CN104522918B - 水蒸气可透过的防风衣服 - Google Patents

水蒸气可透过的防风衣服 Download PDF

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CN104522918B
CN104522918B CN201510059695.5A CN201510059695A CN104522918B CN 104522918 B CN104522918 B CN 104522918B CN 201510059695 A CN201510059695 A CN 201510059695A CN 104522918 B CN104522918 B CN 104522918B
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layers
nanofibers
polymer
clothing product
layer
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CN104522918A (zh
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J.A.孔利
J.R.古克特
R.A.梅林
G.B.帕尔默
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DuPont Safety and Construction Inc
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EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co
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Abstract

本发明公开了水蒸气可透过的防风衣服，具体地为能够保持高湿气透过率并同时为穿着者防风的衣着制品。所述衣服具有粘结至织物外层并与其呈面对面关系的纳米纤维层。任选地，第二织物层邻近所述纳米纤维层并与其呈面对面关系粘结，并且所述第二织物层位于所述纳米纤维层的与所述第一织物层相对的一侧上。所述织物具有不大于约7.6m3/m2/min的弗雷泽透气率，以及大于约500g/m2/天的湿气透过率。

Description

水蒸气可透过的防风衣服
本申请是申请号为200780041067.8，申请日为申请日2007年11月2日，发明名称为“水蒸气可透过的防风衣服”的中国专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及包括水分和空气控制层的多层水分和气流控制衣服。受权利要求书保护和公开的本发明在外套服装中具有特定应用。
背景技术
在雨天和其他潮湿环境下穿着的防护服应使穿着者排出的汗蒸发到空气中，从而使穿着者保持干燥。允许汗液蒸发的“可透气的”材料易于被雨水淋湿，因此它们不能真正地防水。油布、聚氨酯涂覆的织物、聚氯乙烯薄膜和其他材料是防水的，但是不能达到满意的汗液蒸发效果。
普遍认为衣服必须是“可透气的”以便于穿着舒适。有助于衣服舒适度的两个因素包括：透过或未透过衣服的空气量，以及从内部向外部透出的汗量，以便内衣不会变湿，由此实现自然蒸发冷却的效果。然而，即便是最新开发的采用微孔薄膜的可透气织物制品，如果要控制透气率，往往也会限制湿气透过率。
本发明涉及用于衣服的层状材料，该材料可以在具有高蒸汽透过率的情况下提供可控的透气率。
发明内容
在一个实施方案中，本发明涉及具有透过湿气的能力并且可为穿着者防风的衣着制品，该制品包括与纳米纤维层相邻并且呈面对面关系的至少一层织物层构成的复合织物，其中纳米纤维层包括至少一个聚合物纳米纤维的多孔层，所述聚合物纳米纤维具有介于约50nm至约1000nm之间的数均直径，介于约1g/m2和约100g/m2之间的基重，并且其中复合织物具有介于约1.2m3/m2/min和约7.6m3/m2/min之间的弗雷泽透气率，以及大于约500g/m2/天的湿气透过率。
具体实施方式
在一个实施方案中，本发明包括与织物层相邻的纳米纤维层，并且任选地纳米纤维层粘结到织物层表面的至少一部分上。术语“纳米纤维层”和“纳米纤维网”在本文中可互换使用。
如本文所用，术语“纳米纤维”是指具有小于约1000nm，甚至小于约800nm，甚至介于约50nm和500nm之间，并且甚至介于约100和400nm之间的数均直径或横截面的纤维。如本文所用，术语“直径”包括非圆形形状的最大横截面。
术语“非织造材料”是指包含许多无规分布的纤维的纤维网。纤维通常可以彼此粘结，或者可以不粘结。纤维可以是人造短纤维或连续纤维。纤维可包含一种材料或多种材料，可以是多种纤维的组合或者是分别包含不同材料的类似纤维的组合。
“压延”是将纤维网穿过两个辊之间的辊隙的过程。辊与辊可以互相接触，或者在辊与辊表面之间有固定的或可变的间隙。“无图案的”辊是指在用于制造它们的工艺的能力范围内具有平滑表面的辊。当纤维网穿过辊隙时，没有点或图案使得可在纤维网上特意生成图案，这不同于点粘合辊。
所谓“衣着制品”或“衣服”是指由使用者穿着以保护使用者身体的某些部位免受气候或体外环境中的其他因素影响的任何物品。例如外套、夹克、裤、帽、手套、鞋、袜、和衬衫均被认为是符合该定义的衣着制品或衣服。
在一个实施方案中，本发明涉及具有高湿气透过率(MVTR)并同时具有有限的和受控的透气率的衣服。该衣服包括纳米纤维层，该纳米纤维层继而包括至少一个聚合物纳米纤维的多孔层，所述聚合物纳米纤维具有介于约1g/m2和约100g/m2之间的基重。
本发明的衣服是一种复合织物，该复合织物包括与纳米纤维层相邻并且呈面对面关系的至少第一织物层，并且任选地还包括第二织物层，该第二织物层与纳米纤维层相邻并呈面对面关系的位于纳米纤维层上且位于与第一织物层相对的侧面上。
本发明的衣服还包括一些区域，其中弗雷泽透气率不大于约7.6m3/m2/min，并且根据ASTM E-96B方法测得的湿气透过率大于约500g/m2/天。
纳米纤维网可主要包括或仅包括通过静电纺纱生成的纳米纤维，例如通过传统的静电纺纱或电吹，并且在某些情况下通过熔喷方法生成。传统的静电纺纱是美国专利4,127,706中所述的技术，该专利全文并入本文中，其中向聚合物溶液施加高电压以生成纳米纤维和非织造垫。
用于生成纳米纤维网的“电吹”方法公开于美国专利公布2005-0067732A1中，该文献全文以引用方式并入本文。包含聚合物和溶剂的聚合物溶液流从储罐喂入喷丝头内的一系列纺丝喷嘴，向喷嘴施加高电压并且聚合物溶液从中通过而排出。同时，任选加热的压缩空气由空气喷嘴排出，空气喷嘴设置在纺丝喷嘴的侧面中或周边上。通常向下引导空气，以形成吹气流，吹气流包裹住新排出的聚合物溶液并将其前送，并且有助于形成纤维网，纤维网被收集到真空室上方的接地多孔收集带上。电吹方法使得在相对短的时间周期内将基本上连续的纳米纤维形成商用尺寸和数量的纳米纤维网，其基重超过约1g/m2，甚至高达约40g/m2或更大。
本发明的织物层组分可以布置在收集器上以便收集和混合在织物层上纺成的纳米纤维网，使得织物层/纳米纤维网的复合材料被用作本发明的织物。作为另外一种选择，纳米纤维网可单独收集，任选地经过后处理，例如压延、涂覆等，然后与一个或多个织物层结合。
对可用于形成纳米纤维网的纳米纤维的聚合物材料没有具体限制，该聚合物材料包括加聚物和缩聚物，例如聚缩醛、聚酰胺(包括高级芳香族聚酰胺，例如间位芳纶和对位芳纶)、聚酯、聚烯烃、纤维素醚和酯、聚烯化硫、聚亚芳基氧化物、聚砜、改性的聚砜聚合物、以及它们的混合物。优选的聚合物包括交联和非交联形式的、不同水解程度(87％至99.5％)的聚(氯乙烯)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(和其他丙烯酸类树脂)、聚苯乙烯、和它们的共聚物(包括ABA型嵌段共聚物)、聚(偏二氟乙烯)、聚(偏二氯乙烯)、聚乙烯醇。优选的加聚物趋于为玻璃状的(Tg大于室温)。聚氯乙烯和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚苯乙烯聚合物混合物或合金或低结晶度聚偏氟乙烯和聚乙烯醇材料便是如此。一类优选的聚酰胺缩聚物为尼龙材料，例如尼龙-6、尼龙-6,6、尼龙6,6-6,10等。当通过熔喷形成本发明的聚合物纳米纤维网时，可使用能够熔喷形成纳米纤维的任何热塑性聚合物，包括例如聚(对苯二甲酸乙二酯)的聚酯、聚烯烃和聚酰胺，例如上面所列的尼龙聚合物。
本发明的初生纳米纤维网可经受压延以便为本发明的织物赋予所需的物理特性，如提交于2006年9月20日的共同未决的美国专利申请11/523,827中所公开，该专利申请全文以引用方式并入本文。初生纳米纤维网可送入两个无图案的辊之间的辊隙，其中一个辊是无图案的软辊，一个辊是无图案的硬辊，硬辊的温度保持在Tg和Tom之间，其中Tg在本文中被定义为聚合物由玻璃态向橡胶态转变时的温度，Tom在本文中被定义为聚合物开始熔融的温度，使得纳米纤维网的纳米纤维在穿过压延辊隙时处于塑性状态。辊的组成和硬度可以变化，以生成织物的所需最终使用特性。一个辊可以是硬金属，例如不锈钢，另一个是软金属或聚合物涂覆的辊或硬度小于洛氏B 70的复合材料辊。纤维网在两个辊之间的辊隙中的停留时间由纤维网的线速度控制，优选介于约1m/min和约50m/min之间，并且两辊之间的占有面积为纤维网与双辊同时接触时的纵向距离。该占有面积受施加在两辊之间的辊隙处的压力控制，并通常以辊的每线性横向尺寸上的力衡量，优选介于约1mm和约30mm之间。
此外，纳米纤维网可以被拉伸，任选地同时被加热至纳米纤维聚合物的Tg和最低Tom之间的温度。拉伸可以在将纤维网喂入压延辊之前和/或之后进行，也可以在纵向或横向上进行，或在这两个方向上同时进行。
多种天然和合成织物是已知的并且可用作本发明的一个或多个织物层，例如用于制成运动服、耐用外衣和户外用品、防护服等(例如手套、围裙、皮套裤、裤、靴子、防潮鞋罩(gators)、衬衫、夹克、外套、袜子、鞋、内衣、背心、高筒防水胶靴或裤、帽子、橡胶长手套、睡袋、帐篷等)。通常，设计用作耐用外衣的衣服由相对疏松织造的织物构成，该织物由具有相对低强度或韧度的天然和/或合成纤维(例如尼龙、棉、羊毛、丝绸、聚酯、聚丙烯酸类、聚烯烃等)制成。每种纤维可具有小于约8克/旦尼尔(gpd)，更典型地小于约5gpd，并且在一些情况下小于约3gpd的拉伸强度或韧度。此类材料可具有多种有益特性，例如可染性、透气性、亮度、舒适度，以及在某些情况下的耐磨性。
可使用不同的编织结构和不同的编织密度来形成几种可供选择的织造复合织物，作为本发明的组成。编织结构例如平纹结构、增强平纹结构(具有双或多经线和/或纬线)、斜纹结构、增强斜纹结构(具有双或多经线和/或纬线)、缎面结构、增强缎面结构(具有双或多经线和/或纬线)、针织、毡、抓绒和针刺结构均可使用。拉伸织造织物、格子布、多臂织物、和提花织物也适用于本发明。
纳米纤维网粘结到织物层的表面的一部分上，并且可以通过本领域的技术人员已知的任何方式连接到织物层，例如通过粘合、加热、使用超声场或通过溶剂粘合。在一个实施方案中，纳米纤维网使用聚合物粘合剂的溶液例如聚氨酯粘合性地粘结，然后使溶剂蒸发。在另一个实施方案中，当纳米纤维网直接静电纺纱至织物上时，纺成纳米纤维网的溶剂用于实现溶剂粘结。
实施例
弗雷泽透气率是在薄板表面之间的指定压力差异下对穿过薄板的气流的量度，其根据ASTM D 737进行测量，该方法据此以引用方式并入，以m3/m2/min为单位记录结果。
三层织物构造由聚酯羊毛(得自Shawmut Mills,Stoughton,MA)、尼龙6,6制成的纳米纤维网和另一层聚酯羊毛制成。通过使用溶剂型聚氨酯粘合剂将羊毛织物层合至纳米纤维网，然后使用溶剂型聚氨酯粘合剂并采用“288图案”凹版辊将该两层构造层压到羊毛背衬层上，从而制成三层织物构造。然后，测试最终三层织物构造的透气率。
三层织物构造的弗雷泽透气率为3.3m3/m2/min。将三层织物构造洗涤五次，然后重新测试，示出弗雷泽读数为3.1m3/m2/min。单层羊毛的透气率测得为65.5m3/m2/min，由层合在一起的两层羊毛构成的两层织物构造测得的透气率为41.5m3/m2/min。正如所显示的那样，纳米纤维网复合材料在单层羊毛织物和双层羊毛织物的构造上均提供了显著的改进。
下表1列出了所测试的不同织物构造、以及各种构造的相应的弗雷泽测量值。所有构造均通过使用溶剂型粘合剂进行层合而制成。织物的近似基重也在表1中列出。
表1
正如上面的数据所显示的那样，纳米纤维网极大地控制了织物构造的透气率。另外，透气率还可以通过对纳米纤维网结构进行后处理来进一步降低。使用了该后处理的纳米纤维网的此类结构显示羊毛/纳米纤维网/羊毛构造的透气率低至0.76m3/m2/min。
衣着的另一个重要参数是织物将湿气从外套内部排出到外部的能力。该参数称作湿气透过率(MVTR)。上面的一些构造还使用ASTM E-96B方法测量了湿气透过率。结果列于下面的表2中。
表2
正如实施例所显示的那样，纳米纤维网可以大大降低透气率(如果这一点是所需的)，同时将湿气透过率保持在舒适的并且可接受的水平。

Claims (13)

1.一种能够透过湿气并同时为穿着者防风的衣着制品，所述制品包括三层织物构造，该三层织物构造包括层压在两层羊毛织物层之间的电吹的纳米纤维层，其中所述纳米纤维层包括至少一个聚合物纳米纤维的多孔层，所述聚合物纳米纤维具有介于50nm至1000nm之间的数均直径，介于1g/m2和100g/m2之间的基重，并且其中所述三层织物构造具有介于1.2m3/m2/min和7.6m3/m2/min之间的弗雷泽透气率，以及大于500g/m2/天的湿气透过率。
2.权利要求1的衣着制品，其中所述纳米纤维层和所述织物层在它们表面的一部分上彼此粘结。
3.权利要求2的衣着制品，其中所述纳米纤维层和所述织物层使用溶剂基粘合剂彼此粘结。
4.权利要求2的衣着制品，其中所述三层织物构造的制造方法为：将所述纳米纤维层直接静电纺纱或电吹至所述织物层的表面上，所述纳米纤维层和所述织物层由来自所述静电纺纱或电吹方法的残余溶剂彼此粘结。
5.权利要求3的衣着制品，其中所述纳米纤维层和所述织物层使用聚氨酯粘合剂彼此粘结。
6.权利要求2的衣着制品，其中所述纳米纤维层和所述织物层彼此热粘结。
7.权利要求2的衣着制品，其中所述纳米纤维层和所述织物层以超声方式彼此粘结。
8.权利要求1的衣着制品，其中所述纳米纤维层包括聚合物的纳米纤维，所述聚合物选自聚缩醛、聚酰胺、聚烯烃、聚酯、纤维素醚、纤维素酯、聚烯化硫、聚亚芳基氧化物、聚砜、以及它们的混合物。
9.权利要求1的衣着制品，其中所述纳米纤维层包括聚合物的纳米纤维，所述聚合物选自芳族聚酰胺、改性的聚砜聚合物、以及它们的混合物。
10.权利要求1的衣着制品，其中所述纳米纤维层包括聚合物的纳米纤维，所述聚合物选自交联和非交联形式的下列物质：聚(氯乙烯)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚苯乙烯、和它们的共聚物、聚(偏二氟乙烯)、聚(偏二氯乙烯)、聚乙烯醇。
11.权利要求8的衣着制品，其中所述纳米纤维层包含聚合物的纳米纤维，所述聚合物选自尼龙-6、尼龙-66、和尼龙66/610。
12.权利要求1的衣着制品，其中所述纳米纤维层被压延。
13.权利要求12的衣着制品，其中所述纳米纤维层在与所述织物层接触的同时被压延。
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JP5295118B2 (ja) 2013-09-18
CN104522918A (zh) 2015-04-22
ATE506870T1 (de) 2011-05-15
KR20090075871A (ko) 2009-07-09
EP2077733A1 (en) 2009-07-15
US20110092122A1 (en) 2011-04-21

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