CN104613321A - Nuclear power plant pipeline leakage detection device and method based on distributed optical fiber temperature measurement - Google Patents
Nuclear power plant pipeline leakage detection device and method based on distributed optical fiber temperature measurement Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于核电厂泄漏探测技术，尤其涉及一种基于分布式光纤测温的核电厂管道泄漏探测装置及方法。The invention belongs to nuclear power plant leakage detection technology, in particular to a nuclear power plant pipeline leakage detection device and method based on distributed optical fiber temperature measurement.
背景技术Background technique
随着我国核电的建设发展，投入运行的核电厂数量越来越多。社会和公众对核电厂安全性的关注日益提高。尤其是在福岛核电厂事故之后，进一步系统性地提高核电厂运行安全不仅成为核电工业的技术性问题，也成为影响核电工业长期稳定发展的社会性问题。核电厂设计有三道安全屏障防护核电厂不会对外界环境造成辐射污染，构成核岛内一回路压力边界的一回路管道系统是其中重要的一环。在核电厂正常运行和遭受地震等自然灾害的情况下，一回路管道系统不允许发生突然断裂造而成大量冷却剂泄漏事故。为监测一回路系统压力边界的完整性，根据核电厂安全法规导则的要求(如RG1.45)，在核岛内布置有地坑、气载粒子探测、压力或温度探测等装置来实现对冷却剂泄漏的监测。随着核电厂设计要求的提高，对泄漏监测技术也提出了越来越高的要求，不仅需要能够探测泄漏现象，而且要能够准确定位泄漏源位置。特别是在核电厂高能管道设计中逐步采用的破前漏(leak before break，LBB)评估新技术中，泄漏探测系统是实现破前漏设计目标的前提条件和重要保障。因此需要有更有效的能够准确进行泄漏监测和泄漏源定位的局部泄漏探测系统。With the construction and development of nuclear power in my country, more and more nuclear power plants have been put into operation. The society and the public pay more and more attention to the safety of nuclear power plants. Especially after the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, to further systematically improve the operational safety of nuclear power plants has become not only a technical issue for the nuclear power industry, but also a social issue affecting the long-term stable development of the nuclear power industry. The nuclear power plant is designed with three safety barriers to protect the nuclear power plant from causing radiation pollution to the outside environment. The primary circuit piping system that constitutes the pressure boundary of the primary circuit in the nuclear island is an important part of it. In the normal operation of the nuclear power plant and natural disasters such as earthquakes, the primary circuit piping system is not allowed to break suddenly and cause a large number of coolant leakage accidents. In order to monitor the integrity of the pressure boundary of the primary circuit system, according to the requirements of nuclear power plant safety regulations (such as RG1.45), devices such as pits, airborne particle detection, pressure or temperature detection are arranged in the nuclear island to realize Monitoring of coolant leaks. With the improvement of nuclear power plant design requirements, higher and higher requirements are put forward for leakage monitoring technology. It is not only necessary to be able to detect leakage phenomena, but also to be able to accurately locate the location of the leakage source. Especially in the leak before break (LBB) assessment new technology gradually adopted in the design of high-energy pipelines in nuclear power plants, the leak detection system is a prerequisite and an important guarantee for achieving the design goal of leak before break. Therefore, there is a need for a more effective local leak detection system capable of accurate leak monitoring and leak source location.
虽然核电厂核岛反应堆内的高能管道出现破口发生冷却剂泄漏的概率微乎其微，但泄漏监测作为核电厂高能管道的破前漏方法设计，在役风险管理和安全保障的重要内容是不可或缺的。核电厂必须对冷却剂泄漏这一重要的设计基准事故制定完善的预防和应急响应措施。能够及时发现并准确定位泄漏及其发生位置是实现应急响应措施的前提条件。Although the probability of coolant leakage due to a break in the high-energy pipeline in the nuclear island reactor of the nuclear power plant is very small, leak monitoring is an important part of in-service risk management and safety assurance as a leak-before-break method design for high-energy pipelines in nuclear power plants. of. Nuclear power plants must formulate comprehensive prevention and emergency response measures for coolant leakage, an important design basis accident. The ability to detect and accurately locate leaks and their locations in time is a prerequisite for implementing emergency response measures.
在现有泄漏探测方法中，地坑、气载粒子探测和压力探测等方式不能实现对泄漏源的定位。而通过安装电阻式局部温度传感器虽然可以实现对泄漏源的粗略位置判断，但在实际应用中具有以下缺点：1)需要在预先判断的泄漏危险部位安装大量的温度传感器，通过对这些位置的局部温度监测来判断泄漏所处的部位。因此探测部位固定，仅能实现对发生在设定部位处的泄漏进行定位；2)随着预设部位的增多需要安装大量的温度传感器，布线复杂且占据较多的空间；3)温度传感器受核岛内辐射环境影响，老化速度较快；4)增加维护工作量，不仅要对温度传感器定期更换，而且对一回路压力边界进行在役检查时，需要一定量的工时对温度传感器进行拆装作业。In the existing leak detection methods, methods such as pit, airborne particle detection and pressure detection cannot realize the location of the leak source. Although a rough position judgment of the leakage source can be realized by installing a resistive local temperature sensor, it has the following disadvantages in practical application: 1) It is necessary to install a large number of temperature sensors at the pre-judged leakage dangerous parts. Temperature monitoring to determine where the leak is located. Therefore, the detection position is fixed, and only the leakage that occurs at the set position can be realized; 2) With the increase of the preset position, a large number of temperature sensors need to be installed, and the wiring is complicated and takes up more space; 3) The temperature sensor is affected by Influenced by the radiation environment in the nuclear island, the aging speed is faster; 4) Increased maintenance workload, not only the temperature sensor needs to be replaced regularly, but also a certain amount of man-hours are required to disassemble and assemble the temperature sensor during in-service inspection of the pressure boundary of the primary circuit Operation.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明为克服核电厂现有的基于温度监测的泄漏探测装置不能实现对一回路管道系统连续空间测温和判断泄漏源准确位置的不足，提供一种基于分布式光纤测温的核电厂管道泄漏探测装置及方法，从而实现对核岛内高能管道系统泄漏情况的及时发现，并能够准确定位泄漏位置，为高能管道的破前漏设计提供实施基础，提高核电厂的安全性。The invention provides a nuclear power plant pipeline leakage based on distributed optical fiber temperature measurement to overcome the deficiency that the existing leakage detection device based on temperature monitoring in nuclear power plants cannot measure the temperature in the continuous space of the primary loop pipeline system and judge the exact location of the leakage source The detection device and method, so as to realize the timely discovery of the leakage of the high-energy pipeline system in the nuclear island, and can accurately locate the leakage location, provide an implementation basis for the design of the high-energy pipeline leakage before breaking, and improve the safety of the nuclear power plant.
本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是：首先提供一种基于分布式光纤测温的核电厂管道泄漏探测装置，包括探测传感器单元，信号收发处理单元，数据分析报警单元，探测传感器单元通过信号收发处理单元与数据分析报警单元连接；其中，探测传感器单元包括光纤和紧固支架，光纤通过紧固支架固定在高能管道的上方；信号收发处理单元包括激光驱动装置、波分复用器、光电检测器、信号处理器，激光驱动装置通过波分复用器与光纤连接，光纤通过波分复用器与光电检测器的输入端连接，光电检测器的输出端与信号处理器的输入端连接；数据分析报警单元包括PC终端和报警指示器，信号处理器的输出端与PC终端连接，报警指示器与PC终端连接；激光驱动装置用于发射激光，光纤用于传输激光驱动装置发射的激光并传输其反向的散射光，波分复用器用于将激光传输到光纤中、将光纤中反向的散射光分离为斯托克斯光和反斯托克斯光，光电检测器用于接收斯托克斯光和反斯托克斯光并将其转换为电信号，信号处理器用于得到斯托克斯光和反斯托克斯光的光强比，PC终端用于计算不同光强比所对应的温度，同时根据光纤中激光的传播速率及反向的散射光的回波时间，对所测温度处的位置进行定位，报警指示器用于在温度超出预设值时进行报警。The technical scheme adopted by the present invention to solve its technical problems is: firstly, a nuclear power plant pipeline leakage detection device based on distributed optical fiber temperature measurement is provided, including a detection sensor unit, a signal sending and receiving processing unit, a data analysis and alarm unit, and the detection sensor unit through The signal sending and receiving processing unit is connected with the data analysis and alarm unit; wherein, the detection sensor unit includes an optical fiber and a fastening bracket, and the optical fiber is fixed above the high-energy pipeline through the fastening bracket; the signal sending and receiving processing unit includes a laser drive device, a wavelength division multiplexer, The photoelectric detector, the signal processor, and the laser drive device are connected to the optical fiber through the wavelength division multiplexer, the optical fiber is connected to the input end of the photoelectric detector through the wavelength division multiplexer, and the output end of the photoelectric detector is connected to the input end of the signal processor connection; the data analysis alarm unit includes a PC terminal and an alarm indicator, the output end of the signal processor is connected to the PC terminal, and the alarm indicator is connected to the PC terminal; the laser drive device is used to emit laser light, and the optical fiber is used to transmit the laser light emitted by the laser drive device. Laser and transmit its back scattered light, the wavelength division multiplexer is used to transmit the laser light into the fiber, separate the back scattered light in the fiber into Stokes light and anti-Stokes light, the photodetector is used for Receive Stokes light and anti-Stokes light and convert them into electrical signals, the signal processor is used to obtain the light intensity ratio of Stokes light and anti-Stokes light, and the PC terminal is used to calculate different light intensity ratios The intensity ratio corresponds to the temperature, and at the same time, according to the propagation rate of the laser in the fiber and the echo time of the back scattered light, the position of the measured temperature is located, and the alarm indicator is used to give an alarm when the temperature exceeds the preset value.
按上述技术方案，所述光纤为金属涂层光纤。According to the above technical solution, the optical fiber is a metal-coated optical fiber.
按上述技术方案，所述光电检测器为雪崩光电二极管。According to the above technical solution, the photodetector is an avalanche photodiode.
按上述技术方案，所述光电检测器与信号处理器之间还设置有放大器。According to the above technical solution, an amplifier is further arranged between the photodetector and the signal processor.
按上述技术方案，信号收发处理单元与数据分析报警单元安装在常规岛控制室内。According to the above technical solution, the signal sending and receiving processing unit and the data analysis and alarm unit are installed in the conventional island control room.
按上述技术方案，紧固支架的上半部和下半部沿周向包裹高能管道，紧固支架的上半部与下半部的边缘处通过螺栓和垫片紧固，上半部的顶端设置光纤定位环，光纤穿过光纤定位环，光纤定位环的顶部设置固定调整螺栓，压块设置在固定调整螺栓的底部，固定调整螺栓通过压块对光纤施加径向力，使光纤定位在光纤定位环的底部处。According to the above technical scheme, the upper half and the lower half of the fastening bracket wrap the high-energy pipeline along the circumferential direction, the edges of the upper half and the lower half of the fastening bracket are fastened by bolts and gaskets, and the top half of the upper half Set the fiber positioning ring, the fiber passes through the fiber positioning ring, the top of the fiber positioning ring is provided with a fixed adjustment bolt, the pressure block is set at the bottom of the fixed adjustment bolt, and the fixed adjustment bolt exerts a radial force on the fiber through the pressure block, so that the fiber is positioned on the fiber Position the bottom of the ring.
按上述技术方案，在核岛反应堆厂房内安装有反应堆压力容器和三个冷却剂环路，每个冷却剂环路均包括蒸汽发生器、冷却剂泵、主管道热段、主管道过渡段和主管道冷段，将三个冷却剂环路中的主管道热段、主管道过渡段和主管道冷段作为目标管道，探测传感器单元中的光纤和紧固支架覆盖目标管道。According to the above technical scheme, a reactor pressure vessel and three coolant loops are installed in the nuclear island reactor building, and each coolant loop includes a steam generator, a coolant pump, a hot section of the main pipeline, a transition section of the main pipeline and The cold section of the main pipe, the hot section of the main pipe, the transition section of the main pipe and the cold section of the main pipe in the three coolant loops are taken as the target pipe, and the optical fiber in the detection sensor unit and the fastening bracket cover the target pipe.
本发明还提供一种基于分布式光纤测温的核电厂管道泄漏探测方法，该方法包括以下步骤，将光纤通过紧固支架固定在高能管道的上方，激光在光纤中向前传播，将其反向的散射光分离为斯托克斯光和反斯托克斯光，接收斯托克斯光和反斯托克斯光并将其转换为电信号，获取斯托克斯光和反斯托克斯光的光强比，计算不同光强比所对应的温度；根据光纤中激光的传播速率及反向的散射光的回波时间，对所测温度处的位置进行定位，在温度超出预设值时进行报警。The present invention also provides a nuclear power plant pipeline leakage detection method based on distributed optical fiber temperature measurement. The scattered light in the direction is separated into Stokes light and anti-Stokes light, receiving Stokes light and anti-Stokes light and converting them into electrical signals, obtaining Stokes light and anti-Stokes light Calculate the temperature corresponding to different light intensity ratios; according to the propagation speed of the laser in the optical fiber and the echo time of the back scattered light, locate the position of the measured temperature, and when the temperature exceeds the preset An alarm is issued when a value is set.
按上述技术方案，获取斯托克斯光和反斯托克斯光的光强比，具体通过累加平均的方法得到，累加平均的方法是通过在单位时间内多次采集斯托克斯光强度信号和反斯托克斯光强度信号，对多次采集的斯托克斯光强度信号和反斯托克斯光强度信号分别进行数学平均处理。去除测量误差，获得较为准确的光强信号。According to the above technical scheme, the light intensity ratio of Stokes light and anti-Stokes light is obtained, specifically through the method of cumulative average, and the method of cumulative average is to collect the Stokes light intensity multiple times per unit time The signal and the anti-Stokes light intensity signal are mathematically averaged for the Stokes light intensity signal and the anti-Stokes light intensity signal collected multiple times. Eliminate measurement errors and obtain more accurate light intensity signals.
按上述技术方案，计算不同光强比所对应的温度，具体通过斯托克斯光和反斯托克斯光的光强比与温度的函数关系得到，斯托克斯光和反斯托克斯光的光强比与温度之间的关系式为：其中PAS为反斯托克斯光强，PS为斯托克斯光强，λAS为反斯托克斯光的波长，λS为斯托克斯光的波长，h为普朗克常数，K为玻尔兹曼常数，Δr为偏移波数，T为绝对温度，c为光在真空中的传播速度。从该式可以看出斯托克斯光和反斯托克斯光的光强比仅是光纤所在环境温度的函数，仅受到探测点处温度影响。According to the above technical scheme, the temperature corresponding to different light intensity ratios is calculated, specifically through the functional relationship between the light intensity ratio of Stokes light and anti-Stokes light and temperature, Stokes light and anti-Stokes light The relationship between the light intensity ratio of Si light and temperature is: Where P AS is the anti-Stokes light intensity, PS is the Stokes light intensity, λ AS is the wavelength of the anti-Stokes light, λ S is the wavelength of the Stokes light, h is the Planck constant, K is the Boltzmann constant, Δr is the offset wavenumber, T is the absolute temperature, and c is the propagation speed of light in vacuum. It can be seen from this formula that the light intensity ratio of Stokes light and anti-Stokes light is only a function of the temperature of the environment where the optical fiber is located, and is only affected by the temperature at the detection point.
本发明基于分布式光纤测温的核电厂高能管道局部泄漏探测系统的工作原理为，核岛内一回路管道发生破裂时，管道内的高温冷却剂将通过破口向外喷放，形成显著的局部快速温升，通过测定温度变化值和发生位置即可确定泄漏并定位泄漏点。基于分布式光纤测温的核电厂高能管道局部泄漏探测系统工作的基本原理是依据光纤的光时域反射和光纤反向拉曼散射的温度效应，探测沿光纤不同位置的温度变化，实现真正分布式的测量。由于拉曼散射光中的斯托克斯光受温度的影响微乎其微，温度的变化时斯托克斯光强度不变，而反斯托克斯光则对温度极为敏感，温度越高，反斯托克斯光越强，因此，可以通过反斯托克斯光与斯托克斯光的强度对比值的变化而分析获得温度的变化，两种光的光强比和温度之间的具有定量关系。在系统中，光纤所处空间各点的温度场调制了光纤中的反向拉曼散射光的强度，经波分复用器和光电检测器采集空间温度信息，再经信号处理和系统解调后获得实时温度值信息，并利用光纤中光波的传播速度和反向光回波的时间间隔进行空间定位。光纤作为探测传感器单元的重要组成，不仅为探测感温元件，同时也是信号收发处理单元的信号传递通路。在信号收发处理单元中，激光驱动装置产生激光脉冲光束，经过波分复用器进入光纤，脉冲激光束沿光纤向前传输的同时，散射光向光纤四周传输，其中沿光纤后向传输的后向散射光经过波分复用器分离出斯托克斯光和反斯托克斯光，这两路光信号经光电检测器分别采集后传输至信号处理器进行精确的光强度量化分析。在数据分析与报警单元中，PC终端接收来信号处理器传递的数据，通过计算获得沿分布式光纤长度方向上所探测的温度。当所探测的温度出现突然显著温升的时候，PC终端向与之相连的报警指示器发出信号，报警指示器发出警报，核电厂操作人员则根据核电厂操作规程进行应急处理。基于分布式光纤测温的泄漏探测系统中的探测传感器单元安装在核岛内，信号收发处理单元和数据分析报警单元安装在控制室内。紧固支架安装在目标管道上，光纤通过卡子安装在紧固支架上。光纤的安装位置应处于高能管道的上方，如果高能管道发生泄漏，喷放出的高温流体所形成的高温气体将上升，使管道上方的环境温度升高，造成光纤中的后向散射光中的反斯托克斯光强度变化。光纤通过控制管线通道穿过核岛厂房与控制室内的信号收发单元的接口相连接，传输脉冲激光束和反射光。数据分析报警单元的PC终端也与信号收发单元的接口相连接，接受信号处理器传递的放射光光强数据。报警指示器与PC终端的COM串口相连接，接收PC发出的报警指令。The working principle of the local leakage detection system of high-energy pipelines in nuclear power plants based on distributed optical fiber temperature measurement in the present invention is that when the primary circuit pipeline in the nuclear island breaks, the high-temperature coolant in the pipeline will be sprayed outward through the breach, forming a significant leak. Local rapid temperature rise, the leak can be determined and the leak point can be located by measuring the temperature change value and the location of occurrence. The basic principle of the local leakage detection system of high-energy pipelines in nuclear power plants based on distributed optical fiber temperature measurement is to detect temperature changes at different positions along the optical fiber based on the optical time domain reflection of the optical fiber and the temperature effect of the optical fiber back Raman scattering to achieve true distribution. type of measurement. Because Stokes light in Raman scattered light is slightly affected by temperature, the intensity of Stokes light remains unchanged when the temperature changes, while anti-Stokes light is extremely sensitive to temperature. The stronger the Stokes light is, therefore, the temperature change can be analyzed and obtained through the change of the intensity ratio of the anti-Stokes light and the Stokes light. The light intensity ratio of the two lights and the temperature have a quantitative relation. In the system, the temperature field of each point in the space where the optical fiber is located modulates the intensity of the back Raman scattered light in the optical fiber, the spatial temperature information is collected by the wavelength division multiplexer and the photodetector, and then processed by the signal and demodulated by the system Finally, the real-time temperature value information is obtained, and the spatial positioning is carried out by using the propagation speed of the light wave in the optical fiber and the time interval of the reverse light echo. As an important component of the detection sensor unit, the optical fiber is not only the detection temperature sensing element, but also the signal transmission path of the signal transceiver processing unit. In the signal transceiver processing unit, the laser drive device generates laser pulse beams, which enter the optical fiber through the wavelength division multiplexer. While the pulsed laser beam is transmitted forward along the optical fiber, the scattered light is transmitted around the optical fiber, and the rearward transmission along the optical fiber The scattered light is separated into Stokes light and anti-Stokes light by a wavelength division multiplexer. These two optical signals are collected by a photoelectric detector and then transmitted to a signal processor for accurate quantitative analysis of light intensity. In the data analysis and alarm unit, the PC terminal receives the data transmitted by the signal processor, and obtains the temperature detected along the length direction of the distributed optical fiber through calculation. When the detected temperature has a sudden and significant temperature rise, the PC terminal sends a signal to the alarm indicator connected to it, and the alarm indicator sends out an alarm, and the nuclear power plant operators carry out emergency treatment according to the nuclear power plant operating procedures. The detection sensor unit in the leak detection system based on distributed optical fiber temperature measurement is installed in the nuclear island, and the signal sending and receiving processing unit and data analysis and alarm unit are installed in the control room. The fastening bracket is installed on the target pipe, and the optical fiber is installed on the fastening bracket through clips. The installation position of the optical fiber should be above the high-energy pipeline. If the high-energy pipeline leaks, the high-temperature gas formed by the ejected high-temperature fluid will rise, which will increase the ambient temperature above the pipeline and cause reflection in the backscattered light in the optical fiber. Stokes light intensity variation. The optical fiber passes through the nuclear island plant through the control pipeline channel and connects with the interface of the signal transceiver unit in the control room to transmit the pulsed laser beam and reflected light. The PC terminal of the data analysis alarm unit is also connected with the interface of the signal transceiver unit to receive the radiated light intensity data transmitted by the signal processor. The alarm indicator is connected with the COM serial port of the PC terminal, and receives the alarm command sent by the PC.
本发明产生的有益效果是：可以灵敏准确地探测核电厂核岛内的高能管道是否发生泄漏，并且可以对泄漏点进行准确定位，同时，相比常规的测温型局部泄漏探测装置，本发明还具有如下优势：(1)连续分布式测量实现对管道系统的完整覆盖；(2)抗辐射，寿命长且成本低；(3)灵敏度高，测量精度高；(4)安装和维护简单方便。The beneficial effect of the invention is that it can sensitively and accurately detect whether the high-energy pipeline in the nuclear island of the nuclear power plant is leaking, and can accurately locate the leak point. It also has the following advantages: (1) Continuous distributed measurement achieves complete coverage of the pipeline system; (2) Anti-radiation, long life and low cost; (3) High sensitivity, high measurement accuracy; (4) Simple and convenient installation and maintenance .
附图说明Description of drawings
下面将结合附图及实施例对本发明作进一步说明，附图中：The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and embodiment, in the accompanying drawing:
图1是本发明实施例的原理示意图；Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the principle of an embodiment of the present invention;
图2是本发明实施例中探测传感器单元的剖面示意图；2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a detection sensor unit in an embodiment of the present invention;
图3是本发明实施例中探测传感器单元对目标管道覆盖的示意图。Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of detecting the coverage of a target pipeline by a sensor unit in an embodiment of the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白，以下结合附图及实施例，对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅用以解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。In order to make the object, technical solution and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described here are only used to explain the present invention, not to limit the present invention.
本发明实施例中，首先提供一种基于分布式光纤测温的核电厂管道泄漏探测装置，如图1所示，包括探测传感器单元，信号收发处理单元，数据分析报警单元，探测传感器单元通过信号收发处理单元与数据分析报警单元连接；其中，探测传感器单元包括光纤和紧固支架，光纤通过紧固支架固定在高能管道的上方；信号收发处理单元包括激光驱动装置、波分复用器、光电检测器、信号处理器，激光驱动装置通过波分复用器与光纤连接，光纤通过波分复用器与光电检测器的输入端连接，光电检测器的输出端与信号处理器的输入端连接；数据分析报警单元包括PC终端和报警指示器，信号处理器的输出端与PC终端连接，报警指示器与PC终端连接；激光驱动装置用于发射激光，光纤用于传输激光驱动装置发射的激光并传输其反向的散射光，波分复用器用于将激光传输到光纤中、将光纤中反向的散射光分离为斯托克斯光和反斯托克斯光，光电检测器用于接收斯托克斯光和反斯托克斯光并将其转换为电信号，信号处理器用于得到斯托克斯光和反斯托克斯光的光强比，PC终端用于计算不同光强比所对应的温度，同时根据光纤中激光的传播速率及反向的散射光的回波时间，对所测温度处的位置进行定位，报警指示器用于在温度超出预设值时进行报警。核岛反应堆厂房内的高能管道内流动着高温高压的冷却剂，在极端条件下，如果管道出现破裂，管道内的冷却剂将通过破口向反应堆厂房内的环境中外喷放，高温流体会造成局部温度升高。通过监测管道周围局部温度异常升高的情况，可以有效地实现对管道泄漏的准确探测。使用分布式光纤作为温度探测传感器，可以实现对光纤沿长度方向的连续空间温度探测，不仅能够实现对管道泄漏情况的无盲区监测，而且能够实现对泄漏点的准确定位，判断泄漏位置。In the embodiment of the present invention, a nuclear power plant pipeline leakage detection device based on distributed optical fiber temperature measurement is first provided, as shown in Figure 1, including a detection sensor unit, a signal transceiver processing unit, a data analysis alarm unit, and a detection sensor unit passing a signal The transceiver processing unit is connected with the data analysis alarm unit; wherein, the detection sensor unit includes an optical fiber and a fastening bracket, and the optical fiber is fixed above the high-energy pipeline through the fastening bracket; the signal transceiver processing unit includes a laser drive device, a wavelength division multiplexer, a photoelectric The detector, the signal processor, and the laser drive device are connected to the optical fiber through the wavelength division multiplexer, the optical fiber is connected to the input end of the photoelectric detector through the wavelength division multiplexer, and the output end of the photoelectric detector is connected to the input end of the signal processor The data analysis alarm unit includes a PC terminal and an alarm indicator, the output end of the signal processor is connected to the PC terminal, and the alarm indicator is connected to the PC terminal; the laser drive device is used to emit laser light, and the optical fiber is used to transmit the laser light emitted by the laser drive device And transmit its reverse scattered light, the wavelength division multiplexer is used to transmit the laser light into the optical fiber, separate the reverse scattered light in the optical fiber into Stokes light and anti-Stokes light, and the photodetector is used to receive Stokes light and anti-Stokes light are converted into electrical signals, the signal processor is used to obtain the light intensity ratio of Stokes light and anti-Stokes light, and the PC terminal is used to calculate different light intensities Compared with the corresponding temperature, at the same time, according to the propagation rate of the laser in the fiber and the echo time of the reverse scattered light, the position of the measured temperature is located. The alarm indicator is used to alarm when the temperature exceeds the preset value. The high-energy pipelines in the nuclear island reactor building flow high-temperature and high-pressure coolant. Under extreme conditions, if the pipeline ruptures, the coolant in the pipeline will be sprayed to the environment in the reactor building through the breach, and the high-temperature fluid will cause local temperature rise. By monitoring the abnormal rise of local temperature around the pipeline, accurate detection of pipeline leakage can be effectively realized. Using distributed optical fiber as a temperature detection sensor can realize continuous space temperature detection along the length of the optical fiber, not only can realize the non-blind zone monitoring of pipeline leakage, but also can accurately locate the leakage point and judge the location of the leakage.
其中，由于光纤作为感温传感器要具有可承受350℃高温的能力，因此光纤可以选择金属涂层光纤。Among them, since the optical fiber as a temperature sensor must have the ability to withstand a high temperature of 350 ° C, the optical fiber can choose a metal-coated optical fiber.
进一步地，光电检测器为雪崩光电二极管，具有良好的光探测能力。更进一步地，所述光电检测器与信号处理器之间还设置有放大器，对电信号进行放大，提高检测精度。Further, the photodetector is an avalanche photodiode, which has good light detection capability. Furthermore, an amplifier is provided between the photodetector and the signal processor to amplify the electrical signal and improve the detection accuracy.
其中，信号收发处理单元与数据分析报警单元安装在常规岛控制室内。Among them, the signal sending and receiving processing unit and the data analysis and alarm unit are installed in the conventional island control room.
进一步地，本发明的较佳实施例中，如图2所示，紧固支架的上半部和下半部沿周向包裹高能管道，紧固支架的上半部与下半部的边缘处通过螺栓和垫片紧固，上半部的顶端设置光纤定位环，光纤穿过光纤定位环，光纤定位环的顶部设置固定调整螺栓，压块设置在固定调整螺栓的底部，固定调整螺栓通过压块对光纤施加径向力，使光纤定位在光纤定位环的底部处。紧固支架的上半部4和紧固支架的下半部5套在目标管道上，紧固支架的尺寸根据管道的外径确定。两部分支架通过六角螺栓6、垫片7、固定螺母8和垫片9固定连接在一起，保持在管道上的位置固定且稳定。光纤3穿过固定支架上半部4中的光纤定位环中，通过固定调整螺母1和压块2对光纤进行固定，使光纤在光纤定位环中的位置固定，无相对滑动，确保管道各部分在光纤长度上的映射关系保持不变。从而可以通过光纤上的长度标定数值来判定管道部位。光纤通过紧固支架安装在高能管道顶部上方并使光纤与被测管道保持适当的距离。光纤作为探测传感器单元的重要组成，不仅为探测感温元件，同时也是信号收发处理部分的信号传递通路。通过紧固支架将金属涂层光纤固定在管道的上方，使光纤相对于管道保持位置固定，构成位于核岛反应堆厂房内的探测传感器单元。管道的不同部位在光纤的长度方向上具有一一对应的映射关系，根据光纤长度值便可准确定位管道部位。光纤和信号收发单元的波分复用器相连接，激光驱动装置发射的脉冲激光通过波分复用器进入光纤中向前传输。由于脉冲激光的散射，反向的散射光再次被波分复用器接收并被分离成斯托克斯光和反斯托克斯光。经波分复用器分离出的两路光信号，分别由雪崩光电二极管将光信号转换为电信号，再经放大器对电信号放大，送到信号处理器中进行累加平均，便得到精确的光强度量化值。根据反斯托克斯光和斯托克斯光的光强比与温度的函数关系，可以进一步计算出不同光强比所对应的温度。同时根据光纤中光的传播速率以及反向散射光波的回波时间，可以对所测温度所处的位置进行定位。所有测量数据在PC终端中收集加工，也可以在可视化的程序界面中直观的观测管道上的温度分布和变化情况，同时也可灵活设定温升速率阀值和温度阀值作为泄漏报警的触发信号。Further, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, as shown in Figure 2, the upper half and the lower half of the fastening bracket wrap the high-energy pipeline in the circumferential direction, and the edges of the upper half and the lower half of the fastening bracket are Fastened by bolts and gaskets, the top of the upper half is provided with an optical fiber positioning ring, the optical fiber passes through the optical fiber positioning ring, the top of the optical fiber positioning ring is provided with a fixed adjustment bolt, the pressure block is arranged at the bottom of the fixed adjustment bolt, and the fixed adjustment bolt passes through the pressure The block applies a radial force to the fiber, positioning the fiber at the bottom of the fiber positioning ring. The upper half 4 of the fastening bracket and the lower half 5 of the fastening bracket are sleeved on the target pipeline, and the size of the fastening bracket is determined according to the outer diameter of the pipeline. The two parts of the bracket are fixedly connected together through the hexagonal bolt 6, the gasket 7, the fixing nut 8 and the gasket 9, and the position on the pipeline is kept fixed and stable. The optical fiber 3 passes through the optical fiber positioning ring in the upper part 4 of the fixing bracket, and the optical fiber is fixed by fixing the adjusting nut 1 and the pressure block 2, so that the position of the optical fiber in the optical fiber positioning ring is fixed without relative sliding, ensuring that all parts of the pipeline The mapping relationship on the fiber length remains unchanged. Therefore, the position of the pipeline can be determined by the length calibration value on the optical fiber. The optical fiber is installed above the top of the high-energy pipeline through a fastening bracket and keeps an appropriate distance between the optical fiber and the pipeline under test. As an important component of the detection sensor unit, the optical fiber is not only a detection temperature sensing element, but also a signal transmission path for the signal receiving and processing part. The metal-coated optical fiber is fixed above the pipeline by fastening the bracket, so that the optical fiber keeps a fixed position relative to the pipeline to form a detection sensor unit located in the nuclear island reactor building. Different parts of the pipeline have a one-to-one mapping relationship in the length direction of the optical fiber, and the location of the pipeline can be accurately located according to the length of the optical fiber. The optical fiber is connected with the wavelength division multiplexer of the signal transceiver unit, and the pulsed laser light emitted by the laser drive device enters the optical fiber through the wavelength division multiplexer and transmits forward. Due to the scattering of the pulsed laser light, the back scattered light is again received by the wavelength division multiplexer and separated into Stokes light and anti-Stokes light. The two optical signals separated by the wavelength division multiplexer are respectively converted into electrical signals by the avalanche photodiode, and then the electrical signals are amplified by the amplifier, and sent to the signal processor for accumulation and averaging to obtain accurate optical signals. Intensity quantization value. According to the function relationship between the light intensity ratio of anti-Stokes light and Stokes light and temperature, the temperature corresponding to different light intensity ratios can be further calculated. At the same time, according to the propagation speed of light in the optical fiber and the echo time of the backscattered light wave, the position of the measured temperature can be located. All measurement data is collected and processed in the PC terminal, and the temperature distribution and changes on the pipeline can also be intuitively observed in the visual program interface. At the same time, the temperature rise rate threshold and temperature threshold can be flexibly set as the trigger of the leakage alarm. Signal.
进一步地，如图3所示，在核岛反应堆厂房内安装有反应堆压力容器和三个冷却剂环路，每个冷却剂环路均包括蒸汽发生器、冷却剂泵、主管道热段、主管道过渡段和主管道冷段，将三个冷却剂环路中的主管道热段、主管道过渡段和主管道冷段作为目标管道，探测传感器单元中的光纤和紧固支架覆盖目标管道。在常规岛控制室内安装分布式光纤泄漏探测系统的信号收发处理单元和数据分析警报单元(PC终端和报警指示器)。在核岛反应堆厂房内安装有反应堆压力容器10和三个冷却剂环路(冷却剂环路一16、冷却剂环路二17及冷却剂环路18)，对于每一个冷却剂环路均包括了蒸汽发生器11、冷却剂泵12、主管道热段13、主管道过渡段14和主管道冷段15。对主管道的泄漏探测则包括了三个环路上的共计9段管道，可使用一根光纤3通过合理的布置覆盖所有目标管道。通过紧固支架将金属涂层光纤固定在管道上，并对冷却剂环路上的各段管道起点和终点位置处的光纤进行长度标定，则可根据长度标定值区间实现对各段管道的识别和管道部位的定位功能。在核电厂运行中，当管道上出现破口发生泄漏时，高温冷却剂通过破口喷放，产生的热蒸汽使所处位置光纤局部温度升高。光纤该位置处的反向散射反斯托克斯光强度发生变化，使反斯托克斯光和斯托克斯光的光强比随之变化，进而可获得即时的温度值。同时根据前述的光传播速度定位原理获得探测温度所处的管道部位，即可实现对破口位置的准确定位。Further, as shown in Figure 3, a reactor pressure vessel and three coolant loops are installed in the nuclear island reactor building, and each coolant loop includes a steam generator, a coolant pump, a hot section of the main pipeline, a main The pipe transition section and the main pipe cold section, the main pipe hot section, the main pipe transition section and the main pipe cold section in the three coolant loops are taken as the target pipe, and the optical fiber in the detection sensor unit and the fastening bracket cover the target pipe. The signal transceiver processing unit and data analysis alarm unit (PC terminal and alarm indicator) of the distributed optical fiber leak detection system are installed in the conventional island control room. Reactor pressure vessel 10 and three coolant loops (coolant loop one 16, coolant loop two 17 and coolant loop 18) are installed in the nuclear island reactor building, all include for each coolant loop A steam generator 11, a coolant pump 12, a hot section 13 of the main pipeline, a transition section 14 of the main pipeline and a cold section 15 of the main pipeline are provided. The leak detection of the main pipeline includes a total of 9 sections of pipelines on three loops, and one optical fiber 3 can be used to cover all target pipelines through a reasonable arrangement. Fix the metal-coated optical fiber on the pipe by fastening the bracket, and calibrate the length of the optical fiber at the beginning and end of each section of the pipe on the coolant loop, then the identification and recognition of each section of the pipe can be realized according to the length calibration value interval. The positioning function of the pipeline part. During the operation of the nuclear power plant, when there is a leak in the pipeline, the high-temperature coolant is sprayed through the breach, and the hot steam generated will increase the local temperature of the optical fiber at the position. The intensity of the backscattered anti-Stokes light at this position of the optical fiber changes, so that the light intensity ratio of the anti-Stokes light and the Stokes light changes accordingly, and then an instant temperature value can be obtained. At the same time, the position of the pipeline where the temperature is detected is obtained according to the above-mentioned light propagation speed positioning principle, and the accurate positioning of the breach position can be realized.
本发明实施例中，还提供一种基于分布式光纤测温的核电厂管道泄漏探测方法，该方法包括以下步骤，将光纤通过紧固支架固定在高能管道的上方，激光在光纤中向前传播，将其反向的散射光分离为斯托克斯光和反斯托克斯光，接收斯托克斯光和反斯托克斯光并将其转换为电信号，获取斯托克斯光和反斯托克斯光的光强比，计算不同光强比所对应的温度；根据光纤中激光的传播速率及反向的散射光的回波时间，对所测温度处的位置进行定位，在温度超出预设值时进行报警。In the embodiment of the present invention, a nuclear power plant pipeline leak detection method based on distributed optical fiber temperature measurement is also provided, the method includes the following steps, the optical fiber is fixed above the high-energy pipeline through a fastening bracket, and the laser propagates forward in the optical fiber , separate the back scattered light into Stokes light and anti-Stokes light, receive Stokes light and anti-Stokes light and convert them into electrical signals, and obtain Stokes light According to the light intensity ratio of anti-Stokes light, calculate the temperature corresponding to different light intensity ratio; according to the propagation rate of the laser in the fiber and the echo time of the back scattered light, locate the position of the measured temperature, Alarm when the temperature exceeds the preset value.
其中，获取斯托克斯光和反斯托克斯光的光强比，具体可以通过累加平均的方法得到，累加平均的方法是通过在单位时间内多次采集斯托克斯光强度信号和反斯托克斯光强度信号，对多次采集的斯托克斯光强度信号和反斯托克斯光强度信号分别进行数学平均处理。去除测量误差，获得较为准确的光强信号。Among them, the light intensity ratio of the Stokes light and the anti-Stokes light can be obtained specifically through the method of cumulative average, and the method of cumulative average is to collect the Stokes light intensity signal and the The anti-Stokes light intensity signal performs mathematical average processing on the Stokes light intensity signal and the anti-Stokes light intensity signal collected multiple times. Eliminate measurement errors and obtain more accurate light intensity signals.
进一步地，计算不同光强比所对应的温度，具体通过斯托克斯光和反斯托克斯光的光强比与温度的函数关系得到，斯托克斯光和反斯托克斯光的光强比与温度之间的关系式为：其中PAS为反斯托克斯光强，PS为斯托克斯光强，λAS为反斯托克斯光的波长，λS为斯托克斯光的波长，h为普朗克常数，K为玻尔兹曼常数，Δr为偏移波数，T为绝对温度，c为光在真空中的传播速度。从该式可以看出斯托克斯光和反斯托克斯光的光强比仅是光纤所在环境温度的函数，仅受到探测点处温度影响。Further, the temperature corresponding to different light intensity ratios is calculated, specifically through the function relationship between the light intensity ratio of Stokes light and anti-Stokes light and temperature, Stokes light and anti-Stokes light The relationship between the light intensity ratio and temperature is: Where P AS is the anti-Stokes light intensity, PS is the Stokes light intensity, λ AS is the wavelength of the anti-Stokes light, λ S is the wavelength of the Stokes light, h is the Planck constant, K is the Boltzmann constant, Δr is the offset wavenumber, T is the absolute temperature, and c is the propagation speed of light in vacuum. It can be seen from this formula that the light intensity ratio of Stokes light and anti-Stokes light is only a function of the temperature of the environment where the optical fiber is located, and is only affected by the temperature at the detection point.
核岛反应堆厂房内的高能管道内流动着高温高压的冷却剂，在极端条件下，如果管道出现破裂，管道内的冷却剂将通过破口向反应堆厂房内的环境中外喷放，高温流体会造成局部温度升高。通过监测管道周围局部温度异常升高的情况，可以有效地实现对管道泄漏的准确探测。使用分布式光纤作为温度探测传感器，可以实现对光纤沿长度方向的连续空间温度探测，不仅能够实现对管道泄漏情况的无盲区监测，而且能够实现对泄漏点的准确定位，判断泄漏位置。The high-energy pipelines in the nuclear island reactor building flow high-temperature and high-pressure coolant. Under extreme conditions, if the pipeline ruptures, the coolant in the pipeline will be sprayed to the environment in the reactor building through the breach, and the high-temperature fluid will cause local temperature rise. By monitoring the abnormal rise of local temperature around the pipeline, accurate detection of pipeline leakage can be effectively realized. Using distributed optical fiber as a temperature detection sensor can realize continuous space temperature detection along the length of the optical fiber, not only can realize the non-blind zone monitoring of pipeline leakage, but also can accurately locate the leakage point and judge the location of the leakage.
应当理解的是，对本领域普通技术人员来说，可以根据上述说明加以改进或变换，而所有这些改进和变换都应属于本发明所附权利要求的保护范围。It should be understood that those skilled in the art can make improvements or changes based on the above description, and all these improvements and changes should belong to the protection scope of the appended claims of the present invention.
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