CN104682304A - Suburb 10kV power distribution line differentiated lightning-protection method - Google Patents
Suburb 10kV power distribution line differentiated lightning-protection method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN104682304A CN104682304A CN201510057123.3A CN201510057123A CN104682304A CN 104682304 A CN104682304 A CN 104682304A CN 201510057123 A CN201510057123 A CN 201510057123A CN 104682304 A CN104682304 A CN 104682304A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- lightning
- line
- lightning protection
- power distribution
- suburban
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000012502 risk assessment Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000004069 differentiation Effects 0.000 claims 3
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005315 distribution function Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012876 topography Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02G—INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES, OR OF COMBINED OPTICAL AND ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES
- H02G13/00—Installations of lightning conductors; Fastening thereof to supporting structure
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02G—INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES, OR OF COMBINED OPTICAL AND ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES
- H02G13/00—Installations of lightning conductors; Fastening thereof to supporting structure
- H02G13/60—Detecting; Measuring; Sensing; Testing; Simulating
Landscapes
- Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及10kV配电线路防雷技术,尤其一种郊区10kV配电线路差异化防雷方法。The invention relates to lightning protection technology for 10kV power distribution lines, in particular to a differential lightning protection method for 10kV power distribution lines in suburban areas.
背景技术Background technique
国内外运行经验表明,雷击是10kV线路跳闸的最主要原因,严重威胁配网安全稳定运行,降低了供电可靠性。国内近几年主要对典型高压、超高压输电线路的雷击事故、雷电活动分布特征及相关地形地貌进行了详细的调查研究,由国家电网公司针对高压、超高压输电线路提出差异化防雷技术与策略,例如发明专利输电线路差异化防雷方法(申请号:201310112586.6)。但是以往都是针对输电线路的差异化防雷方法,只分析了单项防雷措施对10kV配电线路的防雷效果,没有针对郊区10kV配电线路的差异化防雷方法。Operation experience at home and abroad shows that lightning strikes are the main reason for tripping 10kV lines, which seriously threatens the safe and stable operation of the distribution network and reduces the reliability of power supply. In recent years, the country has mainly carried out detailed investigation and research on lightning strike accidents, lightning activity distribution characteristics and related topography of typical high-voltage and ultra-high-voltage transmission lines. State Grid Corporation of China has proposed differentiated lightning protection technology and Strategies, such as the invention of a patented method for differential lightning protection of transmission lines (application number: 201310112586.6). However, in the past, differential lightning protection methods for transmission lines were used. Only the lightning protection effect of single lightning protection measures on 10kV distribution lines was analyzed, and there was no differential lightning protection method for suburban 10kV distribution lines.
发明内容Contents of the invention
为了克服现有郊区10kV配电线路防雷方法的不足,本发明提供一种郊区10kV配电线路差异化防雷方法。In order to overcome the shortcomings of the existing lightning protection method for 10kV distribution lines in suburban areas, the present invention provides a differentiated lightning protection method for 10kV distribution lines in suburban areas.
本发明采取以下技术方案来实现上述目的:The present invention takes the following technical solutions to achieve the above object:
一种郊区10kV配电线路差异化防雷方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括以下步骤:A suburban 10kV distribution line differential lightning protection method, characterized in that the method comprises the following steps:
步骤1:采集典型郊区10kV配电线路的电气参数和线路区域雷电参数;Step 1: Collect the electrical parameters and lightning parameters of the typical suburban 10kV distribution lines;
步骤2:进行典型郊区10kV配电线路雷击风险评估;Step 2: Conduct lightning strike risk assessment of typical suburban 10kV distribution lines;
步骤3:根据雷击风险评估、线路雷击故障统计和差异化防雷原则,设计郊区10kV配电线路差异化防雷方案;Step 3: Design a differentiated lightning protection scheme for suburban 10kV distribution lines based on lightning risk assessment, line lightning fault statistics, and differentiated lightning protection principles;
步骤4:评估郊区10kV配电线路差异化防雷方法的防护效果,来确定最终采用的差异化防雷措施。Step 4: Evaluate the protection effect of the differential lightning protection method for 10kV distribution lines in the suburbs to determine the final differential lightning protection measures.
所述步骤1中,需要获取10kV配电线路的电气参数为杆塔高度和接地电阻、塔头几何布置、线路档距和绝缘水平、导线直径和直流电阻信息,线路区域雷电参数为雷电流幅值概率分布、雷电流波形和地闪密度信息。In the step 1, the electrical parameters of the 10kV distribution line that need to be obtained are the tower height and grounding resistance, the geometric layout of the tower head, the line span and insulation level, the wire diameter and the DC resistance information, and the lightning parameters in the line area are the lightning current amplitude Probability distribution, lightning current waveform and ground flash density information.
所述步骤2中,采用电气几何模型、EMTP电磁暂态计算结合IEEE规程法评估10kV配电线路雷击风险。In the step 2, the lightning strike risk of the 10kV distribution line is assessed by using the electrical geometric model, the EMTP electromagnetic transient calculation and the IEEE procedure method.
所述步骤3中,差异化防雷原则分为经济型、阻塞型和疏导型。In the step 3, the differentiated lightning protection principles are divided into economic type, blocking type and dredging type.
所述经济型为防雷措施费用最低,所述阻塞型为最大程度减低线路雷击跳闸率,所述疏导型为最大程度减低线路雷击故障率。The economical type is the lowest cost of lightning protection measures, the blocking type is to minimize the line lightning trip rate, and the dredging type is to minimize the line lightning failure rate.
所述步骤4中,依据电网公司以及用户对供电可靠性的标准要求,确定最终采用的差异化防雷措施。In the step 4, the finally adopted differentiated lightning protection measures are determined according to the power supply reliability standard requirements of the power grid company and the user.
与现有技术相比,本发明能够根据经济型、阻塞型和疏导型的差异化防雷原则,有针对性的进行郊区10kV配电线路差异化防雷Compared with the prior art, the present invention can perform differentiated lightning protection for suburban 10kV distribution lines according to the principles of economical, blocking and diverting lightning protection
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明的实施例流程图;Fig. 1 is a flowchart of an embodiment of the present invention;
图2为本发明型混凝土直线杆结果示意图。Fig. 2 is the present invention Schematic diagram of the result of a concrete straight bar.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合实施例和附图对本发明方法作详细说明,本实施例按本发明技术方案实施,给出了详细的实施方式和具体过程,但本发明的保护范围不限于此实施例。Below in conjunction with embodiment and accompanying drawing the method of the present invention is described in detail, present embodiment implements according to the technical scheme of the present invention, has provided detailed implementation and specific process, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to this embodiment.
如图1,一种郊区10kV配电线路差异化防雷方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:As shown in Fig. 1, a kind of suburban 10kV distribution line differential lightning protection method, described method comprises the following steps:
步骤1:统计典型郊区10kV配电线路的电气参数和线路区域雷电参数。采用如图2所示的型混凝土直线杆,塔头、杆高如图所示,杆塔接地电阻10Ω,线路档距取上海电网10kV线路典型数值60m,共20档线路,总长1200m。三相导线采用ZS-JKLYJ-10/150型绝缘导线,导线外径14.6mm,直流电阻0.2Ω/km,土壤电阻率取100Ω·m,无防雷措施采用PS-15针式支撑绝缘子,50%临界闪络电压为105kV。建筑物的屏蔽降低的线路直击雷次数,增加的线路周围的雷击次数导致感应雷跳闸率上升,郊区线路周围空旷,取建筑物屏蔽系数为0。Step 1: Calculate the electrical parameters and lightning parameters of the typical suburban 10kV distribution lines. As shown in Figure 2 The height of the tower head and pole is shown in the figure. The grounding resistance of the tower is 10Ω. The line span is 60m, the typical value of the 10kV line in Shanghai Power Grid. There are 20 lines in total, with a total length of 1200m. The three-phase wire adopts ZS-JKLYJ-10/150 type insulated wire, the outer diameter of the wire is 14.6mm, the DC resistance is 0.2Ω/km, the soil resistivity is 100Ω m, and no lightning protection measures are used PS-15 pin support insulator, 50 % The critical flashover voltage is 105kV. The shielding of buildings reduces the number of direct lightning strikes on the line, and the increased number of lightning strikes around the line leads to an increase in the tripping rate of induced lightning. The surrounding area of the suburban line is open, and the shielding factor of the building is taken as 0.
雷电流幅值分布函数采用上海地区雷电定位系统2003-2011年统计的平均分布:The lightning current amplitude distribution function adopts the average distribution of the lightning location system in Shanghai from 2003 to 2011:
式中,IF代表首次雷电流幅值,kA。In the formula, I F represents the magnitude of the first lightning current, kA.
国际上广泛使用的Heidler函数作为雷电流模型:The Heidler function widely used in the world is used as the lightning current model:
式中,Ip是雷电流幅值,kA;η是电流幅值系数,取η=1;n为电流陡度系数,取n=5;τ1和τ2分别为波头和波尾,波形为IEEE标准推荐的3.83/77.5μs。地闪密度,采用雷电定位系统测量2003~2011年上海地区的平均地闪密度4.76次/km2/年。In the formula, I p is the lightning current amplitude, kA; η is the current amplitude coefficient, take η=1; n is the current steepness coefficient, take n=5; τ 1 and τ 2 are the wave head and wave tail respectively, The waveform is 3.83/77.5μs recommended by IEEE standard. For the density of ground flashes, the average density of ground flashes in the Shanghai area from 2003 to 2011 was measured by the lightning positioning system as 4.76 times/km2/year.
步骤2:进行典型城区10kV配电线路雷击风险评估。采用电气几何模型、EMTP电磁暂态计算结合IEEE规程法评估10kV配电线路雷击风险,得出线路防雷改造前直击跳闸率12.35次/100km/年,反击跳闸率7.48次/100km/年,感应跳闸率12.86次/100km/年,总跳闸率32.6次/100km/年,可得出当前线路主要是直击与感应雷跳闸风险。Step 2: Conduct lightning strike risk assessment for 10kV distribution lines in typical urban areas. Using electrical geometric model, EMTP electromagnetic transient calculation combined with IEEE regulation method to evaluate the lightning strike risk of 10kV distribution line, it is obtained that the direct strike trip rate before the line lightning protection transformation is 12.35 times/100km/year, and the counterattack trip rate is 7.48 times/100km/year. The trip rate is 12.86 times/100km/year, and the total trip rate is 32.6 times/100km/year. It can be concluded that the current line is mainly at risk of direct strike and induced lightning tripping.
步骤3:根据雷击风险评估、线路雷击故障统计和差异化防雷原则,设计城区10kV配电线路差异化防雷方法。Step 3: According to lightning risk assessment, line lightning fault statistics and differentiated lightning protection principles, design a differentiated lightning protection method for 10kV distribution lines in urban areas.
经济型差异化防雷原则目的是防雷措施费用最低,当前线路主要是直击与感应雷跳闸风险,对于已有线路可仅安装避雷器(选择安装三相线路避雷器,安装间距为240m即每隔4档安装),对于郊区新建10kV线路,可采用FXBW10/70复合绝缘子(50%临界闪络电压为195kV)+安装避雷器(安装三相线路避雷器,安装间距为360m即每隔6档安装)的差异化防雷措施。The purpose of the economical differentiated lightning protection principle is to minimize the cost of lightning protection measures. The current line is mainly at the risk of direct strike and induction lightning tripping. For existing lines, only lightning arresters can be installed (choose to install three-phase line lightning arresters, and the installation distance is 240m, that is, every 4 For new 10kV lines in the suburbs, FXBW10/70 composite insulators can be used (50% critical flashover voltage is 195kV) + lightning arresters are installed (three-phase line lightning arresters are installed, the installation distance is 360m, that is, the difference is installed every 6 gears) chemical lightning protection measures.
阻塞型差异化防雷原则目的是最大程度减低线路雷击跳闸率,可采用避雷器(安装三相线路避雷器,安装间距为360m即每隔6档安装)+避雷线的防雷方法。The purpose of the principle of blocking differential lightning protection is to minimize the lightning trip rate of the line, and the lightning protection method of lightning arrester (installation of three-phase line arrester, installation interval of 360m, that is, every 6 gears) + lightning protection line can be used.
疏导型差异化防雷原则目的是最大程度减低线路雷击跳闸率,大量安装防雷间隙或防雷支柱绝缘子以降低雷击断线率,但需要采用较长间隙的方式控制雷击跳闸率并大幅降低雷击断线率,采用改进型防雷间隙,50%临界闪络电压为110kV。The purpose of the differential lightning protection principle is to minimize the lightning trip rate of the line. A large number of lightning protection gaps or lightning protection post insulators are installed to reduce the lightning disconnection rate. However, it is necessary to use a longer gap to control the lightning trip rate and greatly reduce lightning strikes. Disconnection rate, using improved lightning protection gap, 50% critical flashover voltage is 110kV.
步骤4:评估城区10kV配电线路差异化防雷方法的防护效果。Step 4: Evaluate the protection effect of the differential lightning protection method for 10kV distribution lines in urban areas.
计算得出线路经济型差异化防雷,对于已有线路选择安装三相线路避雷器,安装间距为240m即每隔4档安装,改造后直击跳闸率10.71次/100km/年,反击跳闸率5.95次/100km/年,感应跳闸率2.14次/100km/年,总跳闸率18.80次/100km/年,使线路总跳闸率降低42%。对于郊区新建10kV线路,可采用FXBW10/70复合绝缘子(50%临界闪络电压为195kV)+安装避雷器(安装三相线路避雷器,安装间距为360m即每隔6档安装)的差异化防雷措施,改造后直击跳闸率4.84次/100km/年,反击跳闸率1.93次/100km/年,感应跳闸率0.58次/100km/年,总跳闸率7.35次/100km/年,使线路总跳闸率降低77%。It is calculated that the line is economical and differentiated lightning protection. For the existing line, choose to install three-phase line lightning arresters. The installation distance is 240m, that is, every 4 gears are installed. After the transformation, the direct strike trip rate is 10.71 times/100km/year, and the counterattack trip rate is 5.95 times /100km/year, the induction trip rate is 2.14 times/100km/year, and the total trip rate is 18.80 times/100km/year, which reduces the total line trip rate by 42%. For newly built 10kV lines in the suburbs, the differential lightning protection measures of FXBW10/70 composite insulators (50% critical flashover voltage of 195kV) + installation of lightning arresters (installation of three-phase line lightning arresters with an installation distance of 360m, that is, every 6 gears) can be used. After the transformation, the direct trip rate is 4.84 times/100km/year, the counterattack trip rate is 1.93 times/100km/year, the induction trip rate is 0.58 times/100km/year, and the total trip rate is 7.35 times/100km/year, which reduces the total line trip rate by 77 %.
计算得出阻塞型差异化防雷方法,避雷器(安装三相线路避雷器,安装间距为360m即每隔6档安装)+避雷线改造后,直击跳闸率0次/100km/年,反击跳闸率2.51次/100km/年,感应跳闸率2.01次/100km/年,总跳闸率4.52次/100km/年,使线路总跳闸率降低86%。Calculated the blocking type differential lightning protection method, lightning arrester (three-phase line lightning arrester installed, the installation distance is 360m, that is, installed every 6 gears) + lightning protection line after transformation, the direct strike trip rate is 0 times/100km/year, and the counterattack trip rate is 2.51 times/100km/year, the induction trip rate is 2.01 times/100km/year, and the total trip rate is 4.52 times/100km/year, reducing the total line trip rate by 86%.
计算得出疏导型差异化防雷方法,改造后直击跳闸率12.35次/100km/年,反击跳闸率7.19次/100km/年,感应跳闸率11.42次/100km/年,总跳闸率30.95次/100km/年,使线路总跳闸率降低5%。According to the calculation of the dredging type differential lightning protection method, the direct strike trip rate after transformation is 12.35 times/100km/year, the counterattack trip rate is 7.19 times/100km/year, the induction trip rate is 11.42 times/100km/year, and the total trip rate is 30.95 times/100km /year, reducing the total tripping rate of the line by 5%.
由于是重点用户,对供电可靠性和电能质量要求高,因此对于新建线路采用FXBW10/70复合绝缘子(50%临界闪络电压为195kV)+安装避雷器(安装三相线路避雷器,安装间距为360m即每隔6档安装)的差异化防雷措施。Because it is a key user and has high requirements for power supply reliability and power quality, FXBW10/70 composite insulators are used for new lines (50% critical flashover voltage is 195kV) + lightning arresters are installed (three-phase line lightning arresters are installed, and the installation distance is 360m. Install every 6 gears) Differentiated lightning protection measures.
Claims (6)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201510057123.3A CN104682304A (en) | 2015-02-03 | 2015-02-03 | Suburb 10kV power distribution line differentiated lightning-protection method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201510057123.3A CN104682304A (en) | 2015-02-03 | 2015-02-03 | Suburb 10kV power distribution line differentiated lightning-protection method |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN104682304A true CN104682304A (en) | 2015-06-03 |
Family
ID=53317044
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN201510057123.3A Pending CN104682304A (en) | 2015-02-03 | 2015-02-03 | Suburb 10kV power distribution line differentiated lightning-protection method |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
CN (1) | CN104682304A (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN107546639A (en) * | 2017-08-18 | 2018-01-05 | 国网湖南省电力公司 | A kind of distribution transmission line of electricity remodeling method and device |
CN112653063A (en) * | 2020-12-17 | 2021-04-13 | 长沙理工大学 | 10kV overhead line lightning protection method used by matching of coupling ground wire and lightning arrester |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2006050708A (en) * | 2004-08-02 | 2006-02-16 | Chubu Electric Power Co Inc | Lightning reinforcement wire for overhead wire, design method thereof, and lightning reinforcement method for overhead wire |
CN103236666A (en) * | 2013-04-02 | 2013-08-07 | 国家电网公司 | Differentiated lightning protection method for power transmission lines |
-
2015
- 2015-02-03 CN CN201510057123.3A patent/CN104682304A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2006050708A (en) * | 2004-08-02 | 2006-02-16 | Chubu Electric Power Co Inc | Lightning reinforcement wire for overhead wire, design method thereof, and lightning reinforcement method for overhead wire |
CN103236666A (en) * | 2013-04-02 | 2013-08-07 | 国家电网公司 | Differentiated lightning protection method for power transmission lines |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
何金良 等: "输电线路雷电防护技术研究(三):防护措施", 《高电压技术》 * |
曾嵘 等: "输电线路雷电防护技术研究(二):分析方法", 《高电压技术》 * |
陈家宏 等: "输电线路差异化防雷技术与策略", 《高电压技术》 * |
陈水明 等: "输电线路雷电防护技术研究(一):雷电参数", 《高电压技术》 * |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN107546639A (en) * | 2017-08-18 | 2018-01-05 | 国网湖南省电力公司 | A kind of distribution transmission line of electricity remodeling method and device |
CN112653063A (en) * | 2020-12-17 | 2021-04-13 | 长沙理工大学 | 10kV overhead line lightning protection method used by matching of coupling ground wire and lightning arrester |
CN112653063B (en) * | 2020-12-17 | 2022-07-29 | 长沙理工大学 | Lightning Protection Method for 10kV Overhead Line Using Coupling Ground Wire and Lightning Arrester |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN102841280B (en) | 500kV same-tower four-circuit transmission line lightning trip-out rate simulation method | |
CN102435921B (en) | The decision method of same tower double back transmission line insulation and resistance to lightning impulse performance | |
CN103236666B (en) | Transmission line located lightening arresting method | |
CN103488815A (en) | Transmission line lightning shielding failure risk evaluation method | |
CN103293419A (en) | A Method for Evaluating Impulse Characteristics of Grounding Devices | |
CN104392055B (en) | Combined type composite material shaft tower lightning protection Optimization Design | |
CN102565628A (en) | Method for identifying properties of lightning faults of overhead line on basis of amplitude interval distribution of lightning current | |
CN105243176B (en) | Graphic analysis method for optimized configuration of lightning arrester of 110kV/220kV power transmission line | |
CN102175936B (en) | Unrestrictive expected operation life assessment method for distribution network lightning arrester under given confidence level | |
CN103714239B (en) | Method for computing lightning induced voltages of insulators of low-voltage lines when earth is struck by lightning | |
CN105242133A (en) | Improved method for calculating lightning trip-out rate of distribution line | |
CN106099753A (en) | The method of Transmission Line Design without lightning conducter of weight ice-covering area | |
CN103001153B (en) | A kind of distribution network lightning protection method of economical rationality | |
CN105244836A (en) | Differentiation lightning protection method of urban area 10KV distribution line | |
CN105447311B (en) | A kind of lightning protection measures of circuit reduce the appraisal procedure of thunderbolt risk | |
Mokhtari et al. | Integration of energy balance of soil ionization in CIGRE grounding electrode resistance model | |
CN109541409B (en) | Distribution line flashover rate improvement algorithm based on electrical geometric model | |
CN103427354A (en) | Early determination method for substation grounding grid | |
CN104682305A (en) | Method for differentiated lightning protection of urban 10 kV distribution line | |
CN104833873B (en) | A kind of theoretical validation method of inductive type current-limited arrester lightning protection effect | |
CN104682304A (en) | Suburb 10kV power distribution line differentiated lightning-protection method | |
CN105929264B (en) | A kind of 750kV transmission line thunderbolts performance estimating method | |
CN103675504A (en) | Method for evaluating single-track bank section electrified railway lightning trip-out rate | |
CN102945537A (en) | Method for processing lightning-protection transformation evaluation information of electric transmission line | |
CN102882176B (en) | Method for selecting erection height of lightning conductor of 10kV overhead distribution line |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
C06 | Publication | ||
PB01 | Publication | ||
C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication | ||
RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication |
Application publication date: 20150603 |