数据通信的装置，其特征在于，在所述电网监控单元(5)中设有同步单元(6)以用于产生叠加在施加于负载(4)上的电网电压(VN)上的同步脉冲(10)，并且所述逆变器(31、32、...3n)配置用于探测所述同步脉冲(10)，以用于与所述电网监控单元(5)在时间上同步。
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