CN104523879A - Medicinal wine with effect of treating bone fracture and preparation method - Google Patents
Medicinal wine with effect of treating bone fracture and preparation method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses medicinal wine with the effect of treating bone fracture. The medicinal wine is mainly prepared by the following materials in parts by weight: 5-10 parts of korean raspberry roots, 6-12 parts of star-flower lysimachia, 3-6 parts of tinospora sinensis, 10-16 parts of teasel root, 2-4 parts of gaultheria yunnanensis, 2-5 parts of grewia lantsangensis and proper amount of white wine. The medicinal wine is scientific and reasonable in formula and rigorous in compatibility, has the effects of diminishing swelling and stopping pain and setting fracture and promoting granulation, can be drunk, also can be externally applied on the affected part, and is exact and reliable in treating effect by clinical experiment verification.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to traditional Chinese medicine field, particularly relate to one and treat fracture medicated wine and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
Fracture is the structure division of bone or bone caused by wound or disease or the person that completely do not fracture.How because external force, myotility or osteopathia caused, for a long time, repeatedly, slight direct or indirect damage can cause a certain specific part of limbs to be fractured.Fracture usually can be divided into block, cataclasm or oblique fracture.Main clinical manifestation is: fractures has localized pain and tenderness; local swelling and occur ecchymosis; limb function position or completely lose, can there be blood stasis in affected part, swells and ache, misplaces, deformity, bone sound, axle center percussion pain, all performances such as abnormal movement and dysfunction.Be more common in child and old people, the young and the middle aged also happens occasionally.Patient is often-individual position fracture, minority is multiple fracture, and through appropriate process in time, most patient can recover original function, a few patients can leave sequela in various degree, after fracture occurs, person close to hospital, can directly send to hospital or call for an ambulance, from the patient that hospital is distant, must simply process, in case send to hospital way in increase the weight of the state of an illness, even cause irreversible consequence.The proprietary sign of fracture: (1) deformity: fracture segment displacement can make suffering limb profile change, main manifestations is for shortening; (2), after fracture, there is abnormal activity in abnormal movement: the immobile position of normal condition lower limb body; (3) bony crepitus or bone rubbing feeling: after fracture, during two fracture end phase mutual friction, can produce bone and get rid of sound or bone rubbing feeling.As long as above three kinds of signs find one of them, can make a definite diagnosis, but have no this three kinds of sign persons, the possibility of fracture can not be got rid of, as intercalation fracture, fissure fracture.Publication number CN 102952697 A(application number 201110243716.0) Chinese patent literature disclose a kind of fracture Radix Strophanthi Divaricati health promoting wine, it Radix Strophanthi Divaricati 25 parts, Semen Strychni 15 parts, Radix Boehmeriae 14 parts, Myrrha 13 parts, Caulis Trachelospermi 14 parts, Radix Morindae Officinalis 19 parts is added in sticky rice wine 3kg and good seal, soak 2-3 month at low temperatures, again medicated wine is taken out after filtering and get its clear liquid, by clear liquid bottling obtained fracture Radix Strophanthi Divaricati health promoting wine.Publication number CN 102283917 A(application number 201110278792.5) Chinese patent literature disclose a kind of Os Cervi medicated wine being used for the treatment of fracture, preparation method is by Os Cervi, Lignum Sappan, Semen Persicae, Flos Carthami, Radix Arnebiae (Radix Lithospermi), Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Caulis Spatholobi, Pyritum and Radix Linderae medical material, remove impurity, pulverizing, after crossing 60 mesh sieves, put into 30 ° of-50 ° of Chinese liquor and soak 10-20 days, namely elimination medicinal residues obtain medicated wine.Publication number CN 103989744 A(application number 201410256869.2) Chinese patent literature disclose a kind of medicated wine being used for the treatment of fracture and its preparation method and application, medical material consists of Cortex Actinodaphnes Obovatae 20-30 part, bean leaf seven 15-25 part, Herba Lobeliae taliensis 8-12 part, Herba Schisandrae lancifoliae 8-12 part, Rhizoma Drynariae 10-14 part, Radix Linderae 18-22 part.
China is among the people the medicated wine of many treatment fracture, but the medicated wine that traditional method makes, and therapeutic effect is unsatisfactory, grieved in order to better help fracture patient to alleviate, still needing keeps punching develop a kind of effective, the medicated wine of the treatment fracture that clinical efficacy is good.
Summary of the invention
For the defect of prior art, the object of this invention is to provide and a kind ofly prepare treatment fracture medicated wine and preparation method thereof that is simple, easily clothes for a long time.
Technical scheme of the present invention is:
Treatment fracture medicated wine, be prepared from primarily of following bulk drugs, be weight portion: Radix rubi coreani 5-10, Lysimachia trientaloides Hemsl. 6-12, Herba Lycopodii 3-6, Radix Dipsaci 10-16, Caulis et folium gaultheriae yunnanensis 2-4, prairie fire rope 2-5, Chinese liquor is appropriate.
In preferred scheme, Radix rubi coreani 6-9, Lysimachia trientaloides Hemsl. 8-10, Herba Lycopodii 4-5, Radix Dipsaci 12-14, Caulis et folium gaultheriae yunnanensis 2.5-3.5, prairie fire rope 3-4, Chinese liquor is appropriate.
Be more preferably, Radix rubi coreani 7.5, Lysimachia trientaloides Hemsl. 9, Herba Lycopodii 4.5, Radix Dipsaci 13, Caulis et folium gaultheriae yunnanensis 3, prairie fire rope 3.5, Chinese liquor is appropriate.
The preparation method of described treatment fracture medicated wine is:
(1) by Radix rubi coreani decontamination, be cut into small pieces, explode to surperficial brown color with edible oil, take out, drain oil, cool;
(2) get prairie fire rope and Herba Lycopodii decontamination, be placed in frying pan, little fire is fried to savory, takes out, dries in the air cool;
(3) get interrupted decontamination, be placed in pot, add saline and stir to parching, take out;
(4) by Lysimachia trientaloides Hemsl. and Herba speranskiae tuberculatae decontamination, clean, chopping, put into vial together with step (1) (2) (3) made medical material, add the Chinese liquor that temperature is 40 DEG C, sealing, place in the cool, first week every day rocked 5 minutes, soaked and (preferably, soaked 35-45 days in 30-50 days, be more preferably, soak 40 days) after, cross and filter medical material, obtain medicated wine.
The preparation method of described treatment fracture medicated wine, step (1) edible oil is soybean oil.
The preparation method of described treatment fracture medicated wine, the amount of step (3) saline is 0.3 times of medical material weight.
The preparation method of described treatment fracture medicated wine, in step (3) saline, the mass ratio of salt and water is 1:15.
The preparation method of described treatment fracture medicated wine, the amount of step (4) wine is 5 times of whole medical material weight.
The preparation method of described treatment fracture medicated wine, the number of degrees of step (4) wine are 38 degree.
Present invention also offers the application of described treatment fracture medicated wine when preparing the medicine for the treatment of fracture.
The pharmacology of the present invention's main raw material of Chinese medicine used is as follows:
Radix rubi coreani: base is former: be the root of rosaceous plant rubus coreanus.Nature and flavor: pained; Flat; Nontoxic.Gui Jing: liver; Kidney channel.Function cures mainly: promoting blood circulation and hemostasis, expelling wind and removing dampness.Main traumatic injury, fracture, menoxenia, spits blood, epistaxis, rheumatic arthralgia, edema, dysuria, scrofula.
Lysimachia trientaloides Hemsl.: base is former: be Primulaceae Lysimachia plant umbrella leaf Herba lysimachiae capillipedis herb.Nature and flavor: bitter, pungent, temperature.Function cures mainly: dispel the wind, and invigorates blood circulation.Dispelling the wind and dampness pathogens arthralgia pain, hemiplegia, traumatic injury, infantile convulsion.
Herba Lycopodii: base is former: be the stem of menispermaceae plant Tinospora sinensis.Nature and flavor: mildly bitter flavor; Cool in nature.Gui Jing: Liver Channel.Function cures mainly: wind-expelling pain-stopping; Relaxing muscles and tendons and activating QI and blood in the collateral.Main air pain of dampness syndrome; Lumbar muscle strain; Traumatic injury.
Radix Dipsaci: base is former: be the dry root of Dipsacaceae plant Radix Dipsaci.Nature and flavor: bitter, pungent, tepor.Gui Jing: return liver, kidney channel.Function cures mainly: invigorating the liver and kidney, bone and muscle strengthening, continuous injured, only metrorrhagia.For soreness of the waist and knees, rheumatic arthralgia, metrorrhagia, vaginal bleeding during pregnancy, injury from falling down.Prepared RADIX DIPSACI with yellow rice wine is used for rheumatic arthralgia, injury from falling down.Prepared RADIX DIPSACI with salt solution is used for soreness of the waist and knees.
Prairie fire rope: base is former: be the root white skin of Tiliaceae plant comospore bilobed grewia.Nature and flavor: puckery; Micro-hardship; Cool.Function cures mainly: hemostasis; Synthetism; Granulation promoting; Removing toxic substances.Main traumatic hemorrhage; Weapons damage; Fracture; Furuncle is red and swollen.
Caulis et folium gaultheriae yunnanensis: base is former: be the stem and leaf of ericad Yunnan Gaultheria.Nature and flavor: pungent; Warm in nature.Gui Jing: lung; Liver; Kidney channel.Function cures mainly: expelling wind and removing dampness; Dispersing cold for relieving pain; Promoting blood circulation to remove obstruction in the collateral; Preventing phlegm from forming and stopping coughing.Main air pain of dampness syndrome; Cold syndrome of the stomach pain; Traumatic injury; Cough ant phlegm.
Chinese liquor: nature and flavor: pungent; Sweet; Bitter; Temperature; Poisonous.Gui Jing: the heart; Liver; Lung; Stomach warp.Function cures mainly: promoting blood circulation; Row medicine gesture.Main air arthralgia due to cold pain; Muscle arteries and veins contraction is anxious; The thoracic obstruction; Pained; Coldness and pain in the epigastrium.
Treatment fracture medicated wine provided by the invention carries out selection according to Chinese medicine principle, and preparation method is simple.In addition, excellent results of the present invention also shows:
1, scientific formulation of the present invention is reasonable, and compatibility is rigorous, has reducing swelling and alleviating pain, synthetism granulation promoting effect;
2, not only can drink also can external obliterating affected part for the made medicated wine of the present invention;
3, this prescription is studied obtained through for many years, and through clinical trial checking, determined curative effect is reliable.
Detailed description of the invention
Describe technical scheme of the present invention in detail below in conjunction with embodiment and experimental example, but protection domain is not limited thereto.
embodiment 1treatment fracture medicated wine, be prepared from primarily of following bulk drugs: Radix rubi coreani 5g, Lysimachia trientaloides Hemsl. 6g, Herba Lycopodii 3g, Radix Dipsaci 10g, Caulis et folium gaultheriae yunnanensis 2g, prairie fire rope 2g, Chinese liquor is appropriate.
The preparation method of above-mentioned treatment fracture medicated wine is:
(1) by Radix rubi coreani decontamination, be cut into small pieces, with soy bean fried to surperficial brown color, take out, drain oil, cool;
(2) get prairie fire rope and Herba Lycopodii decontamination, be placed in frying pan, little fire is fried to savory, takes out, dries in the air cool;
(3) get interrupted decontamination, be placed in pot, add the saline (mass ratio of salt and water is 1:15) of medical material 0.3 times, stir to parching, take out;
(4) by Lysimachia trientaloides Hemsl. and Herba speranskiae tuberculatae decontamination, clean, chopping, put into vial together with step (1) (2) (3) made medical material, the temperature adding whole medical material weight 5 times is 38 degree of Chinese liquor of 40 DEG C, sealing, place in the cool, first week every day rocked 5 minutes, soaked after 30 days, cross and filter medical material, obtain medicated wine.
embodiment 2treatment fracture medicated wine, be prepared from primarily of following bulk drugs: Radix rubi coreani 10g, Lysimachia trientaloides Hemsl. 12g, Herba Lycopodii 6g, Radix Dipsaci 16g, Caulis et folium gaultheriae yunnanensis 4g, prairie fire rope 5g, Chinese liquor is appropriate.
The preparation method for the treatment of fracture medicated wine is:
(1) by Radix rubi coreani decontamination, be cut into small pieces, with soy bean fried to surperficial brown color, take out, drain oil, cool;
(2) get prairie fire rope and Herba Lycopodii decontamination, be placed in frying pan, little fire is fried to savory, takes out, dries in the air cool;
(3) get interrupted decontamination, be placed in pot, add the saline (mass ratio of salt and water is 1:15) of medical material 0.3 times, stir to parching, take out;
(4) by Lysimachia trientaloides Hemsl. and Herba speranskiae tuberculatae decontamination, clean, chopping, put into vial together with step (1) (2) (3) made medical material, the temperature adding whole medical material weight 5 times is 38 degree of Chinese liquor of 40 DEG C, sealing, place in the cool, first week every day rocked 5 minutes, soaked after 50 days, cross and filter medical material, obtain medicated wine.
Model case: xxx, female, 18 years old.Careless traumatic injury right arm during skating, after emergent management is fixing, right arm swelling is serious, cannot be movable, then arrives examination in hospital, through X-ray inspection, its elbow stremma and ulnar fracture.After medical science resets, take the present embodiment gained treatment fracture medicated wine, each 20ml, every day 2 times, after taking 8 days, arm swells and ache and obviously alleviates, have mild pain during knocking, after taking 20 days, swell and ache and substantially disappear in injury, remove fixture, can light activity, take after 33 days, the basic healing of fracture, can carry out restorative exercise, take to 40 days, patient recovers normal.
embodiment 3treatment fracture medicated wine, be prepared from primarily of following bulk drugs: Radix rubi coreani 6g, Lysimachia trientaloides Hemsl. 8g, Herba Lycopodii 4g, Radix Dipsaci 12g, Caulis et folium gaultheriae yunnanensis 2.5g, prairie fire rope 3g, Chinese liquor is appropriate.
The preparation method for the treatment of fracture medicated wine is:
(1) by Radix rubi coreani decontamination, be cut into small pieces, with soy bean fried to surperficial brown color, take out, drain oil, cool;
(2) get prairie fire rope and Herba Lycopodii decontamination, be placed in frying pan, little fire is fried to savory, takes out, dries in the air cool;
(3) get interrupted decontamination, be placed in pot, add the saline (mass ratio of salt and water is 1:15) of medical material 0.3 times, stir to parching, take out;
(4) by Lysimachia trientaloides Hemsl. and Herba speranskiae tuberculatae decontamination, clean, chopping, put into vial together with step (1) (2) (3) made medical material, the temperature adding whole medical material weight 5 times is 38 degree of Chinese liquor of 40 DEG C, sealing, place in the cool, first week every day rocked 5 minutes, soaked after 35 days, cross and filter medical material, obtain medicated wine.
embodiment 4treatment fracture medicated wine, be prepared from primarily of following bulk drugs: Radix rubi coreani 9g, Lysimachia trientaloides Hemsl. 10g, Herba Lycopodii 5g, Radix Dipsaci 14g, Caulis et folium gaultheriae yunnanensis 3.5g, prairie fire rope 4g, Chinese liquor is appropriate.
The preparation method for the treatment of fracture medicated wine is:
(1) by Radix rubi coreani decontamination, be cut into small pieces, with soy bean fried to surperficial brown color, take out, drain oil, cool;
(2) get prairie fire rope and Herba Lycopodii decontamination, be placed in frying pan, little fire is fried to savory, takes out, dries in the air cool;
(3) get interrupted decontamination, be placed in pot, add the saline (mass ratio of salt and water is 1:15) of medical material 0.3 times, stir to parching, take out;
(4) by Lysimachia trientaloides Hemsl. and Herba speranskiae tuberculatae decontamination, clean, chopping, put into vial together with step (1) (2) (3) made medical material, the temperature adding whole medical material weight 5 times is 38 degree of Chinese liquor of 40 DEG C, sealing, place in the cool, first week every day rocked 5 minutes, soaked after 45 days, cross and filter medical material, obtain medicated wine.
Model case: xxx, man, 23 years old.Have physical education, careless traumatic injury wrist, through emergent management after one week, still stiff, swelling, can not touch, with congestion, then to examination in hospital, X sheet display fracture of radius, has congestion therebetween, after medical science replacement and fixation, take the present embodiment gained treatment fracture medicated wine, adopt twice daily, each 25ml.After taking 6 days, swelling makes moderate progress, and after taking 10 days, wrist swelling obviously alleviates, and after taking 25 days, wrist can normal activity, and fracture has a large amount of callus to generate, and takes after 42 days, and X-ray shows, union of fracture, functional rehabilitation, and patient fully recovers.
embodiment 5treatment fracture medicated wine, be prepared from primarily of following bulk drugs: Radix rubi coreani 7.5g, Lysimachia trientaloides Hemsl. 9g, Herba Lycopodii 4.5g, Radix Dipsaci 13g, Caulis et folium gaultheriae yunnanensis 3g, prairie fire rope 3.5g, Chinese liquor is appropriate.
The preparation method for the treatment of fracture medicated wine is:
(1) by Radix rubi coreani decontamination, be cut into small pieces, with soy bean fried to surperficial brown color, take out, drain oil, cool;
(2) get prairie fire rope and Herba Lycopodii decontamination, be placed in frying pan, little fire is fried to savory, takes out, dries in the air cool;
(3) get interrupted decontamination, be placed in pot, add the saline (mass ratio of salt and water is 1:15) of medical material 0.3 times, stir to parching, take out;
(4) by Lysimachia trientaloides Hemsl. and Herba speranskiae tuberculatae decontamination, clean, chopping, put into vial together with step (1) (2) (3) made medical material, the temperature adding whole medical material weight 5 times is 38 degree of Chinese liquor of 40 DEG C, sealing, place in the cool, first week every day rocked 5 minutes, soaked after 40 days, cross and filter medical material, obtain medicated wine.
test example 1the clinical practice of embodiment 5 gained treatment fracture medicated wine:
According to " guideline of clinical investigations of new Chinese medicine treatment traumatic fracture ", 578 routine fracture patients are screened in hospital orthopedics out-patient department, wherein women 252 example, male 326 example, oldest 65 years old, minimal ages 5 years old, 47.1 years old mean age, cartilage tissue damage 223 example, closed fracture 174 example, open fracture 181 example.Before test, patient is divided into two groups at random, experimental group 386 example and matched group 192 routine, two groups in sex, age, the course of disease, the state of an illness etc. without significant difference (P > 0.05), there is comparability.
Test method: all experimenters all adopt replacement and fixation and early functional exercise, experimental group takes embodiment 5 gained medicated wine, every day 2 times, each 20-30ml; Matched group takes the conventional medication such as GUZHE CUOSHANG JIAONANG, Radix Notoginseng tablet for curing fracture, synthetism treasured, and consumption is taken to specifications.Treatments period carries out Continuous Observation to two groups of patients, and record symptom and change, carried out result statistics after 3 months.
Curative effect situation criterion: cure: the malaise symptoms such as the swelling of fracture site and pain disappear completely, and fractures is without tenderness, and fracture line is fuzzy, has seriality callus by fracture line, and fracture is indeformable, functional rehabilitation; Effective: the malaise symptoms such as fracture site swelling and pain alleviate, and have a small amount of callus formation; Invalid: pain and swelling malaise symptoms is unchanged.
Therapeutic outcome is as shown in table 1.
Table 1 liang group patient treatment outcome
As shown in Table 1: the experimental group patient taking embodiment 5 gained medicated wine, curing number of cases is 363 examples, and total cure rate is 94.0%, and the total cure rate of matched group is 72.4%, and therapeutic effect can not show a candle to the good of matched group.Can show that embodiment 5 gained medicated wine has significant therapeutic effect to fracture.
Radix rubi coreani has been selected: promoting blood circulation and hemostasis, expelling wind and removing dampness in formula of the present invention; Lysimachia trientaloides Hemsl.: expelling wind and activating blood circulation; Herba Lycopodii: wind-expelling pain-stopping, relaxing muscles and tendons and activating QI and blood in the collateral; Interrupted: bone and muscle strengthening, continuous injured; Prairie fire rope: hemostasis, synthetism, granulation promoting; Caulis et folium gaultheriae yunnanensis: promoting blood circulation to remove obstruction in the collateral, dispersing cold for relieving pain.All medicines obtain medicated wine, and promoting blood circulation to remove obstruction in the collateral for oral administration, external application wind-expelling pain-stopping, plays reducing swelling and alleviating pain altogether, synthetism granulation promoting effect.
It should be pointed out that detailed description of the invention is the more representational example of the present invention, obvious technical scheme of the present invention is not limited to above-described embodiment, can also have a lot of distortion.Those of ordinary skill in the art, with the present invention clear and definite disclosed or according to undoubted the obtaining of the written description of file, the claimed scope of this patent all should be thought.
Claims (10)
1. treat fracture medicated wine, it is characterized in that, be prepared from primarily of following bulk drugs, be weight portion: Radix rubi coreani 5-10, Lysimachia trientaloides Hemsl. 6-12, Herba Lycopodii 3-6, Radix Dipsaci 10-16, Caulis et folium gaultheriae yunnanensis 2-4, prairie fire rope 2-5, Chinese liquor is appropriate.
2. treatment fracture medicated wine as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, Radix rubi coreani 6-9, Lysimachia trientaloides Hemsl. 8-10, Herba Lycopodii 4-5, Radix Dipsaci 12-14, Caulis et folium gaultheriae yunnanensis 2.5-3.5, prairie fire rope 3-4, Chinese liquor is appropriate.
3. treatment fracture medicated wine as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, Radix rubi coreani 7.5, Lysimachia trientaloides Hemsl. 9, Herba Lycopodii 4.5, Radix Dipsaci 13, Caulis et folium gaultheriae yunnanensis 3, prairie fire rope 3.5, Chinese liquor is appropriate.
4. the preparation method of the treatment fracture medicated wine as described in as arbitrary in claim 1-3, it is characterized in that, step is as follows:
(1) by Radix rubi coreani decontamination, be cut into small pieces, explode to surperficial brown color with edible oil, take out, drain oil, cool;
(2) get prairie fire rope and Herba Lycopodii decontamination, be placed in frying pan, little fire is fried to savory, takes out, dries in the air cool;
(3) get interrupted decontamination, be placed in pot, add saline and stir to parching, take out;
(4) by Lysimachia trientaloides Hemsl. and Caulis et folium gaultheriae yunnanensis decontamination, clean, chopping, put into vial together with step (1) (2) (3) made medical material, add the Chinese liquor that temperature is 40 DEG C, sealing, place in the cool, first week every day rocked 5 minutes, soaked and (preferably, soaked 35-45 days in 30-50 days, be more preferably, soak 40 days) after, cross and filter medical material, obtain medicated wine.
5. the preparation method for the treatment of fracture medicated wine as claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that, step (1) edible oil is soybean oil.
6. the preparation method for the treatment of fracture medicated wine as claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that, the amount of step (3) saline is 0.3 times of medical material weight.
7. the preparation method for the treatment of fracture medicated wine as claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that, in step (3) saline, the mass ratio of salt and water is 1:15.
8. the preparation method for the treatment of fracture medicated wine as claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that, the amount of step (4) wine is 5 times of whole medical material weight.
9. the preparation method for the treatment of fracture medicated wine as claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that, the number of degrees of step (4) Chinese liquor are 38 degree.
10. the application of the treatment fracture medicated wine as described in as arbitrary in claim 1-3 when preparing the medicine for the treatment of fracture.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105311476A (en) * | 2015-12-06 | 2016-02-10 | 沂南攀峰骨科医院 | Traditional Chinese medicine capsules for setting fracture and preparation method |
| CN105616669A (en) * | 2016-01-20 | 2016-06-01 | 黔南民族师范学院 | Traditional Chinese medicine preparation for treating traumatic injury, soft tissue injury and bone fracture and preparation method of traditional Chinese medicine preparation |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN105311476A (en) * | 2015-12-06 | 2016-02-10 | 沂南攀峰骨科医院 | Traditional Chinese medicine capsules for setting fracture and preparation method |
| CN105616669A (en) * | 2016-01-20 | 2016-06-01 | 黔南民族师范学院 | Traditional Chinese medicine preparation for treating traumatic injury, soft tissue injury and bone fracture and preparation method of traditional Chinese medicine preparation |
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