CN104755108B - 结合含有药物的纳米粒子的超声波造影剂及其制造方法 - Google Patents
结合含有药物的纳米粒子的超声波造影剂及其制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种结合有纳米粒子的超声波造影剂及其制造方法,所述纳米粒子增加药物输送能力并提高药物渗透效果。根据本发明的超声波造影剂将装载药物的纳米粒子结合于表面而提升药物输送能力及根据超声波的纳米粒子的渗透能力。此外,本发明灵活利用对于癌具有靶向指向性特征的蛋白质来制造纳米粒子,因此能够同时进行癌的选择性诊断及治疗。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种结合含有药物的纳米粒子的超声波造影剂及其制造方法(ULTRASOUND CONTRAST MEDIUM IN WHICH NANOPARTICLES CONTAINING DRUG ARECOMBINED,AND PREPARATION METHOD THEREFOR),更详细地,本发明涉及一种结合纳米粒子的超声波造影剂及其制造方法,所述纳米粒子提高药物输送能力并提高药物渗透效果。
背景技术
超声波影像装置能够实时进行诊断,从而具有快速导出结果的最佳优点,并且不同于MRI、CT,结构简单且费用低廉。投入超声波造影剂之后施加超声波,则超声波通过造影剂内的微泡反射,从而使内部脏器的影像显示得更加清晰。所述的超声波造影剂是以在1968年Gramiak和Shah将微泡(microbubble)注入血管内之后发现超声波信号增强的现象为基础发展而来。至今周知的造影剂包括美国专利第4,276,885号的用明胶(gelatin)外皮包围的小型气泡,美国专利第4,265,251号的具有多糖类固体周边部壁的小型气体,欧洲专利公报第52575号的利用固体结晶相化合物的微粒子(例:半乳糖(galactose))的小型气泡,欧洲专利公开第0122624号的利用脂肪酸的小型气泡以及韩国专利第1989-2989号的利用脂肪酸及表面活性剂制造的小型气泡,在动脉血中也显示出造影效果的市面上的造影剂包括先灵(Shering)公司的利声显(Levovist)和美国万灵科(Mallinckrodt)公司的Albunex、Optison等。
另外,随着医疗技术及治疗技术的发展,目前对用于同时进行诊断和治疗的治疗诊断(Theragnosis)技术的开发正积极进行研究。根据所述方面,将超声波造影剂作为载体来传递药物,因此正试图开发能够同时进行诊断和治疗的超声波造影剂。但是,通常为了进行超声波诊断而使用的超声波造影剂的结构中能够装药物的空间非常狭小而难以装载充分的药物,因此存在难以飞跃性地提升治疗效果的问题。
发明内容
本发明提供一种超声波造影剂,其提高药物的输送及根据超声波的药物渗透能力,从而能够同时进行诊断及治疗。
本发明提供一种功能性超声波造影剂,其能够使渗透至细胞内的效果极大化并且能够使药物持续释放。
本发明的一个方面涉及超声波造影剂,其包括:内部充填有气体(gas)的微泡;在所述微泡的表面结合含有药物的纳米粒子。
另一方面,本发明涉及超声波造影剂的制造方法,包括:分别制造微泡和含有药物的纳米粒子的步骤;将所述纳米粒子和所述微泡按规定比例在水中混合并进行反应的步骤。
根据本发明超声波造影剂将装载药物的纳米粒子结合于表面,从而提升了药物输送能力。此外,本发明中,根据灵活利用对于癌症具有靶向针对性特征的蛋白质来制造纳米粒子,能够同时进行对于癌症的选择性诊断及治疗,并且利用超声波的效果来提升渗透至细胞内的效果,从而使治疗效果极大化。
附图说明
图1是表示根据本发明的一个实施例的超声波造影剂的概念图。
图2是表示本发明的超声波造影剂制造程序(process)。
图3是本发明的微泡,含有药物的人血清白蛋白(Human Serum Albumin:HSA)纳米粒子及其结合的超声波造影剂的共聚焦荧光显微镜成像(confocal fluorescencemicroscope image)。左侧图是表示结合于超声波造影剂的纳米粒子,中间图是表示超声波造影剂。右侧图是将两幅图合并的图,意味着纳米粒子有效地结合于超声波造影剂表面。
图4是表示本发明的结合有HSA纳米粒子的超声波造影剂的大小分布。利用内部填满的柱状(column)表现的图表(graph)表示结合纳米粒子之前的超声波造影剂的大小分布,利用划斜线的柱状表现的图表表示结合纳米粒子的超声波造影剂的大小分布。
图5是将作为与实施例1的对照组的水(water)放入琼脂糖模型(agarosephantom)并利用用于超声波诊断的商用化设备,通过谐波模态(Harmonic mode)来确认超声波影像的结果。
图6是对于根据超声波造影剂反射/透过的超声波利用水听器(hydrophone)接收超声波成分,此时接收到的成分中仅检测出谐波(Harmonic)成分而分析的图表。
图7是对于将3MHz的超声波释放于结合有实施例1的HSA-NPs的微泡(microbubble)而接收到的峰值(peak)(左侧)和释放于水而接收到的峰值(右侧)进行比较的图表。
图8是表示对于比较例1(未结合有HSA-NPs的微泡)和实施例1长时间施加超声波时测量超声波造影剂的稳定性的结果。
图9是表示利用含有抗癌剂紫杉醇(paclitaxel)的HSA-NPs对于在细胞水准的抗癌效果进行验证试验的图表。利用内部填满的柱状(column)表现的图表(graph)表示没有造影超声波的组的细胞消灭效果,利用划斜线的柱状表现的图表表示造影超声波的组的细胞消灭效果。
图10是利用将MCF-7移植至Balb/C裸鼠(Balb/C nude mouse)的疾病动物模型对于实施例1和比较例1的超声波映像效果进行验证的影像。
图11是对于图10的影像处理结果利用Matlab程序(program)定量比较癌中的强度(intensity)的图表。
图12是将MCF-7细胞移植至Balb/C裸鼠(Balb/C nude mouse)而制作动物疾病模型,并在大小为0.5mm的时候进行实验来观察老鼠(mouse)的存活率的图。
具体实施方式
本发明根据下述的说明能够全部实现。下述的说明应理解为记述了本发明的优选实施例,并且本发明并非局限于其。
图1是表示根据本发明的一个实施例的超声波造影剂的概念图。参考图1,本发明的超声波造影剂包括微泡10及纳米粒子20。
所述微泡10可以是充填有气体的微球(microspheres)、充填有气体的脂质体(liposome)或者发气乳剂(gas-forming emulsions)。优选地可以使用充填有气体的脂质体(liposome)。
所述脂质体根据包含磷脂质的两亲性化合物形成。所述的两亲性化合物排列于典型性水性媒质和本质上为水不溶性的有机溶剂之间的界面,从而对于乳化的溶剂微滴进行稳定化。所述两亲性化合物包括具有分子的化合物,所述分子具有能够与水性媒质进行反应的亲水性极头部(例:极性或者离子基)及例如能够与有机溶剂进行反应的疏水性有机尾部(例:碳氢链)。两亲性化合物与非混合性的两种液体(例:水和油)的混合物、液体和气体的混合物(例:水中气体微泡)或者液体和不溶性粒子的混合物(例:水中金属纳米粒子)一样,是可以使利用其他方法通常无法进行混合的物质的混合物进行稳定化的化合物。尤其,本发明中将非活性气体和水注入磷脂质薄膜之后进行超声波处理,从而形成内部充填有非活性气体的脂质体。
两亲性磷脂质化合物含有至少一个磷酸基,至少一个,优选地含有两个亲油性长-链烃基。
所述两亲性磷脂质化合物可以使用公知的化合物,例如:二硬脂酰磷脂酰胆碱(1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine,DSPC)、二油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine,DOPE)、双肉豆蔻磷脂酰乙醇胺(1,2-Dimyristoyl-snglycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine,DMPE)、二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine,DSPE)等。
此外,所述两亲性磷脂质化合物可以使用变形的磷脂质化合物。变形的磷脂质的例子中,添加有聚乙二醇(PEG)的变形的磷脂质的例子有,与聚乙二醇(PEG)一起变形的磷脂酰乙醇胺(DMPE-PEG)或者磷酸乙醇胺(DSPE-PEG)等。
优选地,本发明中使用的两亲性磷脂质化合物可以包括用于形成酰胺(amide)结合的N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(N-Hydroxy succinimide,NHS)。
本发明中,除所述两亲性化合物外进一步可以包括附加性的两亲性物质,其一个例子有溶血磷脂(lysophospholipid)、硬脂酸(stearic acid)、聚乙二醇(polyethyleneglycol)、聚氧乙烯脂肪酸酯(polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester)、聚氧乙烯脂肪酸硬脂酸酯(polyoxyethylene fatty acid stearate)、聚氧乙烯脂肪醇(polyoxyethylenefatty alcohol)等。
充填于所述脂质体内部的气体可以无限制地使用公知气体,作为一个例子,可以使用二氧化碳、氦(helium)、氮、氩(argon)、六氟化硫(sulfur hexafluoride,SF6)、全氟化(Perfluorinated)气体。所述气体优选为包含氟气的氟化物,例如全氟丙烷(perfluoropropane,C3F8)、六氟化硫(sulfur hexafluoride,SF6)、全氟正戊烷(perfluoropentane)、全氟丁烷(decafluorobutane)及全氟己烷(perfluorohexane)。
所述微泡直径为0.1~10,优选地可以是1~10。
所述纳米粒子20在内部含有药物21。所述纳米粒子包含白蛋白(albumin),从而可以形成自聚集体(self-aggregates)。
作为所述纳米粒子可以使用具有凝集性的蛋白质,优选地可以使用在血液内长期进行循环的同时也能够维持凝集结构而稳定地传递药物且具有癌靶向性的公知的白蛋白。所述白蛋白可以使用人血清白蛋白或者其片段(fragment)。所述纳米粒子直径为156,0265.76nm,优选地可以是100~300nm。
作为所述纳米粒子内部含有的药物可以无限制地使用能够装载于已公知的白蛋白中的物质。作为所述药物可以是从由多西紫杉醇(Docetaxel)、顺氯氨铂(cis-platin)、喜树碱(camptothecin)、紫杉醇(paclitaxel)、三苯氧胺(Tamoxifen)、阿那曲唑(Anasterozole)、格列卫(Gleevec)、5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil,5-FU)、氟尿苷(Floxuridine)、亮丙瑞林(Leuprolide)、氟他胺(Flutamide)、唑来膦酸盐(Zoledronate)、阿霉素(Doxorubicin)、长春新碱(Vincristine)、吉西他滨(Gemcitabine)、链脲佐菌素(Streptozocin)、卡铂(Carboplatin)、拓扑替康(Topotecan)、贝洛替康(Belotecan)、伊立替康(Irinotecan)、长春瑞滨(Vinorelbine)、羟基脲(hydroxyurea)、戊柔比星(Valrubicin)、视黄酸(retinoic acid)系列、甲氨蝶呤(Methotrexate)、二氯甲基二乙胺(Meclorethamine)、苯丁酸氮芥(Chlorambucil)、白消安(Busulfan)、去氧氟尿苷(Doxifluridine)、长春花碱(Vinblastin)、丝裂霉素(Mitomycin)、泼尼松(Prednisone)、睾酮(Testosterone)、米托蒽醌(Mitoxantron)、阿司匹林(aspirin)、水杨酸盐(salicylates)、布洛芬(ibuprofen)、萘普生(naproxen)、非诺洛芬(fenoprofen)、吲哚美辛(indomethacin)、苯基丁氮酮(phenyltazone)、环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide)、二氯甲基二乙胺(mechlorethamine)、地塞米松(dexamethasone)、泼尼松龙(prednisolone)、塞来昔布(celecoxib)、伐地昔布(valdecoxib)、尼美舒利(nimesulide)、可的松(cortisone)、皮质类固醇(corticosteroid)组成的组中选择的任意一个以上。
所述纳米粒子可根据连接肽(linker)或者微泡表面的活性化的反应基而结合于微泡。作为所述反应基可以是硫醇(thiol)、胺(amine),或者作为所述连接肽可以是包含所述反应基的化合物。
更具体地,所述微泡和所述纳米粒子可以在它们之间进行酰胺结合(amidebond)。所述结合可以通过酰胺结合来形成,所述酰胺结合在微泡中的羧基(carboxyl)和多数包含于所述白蛋白的胺基之间产生。
另一方面,本发明涉及超声波造影剂的制造方法,包括:分别制造微泡和含有药物的纳米粒子的步骤;将所述纳米粒子和所述微泡按规定比例在水中混合并进行反应的步骤。
图2是表示本发明的超声波造影剂制造程序(process)。参考图2,所述制造微泡的方法可以包括:将磷脂质和有机溶剂进行混合而形成脂质薄膜的步骤;将所述脂质薄膜放入水中进行水化,并在此注入气体及维持高压的同时进行超声波处理的步骤。
优选地,所述形成脂质薄膜的步骤可以包括将磷脂质、具备NHS的脂质衍生物及乳化剂与有机溶剂进行混合的步骤。
所述形成脂质薄膜的步骤可以将乳化剂:脂质:具备NHS的脂质衍生物的摩尔(mole)比以1~4:7~9:1~3的范围进行混合。
所述磷脂质、具备NHS的磷脂质衍生物可以使用之前所述的两亲性磷脂质化合物。
作为所述乳化剂可以使用溶血磷脂(lysophospholipid)、硬脂酸(stearicacid)、聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol)、聚氧乙烯脂肪酸酯(polyoxyethylene fattyacid ester)、聚氧乙烯脂肪酸硬脂酸酯(polyoxyethylene fatty acid stearate)、聚氧乙烯脂肪醇(polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol)等。
将所述脂质薄膜放入水中进行水化后充填气体的方法可以使用公知的方法,例如,可以在内有脂质薄膜的容器中放入水、乙二醇(glycol)、甘油(glycerin)混合液并维持55~60的温度的同时进行溶化,在其中将气体以200KPa注入并进行超声波处理,或者可以并用超声波和机械搅拌(mechanical agitation)方法。
制造含有药物的纳米粒子的步骤,包括:
将白蛋白在水中溶化后在其中注入药物而制造混合物的步骤;使所述混合物的pH为7~10,优选地调节为pH8.0~8.5后滴下醇类(alcohols)的步骤,根据所述步骤所述白蛋白形成自聚集体(self-aggregates)。
使所述纳米粒子和所述微泡进行反应的步骤中,可以利用连接肽或者化学反应基衍生的磷脂质将纳米粒子结合于微泡表面。作为所述连接肽或者反应基可以是硫醇(thiol)、胺基(amine)生物素(biotin)-亲和素(avidin)等。
更具体地,所述微泡和所述纳米粒子可以在它们之间进行酰胺结合(amidebond)。所述结合可以通过酰胺结合来形成,所述酰胺结合在微泡中的羧基(carboxyl)和多数包含于所述白蛋白的胺基之间产生。更具体地,存在于所述微泡表面的NHS在水中进行水解,并且残存于微泡表面的羧基和存在于所述纳米粒子的胺基可以进行酰胺结合。
所述纳米粒子和所述微泡的混合比例可以为结合反应基的摩尔比1:0.5~2。
以下,为了有助于理解本发明而提出优选实施例,但是下述的实施例仅仅是为了更易于理解本发明而提供,本发明并非限定于其。
实施例1
制造微泡
将作为脂质的二硬脂酰磷脂酰胆(1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine,DSPC)、DSPE-PEG2000-NHS(1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-n-[poly(ethyleneglycol)]2000-N-hydroxysuccinimide)、作为乳化剂的聚氧乙烯40硬脂酸酯(Polyoxyethylene 40stearate,POE40s)以8:1:1的摩尔比(molar ratio)进行混合并在氯仿(chloroform)中溶化后,利用旋转式汽化器(rotaryevaporator)使氯仿完全蒸发而形成脂质薄膜。
接着,将蒸馏水、丙二醇(propylene glycol)、甘油(glycerin)以8:1:1进行混合后将其添加至脂质薄膜。温度维持55-60的同时溶化脂质。将SF6或者C3F8气体放入盛有混合液的容器中并充填200kPa后通过声波降解法(sonication)、机械搅拌(mechanicalagitation)来制作微泡。
制造纳米粒子(HSA-NPs)
将人血清白蛋白(Human Serum Albumin:HSA)-40mg在1mL中溶化后,将盐酸阿霉素(Doxorubicin hydrochloride)(5mg/mL)-100-200L混合于溶化有HSA的瓶(vial)中。利用氢氧化钾(KOH)或者氢氧化钠(NaOH)将混合液的pH滴定为8.0-8.5后,使乙醇(ethanol)3-6mL以1mL/min速度滴定于所述混合液。使HSA凝集而混合液变浑浊时,放入作为交联剂的8%-戊二醛(glutaraldehyde)进行反应。接着,使乙醇完全蒸发后,对于剩余溶液在1200rpm,4,10min的条件下进行离心分离。除沉淀的小颗粒(pellet)之外,去除剩余可分量(aliquot),此外,去除未能粒子化的HSA及阿霉素(doxorubicin)之后利用蒸馏水进行洗涤。在3000rpm,4,5min的条件下进行离心分离(centrifugation)而去除微型的粒子并提取装载有100-200nm大小的阿霉素的HSA纳米粒子(HSA-NPs)。
微泡和纳米粒子的结合
将HSA纳米粒子和微泡以1:0.5~2的结合反应基的摩尔比在常温中进行2小时混合而通过酰胺结合使纳米粒子结合于微泡。未能进行结合的HSA纳米粒子通过离心分离进行去除。
作为参考,为了补充在微泡制作过程中损失的NHS在事前充分添加EDC和NHS进行反应并通过离心分离洗涤残余EDC、NHS,则能够更加提高结合效率。
比较例1
将实施例1中制造的微泡用作比较例1(纳米粒子未能结合于微泡)。
图3是本发明的微泡、含有药物的HSA纳米粒子及它们结合的超声波造影剂的共聚焦荧光显微镜成像(confocal fluorescence microscope image)。图4是表示本发明的结合有HSA纳米粒子的超声波造影剂的大小分布。
图3对于HSA-NPs的结合利用荧光染料(fluorescence dye)来确认有无结合,由此荧光染料(fluorescence dye)使用显示出绿色(green color)的FITC(异硫氰酸荧光素)和显示出红色(red color)的DiIC18。制造HSA-NPs粒子时,添加10-20%结合有FITC的牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin)来制作,因此HSA-NPs带有绿色,并且微泡在制造时将亲脂性的(lipophilic)DiIC18装载于微泡的双层(bilayer)之间来进行标记(labeling)。参考图3的合并(merged)的图,可以确认HSA-NPs很好地贴在微泡的表面。
参考图4,对于未结合有HSA-NPs的微泡的大小分布(size distribution)(灰(gray))和结合有HSA-NPs的微泡的大小分布(size distribution)(红(red))通过动态光散射(dynamic light scattering)进行测量。可知结合HSA-NPs的结果大小分布稍微向右侧移动(shift),并且可以确认大小主要分布在1000~2000nm之间。
图5是将作为与实施例1的对照组的水(water)放入琼脂糖模型(agarosephantom)并利用用于超声波诊断的商用化设备,通过谐波模态(Harmonic mode)来确认超声波影像的结果。超声波的强度(mechanical index:MI)为0.16,使用非常弱的超声波,并且换能器(transducer)使用释放5-12MHz的超声波。参考图5,与水(water)(几乎看不见)相比,可知实施例1(结合有HSA-NPs的微泡)的超声波造影效果非常卓越。
图6是对于根据超声波造影剂反射/透过的超声波利用水听器(hydrophone)接收超声波成分,此时接收到的成分中仅检测出谐波(Harmonic)成分而分析的图表。本实验中利用仅仅能够释放单一波长的单换能器(single transducer),并且将频率从2MHz至5MHz间隔0.2MHz以相同强度(MI:0.1,循环(cycle):20)释放超声波。从换能器(transducer)释放的超声波为放在琼脂糖模型(agarose phantom)中的制作的HSA-NPs结合的超声波造影剂所反射/透过所述造影剂,对于所述的超声波利用水听器(hydrophone)接收超声波成分,此时从接收到的成分中仅检测出谐波(harmonic)成分并进行分析。参考图6,结合有HSA-NPs的微泡在3MHz释放的谐波(harmonic)信号最强,换句话说,可以推导出能够使实施例1的结合有HSA-NPs的微泡的活性极大化的超声波频率为3MHz。3MHz对于使人体内的脏器影像化是没有问题的频率。
图7是对于将3MHz的超声波释放于实施例1的结合HSA-NPs的微泡(microbubble)而接收到的峰值(peak)(左侧)和释放于水而接收到的峰值(右侧)进行比较的图表。参考图7,第二个用红色表示的峰值为检测出谐波(harmonic)成分的结果,在实施例1的超声波造影剂中接收到的峰值比在水中接收到的峰值约高6dB左右,这是因为实施例1与水相比超声波接收强度高出许多,因此可以评价为充分发挥作为造影剂的功能。
图8是表示对于比较例1(未结合有HSA-NPs的微泡,用虚线表示)和实施例1长时间施加超声波时测量超声波造影剂的稳定性的结果。所述稳定性测量与图5的获取超声波影像的实验条件相同地进行并对影像利用20帧(frame)拍摄图像并对于影像的强度(intensity)利用Matlab程序(program)来进行定量化。参考图8,时间经过越久,强度(intensity)越减小,这是因为微泡被释放的超声波破坏(burst)。实施例1和比较例1的强度(intensity)减小几乎相同,换句话说,可以确认实施例1中即使附着有纳米粒子,微泡的稳定性或影像效果也不会降低。
细胞水平中的抗癌效果试验
利用含有抗癌剂紫杉醇(paclitaxel)的HSA-NPs进行在细胞水平中的抗癌效果验证试验。使用的细胞为MCF-7细胞,对于6小时(图9的a)、24小时(图9的b)、72小时(图9的c)的抗癌效果进行验证,尤其,释放作为从本实验导出的最优的超声波频率3MHz的超声波,从而一起进行对于提升渗透至细胞内的效果的验证实验。实验中进行的组为对照组(control)、比较例1(未结合有HSA-NPs的微泡)、含有紫杉醇(paclitaxel)的HSA-NPs(参考例)、结合含有紫杉醇(paclitaxel)的HSA-NPs的微泡(实施例1),对于共4个组分别分为造影超声波的组和未造影的组来进行。抗癌效果利用检测出细胞的存活率时广泛使用的噻唑蓝比色法(MTT assay)进行分析,其实验结果表示在图9和下述。
(6h:对照(control);100.002.41%,111.760.50%(US+),自由微泡(free-microbubble);99.251.82%,94.382.14%(US+),装载有PTX的HSA-NPs(PTX loaded HSA-NPs);75.903.55%,89.683.64%(US+),结合装载有PTX的HSA-NPs的微泡(PTX loadedHSA-NPs conjugated microbubble);87.353.85%,78.905.93%(US+)
24h对照(control);1007.28%,80.0110.58%(US+),自由微泡(free-microbubble);89.9710.68,95.239.59(US+),装载有PTX的HSA-NPs(PTX loaded HSA-NPs);56.862.26%,52.395.13%(US+),结合装载有PTX的HSA-NPs的微泡(PTX loadedHSA-NPs conjugated microbubble);69.725.26%,61.156.54%(US+),
72h:对照(control);100.000.08%,94.671.43%(US+),自由微泡(free-microbubble);105.222.72%,85.282.68%(US+),装载有PTX的HSA-NPs(PTX loaded HSA-NPs);26.370.08%,26.321.25%(US+),结合装载有PTX的HSA-NPs的微泡(PTX loadedHSA-NPs conjugated microbubble);24.260.05%,16.530.07%(US+)
参考图9和上述实验结果,可知经过约72小时后癌细胞存活率降低为不足30%,换句话说,充分表示出具有抗癌效果。但是,参考例1和实施例1显示出相似的抗癌效果,这是因为利用了最优于影像的3MHz的频率。换句话说,为了使根据超声波造影剂的影像时间持续而利用了低强度(MI:0.1)的结果为,超声波造影剂未被破坏而未在细胞壁形成孔(pore)。作为参考,通过强力地释放低频率的超声波来破坏实施例1的微泡,则在细胞壁形成气孔(pore formation),从而增大抗癌剂渗透至细胞壁内部的效果,可以预测出比参考例的抗癌效果更强。
动物实验
对于实施例1和比较例1的超声波效果利用将MCF-7移植至BALB/C裸鼠(Balb/Cnude mouse)的疾病动物模型来进行验证。对于各个物质进行静脉注射(intravenousinjection)而按时间获取超声波影像。此时,使用的超声波影像设备为广泛用于动物实验的Visualsonics,使用的频率为40MHz。以注射(injection)之前的超声波影像为基准,对于注入物质时根据超声波造影剂而使得影像强度(intensity)增加的部分进行绿色映射(green color mapping)而影像处理为易于肉眼识别并图示于图10。
参考图10,可以确认实施例1比比较例1(微泡)显示出更优越的影像效果。换句话说,可知实施例1中即使时间经过影像效果也持续,相反,比较例1的影像效果即刻降低。
图11是对于图10的影像处理结果利用Matlab程序(program)定量比较癌中的强度(intensity)的图表。根据图11,可以确认实施例1比比较例1在癌中的强度(intensity)显示为更强。
图12是将MCF-7细胞移植至BALB/C裸鼠(Balb/C nude mouse)而制作动物疾病模型在大小为0.5mm的时候进行实验来观察老鼠(mouse)的存活率的图。
各个组为,实验中进行的组为注入PBS的组(control)、比较例1(未结合有HSA-NPs的微泡)、对于结合含有紫杉醇(paclitaxel)的HSA-NPs的微泡(实施例1)不施加超声波的组(实施例1-1,PTX-HSA-NPs-MB(US-))、对于结合含有紫杉醇(paclitaxel)的HSA-NPs的微泡(实施例1)施加超声波的组(实施例1-2),共以4个组(各个组N=4)来进行,并且施加超声波的方法利用作为用于超声波影像实验的Visualsonics并利用作为设备的功能之一的微泡破坏(microbubble destruction)而持续10分钟破坏微泡。本实验间隔3天反复进行,并且每天观察实验动物并确认生存与否。
实验结果,对照(control)、比较例1经过约10天后开始一只只死亡,经过23天大部分死亡而对照(control)组和比较例1仅存活一只。实施例1-1经过15天死亡一只,经过23天后又死亡一只,实施例1-2经过21天仅死亡一只,进行试验期间存活三只。
实施例1-1比1-2抗癌效果稍低,这是因为贴在大微泡的PTX(paxlitaxel)-HSA-NP无法通过血管组织向癌组织渗透人血清白蛋白(human serum albumin)而在血管中释放抗癌剂,因此向癌细胞内的传递效能降低。
相反,实施例1-2(PTX-HSA-NPs-MB(US+))的情况,在癌组织周边利用超声波来破环微泡,因此纳米大小的人血清白蛋白(human serum albumin)纳米粒子有效地通过血管组织而传递至癌组织,进而判断为具有有效地抗癌效果。此外,人血清白蛋白(human serumalbumin)纳米粒子根据gp60受体(receptor)具有转胞吞作用(transcytosis),从而有效地传递至癌细胞内并能够提升抗癌效果。此外,微泡根据从外部传递到的超声波产生成洞现象(cavitation)而在癌组织细胞壁形成气孔,判断为由此提升传递效果。
本发明的单纯的变形至变更全部属于本发明的领域中,本发明的具体保护范围将根据附上的专利权利要求而明确。
产业上利用可能性
根据本发明的超声波造影剂能够同时进行对于癌的选择性诊断及治疗,因此能够在医疗产业中灵活利用。
Claims (10)
1.一种超声波造影剂,其特征在于,包括:
内部充填有气体的微泡;
在所述微泡的表面结合含有药物的纳米粒子;
所述微泡和所述纳米粒子的结合为残存于微泡表面的羧基与存在于纳米粒子表面的胺基的酰胺结合,
所述纳米粒子为形成自聚集体的白蛋白纳米粒子。
2.根据权利要求1所述的超声波造影剂,其特征在于,所述纳米粒子直径为100~300nm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的超声波造影剂,其特征在于,所述白蛋白为人血清白蛋白或者其的片段。
4.根据权利要求1所述的超声波造影剂,其特征在于,所述药物为从由多西紫杉醇、顺氯氨铂、喜树碱、紫杉醇、三苯氧胺、阿那曲唑、格列卫、5-氟尿嘧啶、氟尿苷、亮丙瑞林、氟他胺、唑来膦酸盐、阿霉素、长春新碱、吉西他滨、链脲佐菌素、卡铂、拓扑替康、贝洛替康、伊立替康、长春瑞滨、羟基脲、戊柔比星、视黄酸系列、甲氨蝶呤、二氯甲基二乙胺、苯丁酸氮芥、白消安、去氧氟尿苷、长春花碱、丝裂霉素、米托蒽醌、阿司匹林、水杨酸盐、布洛芬、萘普生、非诺洛芬、吲哚美辛、苯基丁氮酮、环磷酰胺、塞来昔布、伐地昔布、尼美舒利、皮质类固醇组成的组中选择的任意一个。
5.根据权利要求1所述的超声波造影剂,其特征在于,所述微泡为充填有气体的微球、充填有气体的脂质体或者发气乳剂。
6.一种超声波造影剂的制造方法,包括:
分别制造微泡和含有药物的纳米粒子的步骤;
将所述纳米粒子和所述微泡按规定比例混合而进行反应的步骤;
其中,存在于所述微泡表面的N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺在水中水解,并且残存于微泡表面的羧基和存在于所述纳米粒子表面的胺基进行酰胺结合,
所述纳米粒子为形成自聚集体的白蛋白纳米粒子。
7.根据权利要求6所述的超声波造影剂的制造方法,其特征在于,所述制造微泡的步骤,包括:
将脂质、具备N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺的脂质衍生物及乳化剂与有机溶剂进行混合而形成脂质薄膜的步骤;
将所述脂质薄膜放入水中进行水化,并且在其中注入气体及维持高压的同时进行超声波处理的步骤。
8.根据权利要求7所述的超声波造影剂的制造方法,其特征在于,所述形成脂质薄膜的步骤中,将乳化剂:脂质:具备N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺的脂质衍生物的摩尔比以1~4:7~9:1~3的范围放入。
9.根据权利要求6所述的超声波造影剂的制造方法,其特征在于,制造含有药物的纳米粒子的步骤包括:
将白蛋白在水中溶化后,在其中注入药物而制造混合物的步骤;
将所述混合物的pH调节为7~9之后滴下醇类的步骤,根据所述步骤所述白蛋白形成自聚集体。
10.根据权利要求6所述的超声波造影剂的制造方法,其特征在于,所述纳米粒子和所述微泡的混合比例为1:0.5~2的结合反应基的摩尔比。
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