CN104568845B - Underwater all-angle turbidity measurement equipment and method - Google Patents
Underwater all-angle turbidity measurement equipment and method Download PDFInfo
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- CN104568845B CN104568845B CN201510014182.2A CN201510014182A CN104568845B CN 104568845 B CN104568845 B CN 104568845B CN 201510014182 A CN201510014182 A CN 201510014182A CN 104568845 B CN104568845 B CN 104568845B
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Abstract
The invention discloses underwater all-angle turbidity measurement equipment and a measurement method. The measurement equipment comprises a sealing cover, a cavity, a reflector ring, a light source, an ultrasonic transducer, a collimating lens group, a convex lens, a supporting seat, a pressing ring, a circuit board, a battery and a water sealing connector. The light source and the sensor are integrated in a small cavity and can be immersed in water after being sealed, so that the turbidity of surrounding water can be measured, and in-situ turbidity measurement is realized. According to the reflector ring, light scattered to each direction by a to-be-measured sample is reflected to the same direction, light intensity signals which can form various angles with incident light can be acquired by virtue of a light intensity sensor, the acquired information is comprehensive, and the turbidity is accurately measured. According to a weighted proportional method for data processing, a relationship between the light intensity and the turbidity can be accurately fitted, and the turbidity is accurately measured.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of Turbidity measuring equipment and its data processing method, specially full angle turbidimetric apparatus under water
And the weight ratio algorithm for data processing, quickly and accurately can measure water turbidity, be particularly suited for turbidity change model
Enclose big occasion.
Background technology
Turbidity is the amount characterizing the scattering to incident light for the sample and absorption characteristic.Quantitative measurment for turbidity sets
Standby it is widely used to all trades and professions such as drinking water treatment, industrial production with method.The universal reference of commercial turbidity meter at present is international
Standard ISO:7027 standards designs, that is, with 860nm light source irradiating sample and detect the scattered light becoming on 90 degree of directions with incident light,
Weigh turbidity with this scattered light intensity signal.
However, because the line style relation of 90 degree of scattered light intensities and turbidity is only set up when turbidity is relatively low, therefore for exceeding
The high concentrtion sample of 200NTU measures after needing dilution, can change the property of original sample to a certain extent；For exceeding
The sample of 2000NTU due to 90 degree of direction scattered light intensities are too weak also cannot accurate measurement.Solution in this case is done
Method is the light intensity of angle beyond 90 degree of measurement, by algorithm, the process of different angle light intensity signals is set up with the pass with turbidity
System.United States Patent (USP) US005604590A invention disclosed, using four optical sensors, be arranged in become with incident light 30 degree attached
Closely, on 90 degree neighbouring, 138 degree neighbouring and transmission light direction, by the analysis to two or more angle light intensity signals
Process and to solve the problems, such as the measurement of high concentrtion sample.But this method still has following deficiency：Increased number of sensors, need
Take more spaces；This equipment can only measure the sample being contained in colorimetric bottle, is unfavorable in situ measurement water body on a large scale in real time
Turbidity；Once at most can only measure the light intensity signal of four fixed angles, and for its scattering of the larger sample of excursion
Light distribution also has large change, and four therefore fixing angles are not enough to show its whole feature.
Content of the invention
In order to solve the above problems, the shortcoming that overcomes existing device, it is high-precision that the present invention proposes a set of turbidity of full angle under water
Degree measuring apparatus and the weight ratio algorithm for data processing, can in water body situ on a large scale real-time, accurately
Ground measurement water turbidity, especially reply turbidity are 0 to the interval large range measuring situation changing more than 10000NTU.
The technical solution adopted for the present invention to solve the technical problems is as follows：One kind full angle Turbidity measuring equipment under water,
Including closure, cavity, reflective mirror ring, light source, ultrasonic transducer, collimation lens set, convex lens, bearing, pressure ring, circuit
Plate, battery and underwater electrical connector；Wherein, described closure and cavity are tightly connected；The center of described closure has cylinder
Groove, described recess sidewall is transparent, and the top of closure and bottom portion of groove all scribble light absorbent coating makes it opaque；Described
The lateral surface of groove is cased with reflective mirror ring, and the upper surface of reflective mirror ring is fixedly connected with closure, and reflective mirror ring inwall is and axle
Line direction becomes the conical surface at 45 degree of angles；The outer side bottom surface of described groove is fixedly connected ultrasonic transducer；Described underwater electrical connector leads to
Crossing is screwed is connected to cavity bottom, and is connected with circuit board；
The side wall of described reflective mirror ring has a groove, and light source and collimation lens set are placed in this groove；Collimation lens set is placed in
In front of light source and coaxial with light source so that from collimation lens set project the vertical recess sidewall injecting closure of parallel rays；
The madial wall of described cavity is three layers of forge piece of step type structure, is sequentially provided with bearing, circuit board and battery from top to bottom；Described bearing
Lateral wall is threadeded with cavity, and described bearing is two layers of hierarchic structure, and convex lens are erected on the halfpace of bearing, in convex lens
It is provided with pressure ring, described pressure ring is threadeded with the madial wall of bearing, is used for fixing convex lens；The madial wall of described cavity is provided with
One through cavities top and the passage of the second halfpace, for arranging wire；
Described circuit board is fixed on the second halfpace of cavity, at light intensity detection array, energy supply control module, data
Reason module and memory module；Described light intensity detection array is located at the center of circuit board, and the aperture that convex lens converge falls into light intensity and visits
Survey on array；Described light intensity detection array, energy supply control module, data processing module, memory module and ultrasonic transducer are equal
Battery-powered, described light source is connected with energy supply control module, and described light intensity detection array and memory module are all and data processing
Module is connected；Described energy supply control module carries out after current stabilization to battery, to light source power supply；Described memory module is used for data storage
Data after processing module reception and process；Described data processing module is used for receiving the data that light intensity detection array collects,
The light intensity signal of all directions by obtaining solves turbidity.
Further, described closure and cavity are tightly connected, specially：Have a ring-type in the upper surface of cavity recessed
Groove, is built-in with rubber seal in annular recess, equidistantly has four through holes in the outer edge of closure, corresponding in cavity
Position has through hole, and bolt passes through the through hole of closure and the through hole of cavity to be tightly connected closure with cavity.
Further, described data processing module is the integrated circuit with microprocessor as core, with light intensity detection array
It is connected, for processing the light intensity Value Data detecting, specially：Known turbidity standard solution turbidity value is many with what measurement obtained
Angle light intensity value is brought formula (1) into and is obtained with an,b0,bnFor the equation of unknown number, a is solved by the multiple equation of simultaneousn,b0,bn,
Again the multi-angle light intensity value that unknown solution measurement obtains is brought into formula (1), you can solve the estimate of turbidity
A kind of method measuring turbidity using the above-mentioned Turbidity measuring equipment of full angle under water, the method comprises the following steps：
(1) testing sample is placed in the groove of closure, light source sends light after collimation lens set collimation, vertically penetrates
Enter in the standard liquid of groove, incident light reaches the madial wall of reflective mirror ring after standard liquid scattering, after mirror-reflection
Fully axially project；Light is converged on light intensity detection array by convex lens, is believed by light intensity detection An arrayed recording light intensity
Number；
(2) determine the light intensity signal number needing to use：By the light intensity collected on light intensity detection array as corresponding to it
Scattering angular divided, specially：Light intensity value centered on 5 integral multiple angle, θ, in positive and negative 2.5 degree of eccentric circular rings
It is added the scattered light intensity values as θ angle, according to this -2.5 ° to 162.5 ° of scope is divided into 33 equal portions, respectively 0 °, 5 °,
10 ° ..., 160 ° of scattered light intensity, takes p angle light intensity value therein total to calculate turbidity, the combination of angleKind,
P is 1 to 10 integer；
(3) take the standard liquid of turbidity value known to 2p+1 kind, measure every kind of solution in different angle light intensity values, according to step
(2) method determines the combination of p angle, successively the light intensity of all angle combinations is substituted into formula (1) and lists 2p+1 equation,
Solve a corresponding to every kind of angle combinationsn,b0,bn；
(4) angle combinations chosen are determined：Separately take the standard liquid of turbidity known to m kind, m is the positive integer more than 2p+1,
Measure every kind of solution each angle light intensity value, the coefficient a that the equal angular being obtained light intensity value with step (3) successively is combinedn,b0,bn
Substitute into the estimate that formula (1) can solve turbidity TCalculate m kind standard liquid estimateWith standard value TiRelative deviation
Mean value e, that is,：
By the combination of relatively different angles, select one group of angle combinations making e minimum, as measurement angle number is p
When angle combinations, parameter a used by this angle combinationsn,b0,bnAlso determine therewith；
(5) sample of unknown turbidity is measured：Select measurement angle number p needing to use first, then will under water
The each angle light intensity value of this unknown turbidity solution that full angle Turbidity measuring equipment measurement obtains substitutes into formula (1), its angle selected
Degree combination and corresponding coefficient are determined by step (4), you can obtain the turbidity estimate of this solution.
Beneficial effects of the present invention：
1., by light source, sensor integration in compared with loculus body, the turbidity of measurement surrounding water after sealing, can be immersed in the water,
Realize the in site measurement of turbidity.
2. by reflective mirror ring, the light scattering to through testing sample in all directions is reflexed on same direction, only need one
Individual light intensity sensor can collect the light intensity signal becoming all angles with incident light, and the information obtaining more comprehensively, is conducive to turbid
The precise determination of degree.
3. the weight ratio method for processing data being proposed can accurately between matching light intensity and turbidity relation, have
Accurate mensure beneficial to turbidity.
4. the power supply being integrated in cavity and data processing module can disengage the device from cable and work independently, and locates in real time
Reason data simultaneously records；Can be from externally fed and to outside transmission signal after being connected by underwater electrical connector.
5. adopt 860nm infrared light as incident light, it is to avoid the adverse effect to turbidimetry for the testing sample intrinsic colour.
Brief description
Fig. 1 is the explosive view of agent structure of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is the profile of the present invention；
Fig. 3 is the three-view diagram of reflective mirror ring of the present invention；
In figure, closure 1, reflective mirror ring 2, pressure ring 3, convex lens 4, bearing 5, cavity 6, underwater electrical connector 7, battery 8, electricity
Road plate 9, ultrasonic transducer 10, light source 11, collimation lens set 12.
Specific embodiment
The present invention is described in further detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
As Figure 1-3, one kind of the present invention full angle Turbidity measuring equipment under water, including closure 1, cavity 6, reflective mirror
Ring 2, light source 11, ultrasonic transducer 10, collimation lens set 12, convex lens 4, bearing 5, pressure ring 3, circuit board 9, battery 8 and water
Contiguity plug-in unit 7；Wherein, described closure 1 and cavity 6 are tightly connected；The center of described closure 1 has cylinder shape groove, institute
State that recess sidewall is transparent, the top of closure 1 and bottom portion of groove all scribble light absorbent coating makes it opaque；Described groove
Lateral surface is cased with reflective mirror ring 2, and the upper surface of reflective mirror ring 2 is fixedly connected with closure 1, and reflective mirror ring 2 inwall is and axis
Direction becomes the conical surface at 45 degree of angles；The outer side bottom surface of described groove is fixedly connected ultrasonic transducer 10；Described underwater electrical connector 7 leads to
Crossing is screwed is connected to cavity 6 bottom, and is connected with circuit board 9；
The side wall of described reflective mirror ring 2 has a groove, and light source 11 and collimation lens set 12 are placed in this groove；Collimation lens set
12 are placed in front of light source 11, and coaxial with light source 11 so that the parallel rays projecting from collimation lens set 12 vertical injects sealing
The recess sidewall of lid 1；The madial wall of described cavity 6 is three layers of forge piece of step type structure, is sequentially provided with bearing 5, circuit board 9 from top to bottom
With battery 8；The lateral wall of described bearing 5 is threadeded with cavity 6, and described bearing 5 is two layers of hierarchic structure, and convex lens 4 set up
On the halfpace of bearing 5, pressure ring 3 is provided with convex lens 4, described pressure ring 3 is threadeded with the madial wall of bearing 5, for solid
Determine convex lens 4；The madial wall of described cavity 6 is provided with a through cavities 6 top and the passage of the second halfpace, for arranging wire；
Described circuit board 9 is fixed on the second halfpace of cavity 6, including light intensity detection array, energy supply control module, data
Processing module and memory module；Described light intensity detection array is located at the center of circuit board 9, and the aperture that convex lens 4 converge falls into light
On strong detection array；Described light intensity detection array, energy supply control module, data processing module, memory module and ultrasonic wave transducer
Device 10 is powered by battery 8, and described light source 11 is connected with energy supply control module, described light intensity detection array and memory module all with
Data processing module is connected；Described energy supply control module carries out, after current stabilization, light source 11 being powered to battery 8；Described memory module
Data after receiving and process for data storage processing module；Described data processing module is used for receiving light intensity detection array to be adopted
The data collecting, the light intensity signal of all directions by obtaining solves turbidity.
Described closure 1 and cavity 6 are tightly connected, specially：Have an annular recess in the upper surface of cavity 6, in ring
Shape groove is built-in with rubber seal, equidistantly has four through holes in the outer edge of closure 1, in the relevant position of cavity 6
Have through hole, bolt passes through the through hole of closure 1 and the through hole of cavity 6 to be tightly connected closure 1 with cavity 6.
Described light intensity detection array selects charge coupled cell (CCD) or photodiode array detector (PDA), can divide
Distinguish that the incident light direction sending with described light source 11 through described reflective mirror ring 2 reflection becomes arbitrarily angled at grade
Scattered light intensity, and transmit signals in described data processing module.
Described ultrasonic transducer 10 converts electrical energy into dither by a small margin, drives closure 1 to shake, for removing
The debris of closure 1 groove inner wall attachment, such as mud.
Described data processing module is the integrated circuit with microprocessor as core, is connected with light intensity detection array, is used for
Process the light intensity Value Data detecting, specially：The multi-angle light intensity that known turbidity standard solution turbidity value is obtained with measurement
Value is brought formula (1) into and is obtained with an,b0,bnFor the equation of unknown number, a is solved by the multiple equation of simultaneousn,b0,bn, then will be unknown
The multi-angle light intensity value that solution measurement obtains brings formula (1) into, you can solve the estimate of turbidity
A kind of method measuring turbidity using the above-mentioned Turbidity measuring equipment of full angle under water, the method comprises the following steps：
(1) testing sample is placed in the groove of closure 1, light source 11 sends light after collimation lens set 12 collimation,
Vertically inject in the standard liquid of groove, incident light reaches the madial wall of reflective mirror ring 2 after standard liquid scattering, through minute surface
Fully axially project after reflection；Light converges on light intensity detection array by convex lens 4, by light intensity detection An arrayed recording
Light intensity signal；
(2) determine the light intensity signal number needing to use：By the light intensity collected on light intensity detection array as corresponding to it
Scattering angular divided, specially：Light intensity value centered on 5 integral multiple angle, θ, in positive and negative 2.5 degree of eccentric circular rings
It is added the scattered light intensity values as θ angle, according to this -2.5 ° to 162.5 ° of scope is divided into 33 equal portions, respectively 0 °, 5 °,
10 ° ..., 160 ° of scattered light intensity, takes p angle light intensity value therein total to calculate turbidity, the combination of angleKind,
P is 1 to 10 integer；
(3) take the standard liquid of turbidity value known to 2p+1 kind, measure every kind of solution in different angle light intensity values, according to step
(2) method determines the combination of p angle, successively the light intensity of all angle combinations is substituted into formula (1) and lists 2p+1 equation,
Solve a corresponding to every kind of angle combinationsn,b0,bn；
(4) angle combinations chosen are determined：Separately take the standard liquid of turbidity known to m kind, m is the positive integer more than 2p+1,
Measure every kind of solution each angle light intensity value, the coefficient a that the equal angular being obtained light intensity value with step (3) successively is combinedn,b0,bn
Substitute into the estimate that formula (1) can solve turbidity TCalculate m kind standard liquid estimateWith standard value TiRelative deviation
Mean value e, that is,：
By the combination of relatively different angles, select one group of angle combinations making e minimum, as measurement angle number is p
When angle combinations, parameter a used by this angle combinationsn,b0,bnAlso determine therewith；
(5) sample of unknown turbidity is measured：Select measurement angle number p needing to use first, then will under water
The each angle light intensity value of this unknown turbidity solution that full angle Turbidity measuring equipment measurement obtains substitutes into formula (1), its angle selected
Degree combination and corresponding coefficient are determined by step (4), you can obtain the turbidity estimate of this solution.
Claims (4)
1. one kind under water full angle Turbidity measuring equipment it is characterised in that include closure (1), cavity (6), reflective mirror ring
(2), light source (11), ultrasonic transducer (10), collimation lens set (12), convex lens (4), bearing (5), pressure ring (3), circuit board
(9), battery (8) and underwater electrical connector (7)；Wherein, described closure (1) and cavity (6) are tightly connected；Described closure (1)
Center there is cylinder shape groove, described recess sidewall is transparent, and the top of closure (1) and bottom portion of groove all scribble light absorbent
Coating makes it opaque；The lateral surface of described groove is cased with reflective mirror ring (2), the upper surface of reflective mirror ring (2) and closure (1)
It is fixedly connected, reflective mirror ring (2) inwall is the conical surface becoming 45 degree of angles with axis direction；The outer side bottom surface of described groove is fixedly connected
Ultrasonic transducer (10)；Described underwater electrical connector (7) is threadably secured and is connected to cavity (6) bottom, and with circuit board (9)
It is connected；
The side wall of described reflective mirror ring (2) has a groove, and light source (11) and collimation lens set (12) are placed in this groove；Collimation lens
Group (12) is placed in front of light source (11), and coaxial with light source (11) so that the parallel rays projecting from collimation lens set (12) hangs down
Direct projection enters the recess sidewall of closure (1)；The madial wall of described cavity (6) is three layers of forge piece of step type structure, sets successively from top to bottom
There are bearing (5), circuit board (9) and battery (8)；The lateral wall of described bearing (5) is threadeded with cavity (6), described bearing (5)
For two layers of hierarchic structure, convex lens (4) are erected on the halfpace of bearing (5), are provided with pressure ring (3), described pressure on convex lens (4)
Ring (3) is threadeded with the madial wall of bearing (5), is used for fixing convex lens (4)；The madial wall of described cavity (6) is provided with always
Transluminal body (6) top and the passage of the second halfpace, for arranging wire；
Described circuit board (9) is fixed on the second halfpace of cavity (6), including light intensity detection array, energy supply control module, data
Processing module and memory module；Described light intensity detection array is located at the center of circuit board (9), and the aperture that convex lens (4) converge falls
Enter on light intensity detection array；Described light intensity detection array, energy supply control module, data processing module, memory module and ultrasonic wave
Transducer (10) is powered by battery (8), and described light source (11) is connected with energy supply control module, described light intensity detection array with deposit
Storage module is all connected with data processing module；Described energy supply control module is carried out after current stabilization to battery (8), and light source (11) is supplied
Electricity；Described memory module is used for the data after data storage processing module receives and processes；Described data processing module is used for connecing
Receive the data that light intensity detection array acquisition arrives, the light intensity signal of all directions by obtaining solves turbidity.
2. the Turbidity measuring equipment of full angle under water according to claim 1 is it is characterised in that described closure (1) and chamber
Body (6) is tightly connected, specially：Have an annular recess in the upper surface of cavity (6), be built-in with rubber seal in annular recess
Circle, equidistantly has four through holes in the outer edge of closure (1), has through hole in the relevant position of cavity (6), bolt passes through
Closure (1) is tightly connected by the through hole of the through hole of closure (1) and cavity (6) with cavity (6).
3. the Turbidity measuring equipment of full angle under water according to claim 1 is it is characterised in that described data processing module is
Integrated circuit with microprocessor as core, is connected with light intensity detection array, for processing the light intensity Value Data detecting, specifically
For：The multi-angle light intensity value that known turbidity standard solution turbidity value is obtained with measurement is brought formula (1) into and is obtained with an,b0,bnFor
The equation of unknown number, solves a by the multiple equation of simultaneousn,b0,bn, then the multi-angle light intensity value band that unknown solution measurement is obtained
Enter formula (1), you can solve the estimate of turbidity
4. described in a kind of utilization claim 1, full angle Turbidity measuring equipment measures the method for turbidity it is characterised in that being somebody's turn to do under water
Method comprises the following steps：
(1) testing sample is placed in the groove of closure (1), light source (11) sends light and collimates through collimation lens set (12)
Afterwards, vertically inject in the standard liquid of groove, incident light reaches the madial wall of reflective mirror ring (2) after standard liquid scattering,
Fully axially project after mirror-reflection；Light converges on light intensity detection array, by light intensity detection by convex lens (4)
An arrayed recording light intensity signal；
(2) determine the light intensity signal number needing to use：By the light intensity collected on light intensity detection array by its corresponding dissipating
Shooting angle is divided, specially：Centered on 5 integral multiple angle, θ, the light intensity value in positive and negative 2.5 degree of eccentric circular rings is added
As the scattered light intensity values of θ angle, according to this -2.5 ° to 162.5 ° of scope is divided into 33 equal portions, respectively 0 °, 5 °,
10 ° ..., 160 ° of scattered light intensity, takes p angle light intensity value therein total to calculate turbidity, the combination of angleKind,
P is 1 to 10 integer；
(3) take the standard liquid of turbidity value known to 2p+1 kind, measure every kind of solution in different angle light intensity values, according to step (2)
Method determine the combination of p angle, successively the light intensity of all angle combinations is substituted into formula (1) and lists 2p+1 equation, solve
Go out a corresponding to every kind of angle combinationsn,b0,bn；
(4) angle combinations chosen are determined：Separately take the standard liquid of turbidity known to m kind, m is the positive integer more than 2p+1, measurement
The each angle light intensity value of every kind of solution, the coefficient a that the equal angular being obtained light intensity value with step (3) successively is combinedn,b0,bnSubstitute into
Formula (1) can solve the estimate of turbidity T
Calculate m kind standard liquid estimateWith standard value TiRelative deviation mean value e, that is,：
By the combination of relatively different angles, select one group of angle combinations making e minimum, as measurement angle number is during p
Angle combinations, parameter a used by this angle combinationsn,b0,bnAlso determine therewith；
(5) sample of unknown turbidity is measured：Select first to need measurement angle number p used, then will full-shape under water
The each angle light intensity value of this unknown turbidity solution that degree Turbidity measuring equipment measurement obtains substitutes into formula (1), the angle group of its selection
Close and determined by step (4) with corresponding coefficient, you can obtain the turbidity estimate of this solution.
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| CN107703102A (en) * | 2017-11-27 | 2018-02-16 | 清远市新中科检测有限公司 | To the detection method of turbidity of wastewater in environmental requirement |
| CN110031433A (en) * | 2019-05-28 | 2019-07-19 | 南京奇崛电子科技有限公司 | A kind of light reflection mirror turbidity transducer |
| CN110726678A (en) * | 2019-11-28 | 2020-01-24 | 浙江农林大学 | Turbidity detection device of city river water |
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| CN2529246Y (en) * | 2002-03-19 | 2003-01-01 | 上海第二医科大学附属新华医院 | Laser scattering analyser |
| CN2556638Y (en) * | 2002-01-09 | 2003-06-18 | 吉林市光大电力设备有限责任公司 | Photoelectric detector for water quality turbidity measurer |
| CN2663979Y (en) * | 2003-11-20 | 2004-12-15 | 华中科技大学 | An online turbidity detecting instrument |
| CN102042973A (en) * | 2010-10-18 | 2011-05-04 | 孙玥 | Real-time on-line monitoring system for water turbid degree |
| PT106279A (en) * | 2012-04-26 | 2013-10-28 | Univ Aveiro | SENSOR AND METHOD FOR TURBULATION MEASUREMENT |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7525655B2 (en) * | 2006-03-23 | 2009-04-28 | Hach Company | Optical design of a particulate measurement system |
| JP6275440B2 (en) * | 2013-01-21 | 2018-02-07 | 株式会社 堀場アドバンスドテクノ | Turbidimeter |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN2556638Y (en) * | 2002-01-09 | 2003-06-18 | 吉林市光大电力设备有限责任公司 | Photoelectric detector for water quality turbidity measurer |
| CN2529246Y (en) * | 2002-03-19 | 2003-01-01 | 上海第二医科大学附属新华医院 | Laser scattering analyser |
| CN2663979Y (en) * | 2003-11-20 | 2004-12-15 | 华中科技大学 | An online turbidity detecting instrument |
| CN102042973A (en) * | 2010-10-18 | 2011-05-04 | 孙玥 | Real-time on-line monitoring system for water turbid degree |
| PT106279A (en) * | 2012-04-26 | 2013-10-28 | Univ Aveiro | SENSOR AND METHOD FOR TURBULATION MEASUREMENT |
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