CN104682486B - 谐振转换器的频率生成 - Google Patents
谐振转换器的频率生成 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于为通过半桥或全桥驱动的谐振转换器(12)生成频率的方法和驱控电路。在此,具有控制器(13)的驱控电路激励配属于谐振转换器(12)的振荡回路。这经由频率实现了谐振转换器的功率调节、电路调节或电压调节。此外还应用以下特征:a)控制器(13)经由第一界面驱控能编程的、能变化的时钟发生器;b)经由能由第二界面(45)编程的分频器(43,44)通过以不同的脉冲占空因数划分时钟发生器(46)的频率生成半桥或全桥的工作频率;c)时钟发生器(46)的频率是电桥频率的多倍;并且d)第二时钟发生器(46)并且进而谐振转换器的H桥频率不取决于第一时钟发生器(40),该第一时钟发生器供给控制器。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于为通过半桥或全桥驱动的谐振转换器生成频率的方法,其中,具有控制器的驱控电路激励振荡回路,其中,经由频率实现谐振转换器的功率调节。
此外,本发明涉及一种具有控制器的驱控电路,用于激励通过半桥或全桥驱动的谐振转换器的振荡回路。
背景技术
谐振转换器是一种直流电压转换器,其利用振荡回路工作,并且将直流电压转换成单相的或多相的交流电压。只要实现了在谐振转换器的输出端上没有整流,那么谐振转换器也被称为换流器。
分别利用一对晶体管作为开关元件工作的换流器的几种简单构造形式例如从US2 783 384 A中已知。
无线能量传输,例如专门以机动车辆电池充电为目的,能够通过应用专门的变压器归纳实现,应当在几何上确定地、理想地布置这些变压器的初级侧和次级侧。应当确定地、大部分情况下完全地遮盖初级侧和次级侧,从而使散射最小化。
例如在文件号为12186787.3的尚未公开的德国申请中预先申请了用于利用感应式能量传输以机动车电池充电为目的的充电器。
一种常见的用于生成初级电压的可行性方案形成了通过这里被称为H桥的半桥或全桥驱动的谐振转换器,其中,应用了通过功率电子件激励的振荡回路,并且与之平行地从正弦形式的电压中退耦。晶体管的漏电感和有效电感是振荡回路的组成部分,在空隙几何外形发生变化时出现谐振频率的偏移。谐振频率也随着次级负荷、构造元件公差以及随着温度及老化略微变化。然而,振荡回路的性能在次级负荷的情况下剧烈变化,也就是说,具有几毫欧姆(m Ohm)的动态的内电阻的电池负荷是一个特别的挑战。
这里的问题是,在运行期间定位也能够变化。另一个问题是,能够将能够改变传输性能的外部材料带入气隙。
在最不利的情况下,从超谐振运行过渡到亚谐振运行,这能够导致功率半导体损坏。为了排除这种情况,能够相对较远地在谐振频率以上运行,然而这导致功率半导体在其可行性方案以外运行,并且因此效率变差。这在任何情况下都限制了利用相应的监控装置进行的调节。在图1中示出了谐振曲线的工作区域和基本特征。因为几何参数和因此的谐振回路的电感、电容以及阻尼电阻直到上述偏差都基本上是稳定的,所以只能在极限范围内变化的馈电电压-中间回路电压DC-Link(直流链路)中,能够仅通过频率实现功率调节。因此,所标记的区域表征了利用极限频率“LIMIT”再次限制的工作区域。图1理想化但是明确地示出,很小的频率变化已经会导致电流和电压之间的相位的很大的变化,并且从而导致传输功率发生大的变化。因此,为了足够的调节准确性,必须能够在准确保持驱控H桥晶体管的死区时间(dead-time)的情况下进行远低于千分率范围的相对频率变化。
因此,技术上需要解决的问题是要利用H桥(Resonance Converter)的必要的死区时间的产生,生成足够稳定的、以非常细微的步进进行变化的频率-相反地,相位监控不是更大的挑战。此外,所述的死区时间必须能够取决于工作点地变化,以便确保最佳的效率和少量高次谐波。
为了弄清楚涉及到哪些频率范围所提到的是,H桥频率通常在100kHz左右的范围内,控制器的时钟频率在100MHz范围内。因此,排除了为H桥频率生成而简单地使用PWM单元的处理器内部的时钟分频器,因为能达到的频率变化步进过于粗糙(在这种情况下是100Hz)。也没有帮助的是,例如将处理器频率乘以数值为10的因数-频率步进宽距在这种情况下还是仍然太粗糙。要求变化可能性小于1Hz,部分要在毫-赫兹-范围内,也就是在很细微的步进中,以便能够特别是在具有接近0Ohm的动态电荷电阻的次级电池负荷下实现稳定的运行。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的在于,提出一种用于为上述类型的谐振转换器生成频率的方法,该方法能够以非常精密的步进改变频率。
此外,本发明的目的在于,为上述类型的谐振转换器提出一种驱控电路,这种驱控电路能够对此利用必要的可变的死区时间的产生来实现频率的变化。
该目的通过一种根据本发明的方法实现。该方法包含以下步骤:
a)经由第一时钟发生器供给的控制器经由第一界面控制独立于第二时钟发生器的第一时钟发生器的频率,该第二时钟发生器由第一时钟发生器独立地并且异步地运行;
b)两个分频器通过划分第二时钟发生器的频率从中生成半桥或全桥的工作频率;
c)控制器经由第二界面控制这两个分频器的脉冲占空因数,利用这两个分频器实现死区时间的产生;并且
d)第二时钟发生器的频率是电桥频率的多倍。
驱控电路相关的目的根据本发明来实现:
a)具有第一时钟发生器,其用于为控制器供给时钟;
b)具有能经由第一界面编程的第二时钟发生器,其频率是电桥频率的多倍;
c)具有两个分频器,一方面用于通过划分第二时钟发生器的频率的生成半桥或全桥的工作频率,并且另一方面生成死区时间;其中
d)为此应用的分频比能由控制器经由第二界面来控制。
第二脉冲生成器的频率是必要的电桥频率的多倍,因此能够从中利用足够的准确度生成包含必要的死区时间的H桥的驱控脉冲。
附图说明
下面根据附图详细地阐述本发明的一个实施例。在此以粗略的简化图部分地示出:
图1是谐振转换器的基本的谐振曲线;
图2是用于利用谐振转换器为电池无线充电的电池充电系统的方框图;
图3是带有图示调节回路的根据图2的电池充电系统的简化图;
图4是根据图2的电池充电系统的另一个简化图,其中详细地示出了对于调节回路来说重要的传感器系统和激励器系统;
图5是根据本发明的具有控制器的驱控电路,用于为了激励通过半桥或全桥驱动的谐振转换器的振荡回路来控制分频器;
图6是具有作为时钟发生器的VCO的根据本发明的驱控电路;
图7是根据本发明的驱控电路,具有作为代替实现时钟发生器的DDS;并且
图8是具有详尽地示出单个模块的电路布置,这些模块用于运行谐振转换器、也就是频率生成器、短路监控单元、谐振故障监控单元、相位分析以及空载识别电路。
相互对应的部件或参数在所有的附图中用相同的标号标注。
具体实施方式
总体上用标号1标注的、在图2中以方框图的形式示出的电池充电系统由位置固定的初级侧2和具有要充电的电池4的未进一步示出的电动车的车载的次级侧3共同组成。
初级侧2和次级侧3之间的端口由具有初级侧的绕组6(初级线圈)和次级侧的绕组7的变压器5构成。
电池充电系统1的初级侧2还包括整流器8、功率因数校正过滤器9(PFC=PowerFactor Correction,功率因数校正)、中间回路10(DC-Link)以及放大器11,该放大器向谐振转换器12输送电功率,该谐振转换器利用振荡回路工作,此外,该振荡回路的谐振频率还与晶体管5的初级侧的绕组6的电感相关。
借助于控制器13驱控谐振转换器12,该控制器同样位于电池充电系统1的初级侧2上。附加地存在初级侧的电流传感器14以及初级侧的电压传感器15。通信单元16设计用于例如利用上一级的控制器来交换数据。附加的、内部的通信元件17能用于校准、调节和保养的目的。初级侧2的其他组件是供电装置18和通风机控制器19。
在次级侧3上有电容20以及整流器21,在次级侧的后方接有次级侧的绕组7。类似于初级侧2,次级侧3也具有控制器22、电流传感器23以及电压传感器24。类似于内部的初级侧的通信元件17,在次级侧3上特别是用于校准、调节和保养的目的而设置了内部的通信元件25。作为通信单元16的代替,在次级侧3上存在有装入汽车中的汽车通信元件26。作为提供一个或者多个直流电压的供电装置18的代替,正如在初级侧2上设置的那样,次级侧3仅具有一个辅助供电装置27。
在图3中明示了电池电压系统1的调节的基本特点,其示出了根据图2的布置的简化图。初级侧的功率调节回路LR是明显的。从次级侧3到初级侧2的数据反馈DR涉及校准数据,在初级侧3上周期性地(完全以变化的时间间隔)获取这些校准数据,用于校准电池充电系统1的功率。因此,还能够经由这个端口实现次级侧的电流或电压调节,然而由于数据传输行程,其具有明显更差的性能。
在图4中,相比于图2和图3,特别是就次级侧3而言,进一步简化地示出了电池充电系统1,其中,电容20和次级侧的整流器21在这种情况下设想为一个唯一的组件。这里细节化地示出了用于获取电压及电流强度的初级侧的传感器系统。
因此值得期待的是,准确地以最细微的步进可变地生成频率,为此也可变地调整死区时间,并且因此为这个调节回路实现完美的调节机构。通过根据图1所示的谐振曲线的极端陡直度,使得其是调节链中的关键位置-相位分析形式(结合电流及电压测量)的实际值获取却能够有几个大小等级的偏差。
图5示出一种具有控制器的根据本发明的驱控电路,用于激励通过半桥或全桥驱动的谐振转换器的振荡回路。控制器13由通常的、在大部分情况下利用石英稳定的第一时钟发生器40确保时钟供给,该控制器经由第一界面41控制第二时钟发生器46的频率42。经由第二界面45为处于单独的模块(大部分为CPLD/FPGA)中的同步分频器43,44编程,这些分频器利用H桥的工作频率生成驱控脉冲。能经由第二界面45编程的分频器43,44因此经由可变的脉冲占空因数也生成了必要的死区时间,并且对其进行保护。因此,由可变的第二时钟发生器46确保它们的时钟供给,因此相对控制器13独立地并且异步地运行。第二时钟发生器46的频率42是必要的H桥频率的多倍,例如64倍。
第二时钟发生器46能够经由VCO 47(Voltage Controlled Oscillator,压控振荡器)或者经由DDS 48(Direct Digital Synthesis,直接数字频率合成)实现。这两种变体的优点在于,在远低于千分比的范围内也具有频率变化准确性。
在根据图6所示的VCO 47的情况下,该区域仅通过发生器的频率噪音或VCO 47的必要的控制电压的噪声确定。通过到控制器13的反馈能够对频率进行控制,其特征在于连接50。这在图7中也是显而易见的。
在经由DDS 48(图7)生成频率的情况下,精确度更高,并且轻易地满足要求。通过在那里应用的数字原则,可以省去反馈。DDS 48在这里生成三角频率,其通过比较器49转换成对于可编程的分频器43,44来说必要的方波信号。
因为在这两种情况下,控制器13和VCO 47/DDS 48之间存在异步性,所以应当将界面41和45实施为平行的端口,尽管这意味着更大的布线耗费,但是有以下优点,即,能够极其迅速地接收数值变化。但是,根据任务设置也能够应用相应地计时的连续的界面。
因此,从第二时钟发生器46中生成的频率42是H桥频率的多倍,因为从中必须以足够的准确度产生死区时间。然而为此,以互补的或逆转的脉冲占空因数对相同的频率划分进行编程。因此,能够分步骤地为死区时间编程,这些步骤取决于输出端43和44的频率响应比42。因此,这些结果、即在死区时间锁止的H桥驱控信号以绝对固定的方式与第二时钟发生器46的频率相关联,并且对控制器13的第一时钟发生器40没有同步化作用。对于调节回路来说所必须的相位以及电流和电压分析以通常的方式实现,在此,由于谐振曲线的窄带性,准确度不是问题。
图8示出了所有对于谐振转换器的安全运行来说所必须的组件、即电路布置28,其包括初级侧的控制器13和谐振转换器12。控制器13与后面还会进一步详细探讨的五个模块29,30,31,32,33以及逻辑电路34一起构成用于驱控谐振转换器12的驱控矩阵35。谐振转换器12包括多个功率电子组件、即门-驱动器36、H桥37和电流转换器以及用于电流和电压的交零识别电路。
与控制器13共同作用的单个模块29,30,31,32,33是频率生成器29、短路监控单元30、谐振故障监控单元31、谐振趋势识别单元32和空载识别电路33。
为了更好地理解和完整性而描述所有的模块,然而只有模块29和受限制的模块31与本发明相关。
双相位频率生成29:
本发明的中心点,该模块对于运行是不可或缺的,并且具有所描述的创新。其由控制器控制的、以数字方式或模拟方式构建的、在频率方面可控的发生器构成,该发生器在其那一侧为实际上的H桥频率和死区时间的生成提供母时钟。频率应当能以足够细微的间隔进行控制或调节,也为了预防以下危险,即,谐振转换器在频率改变时相对较快地成为亚谐振。
短路保护30:
该模块没有特别之处,其单独用于监控穿过半导体的电流(短路保护)。在此,控制器单独负责调整极限,保护功能本身与控制器无关。
该方法具有以下优点,即,其切换速度很快,并且几乎不需要或者仅需要能简单实现的或者现有的而且不敏感的附加的构件,电流转换器38多次地用于控制器的电流测量(以相位和功率调节为目的)、模块30、模块31、模块32和模块33。
谐振故障监控单元31:
在此,在达到临界状态前不久关闭转换器。该方法同样具有以下优点,即,其与控制器无关,并且对于任何振荡过程单独地非常迅速地切换,并且几乎不需要或者仅需要能简单实现的或者现有的而且不敏感的附加构件。
在模块32没有足够快地干涉或者说控制器13损坏的情况下,模块31就开始行动。之前的情况就是,干扰磁回路的对象突然地并且高速地干涉进来,或者发生了初级的和/或次级的剧烈的负荷或位置更换。
相位分析32:
对于调节回路来说必要的相位以及电流和电压分析以通常的方式实现,能够经由第一时钟发生器40或第二时钟发生器46实现对这个数字地工作的模块的时钟供给。
空载识别电路33:
空载识别电路33相对地独立于控制器功能性,也就是说,一旦通过该控制器功能性进行参量化,那么空载点就独立于其地实时地监控,并且在需要时进行无延迟的转换器关断。
Claims (5)
1.一种用于生成驱动谐振转换器(12)的半桥或全桥的工作频率的方法,其中具有控制器(13)的驱控电路激励振荡回路,其中,所述谐振转换器(12)的功率调节、电流调节或电压调节经由所述工作频率实现,所述方法具有以下步骤:
a)经由第一时钟发生器(40)运行的所述控制器(13)经由第一界面(41)控制第二时钟发生器(46)的频率(42),所述第二时钟发生器独立于或者异步于所述第一时钟发生器来运行;
b)两个分频器(43,44)通过划分所述第二时钟发生器(46)的频率(42)生成半桥或全桥的工作频率;
c)所述控制器(13)经由第二界面(45)控制所述分频器(43,44)的分频比,利用所述分频器实现死区时间的产生;并且
d)所述第二时钟发生器(46)的频率(42)是所述工作频率的多倍。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述第二时钟发生器(46)的频率(42)经由到所述控制器(13)的反馈(47)来控制。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,将所述第二时钟发生器(46)的频率(42)反馈用于控制控制器(13)。
4.一种用于激励通过半桥或全桥驱动的谐振转换器(12)的振荡回路的、具有控制器(13)的驱控电路,具有以下特征:
a)具有第一时钟发生器(46),所述第一时钟发生器用于为控制器(13)供给时钟;
b)具有能经由第一界面(41)编程的第二时钟发生器(46),所述第二时钟发生器(46)的频率(42)是所述半桥或全桥的工作频率的多倍;
c)具有两个分频器(43,44),一方面用于通过划分所述第二时钟发生器(46)的频率(42)生成所述半桥或全桥的所述工作频率,并且另一方面用于产生死区时间;其中
d)所述分频器(43,44)的分频比能由所述控制器(13)经由第二界面(45)控制,
其中所述驱控电路应用根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,所述方法用于生成所述半桥或全桥的所述工作频率。
5.根据权利要求4所述的驱控电路,其特征在于,至少所述第一界面(41)实施为平行的端口。
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