CN104448182B - 一种阿维菌素纳米水分散体系及其专用的分散剂以及它们的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种阿维菌素纳米水分散体系及其专用的分散剂以及它们的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
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Abstract
本发明提供一种阿维菌素分散剂及其制备方法以及以所述阿维菌素分散剂为分散剂制备得到的阿维菌素纳米水分散体系以及所述阿维菌素纳米水分散体系的制备方法。阿维菌素分散剂的制备包括:在催化剂作用下,将阿维菌素和二异氰酸酯进行预聚,得到含预聚物的体系;然后在该催化剂作用下,将二羟甲基酸加入到所述含预聚物的体系中进行扩链反应,即得。本发明成功合成了一种阿维菌素分散剂,进而制备了一种纳米级别的阿维菌素水分散体系,改进了阿维菌素传统剂型的低溶解度的问题,且大大降低了有机溶剂和有机助剂的使用量,减少了在使用过程中对环境的污染。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于水难溶性农药的水分散体系制备领域,具体涉及一种阿维菌素纳米水分散体系及其制备方法。
背景技术
阿维菌素是一种抗生素类的杀虫除螨剂,由于高效、低毒、高选择性等优点,受到了广泛的推崇与应用。自从上海农药研究所在上世纪八十年代末开始研发后,阿维菌素在我国也得到了广泛应用。据统计,目前我国产量已占到世界80%左右的市场份额,是世界上第一生产与消费大国。
阿维菌素为水难溶性有机化合物,需添加载体、溶剂与助剂等辅助成分。传统农药剂型由于叶面脱靶、雾滴滚落、淋溶分解等因素造成药剂流失,导致作用到靶标作物的农药比例不到30%,有害生物的受药量不足0.1%。据统计,70-90%的农药流入了环境系统,形成了量大面广的化学污染源,引发了一系列食品安全和生态环境问题。总体来看,传统农药剂型存在着药粒粗大、沉积性差、分散性差、生物活性低等不利因素。
利用纳米材料与技术创制的水基化的纳米农药制剂,具有粒径小、比表面积大的特点,可以减少有害助剂、提高分散性,加大叶面滞留量与靶标覆盖率,增强粘附性与渗透性,延长持效期,提高生物利用度。另一方面,纳米材料与技术可以克服疏水性叶面的一些农药沉积障碍。针对不同农作物的叶面特征,利用纳米载药颗粒的表面修饰,可以增加叶面亲和与滞留能力,进而达到提高农药的靶向沉积与剂量转移效率的目的。
目前,关于阿维菌素纳米农药新剂型的研究,主要集中在纳米微乳液、纳米微胶囊、纳米包合物等方面。武锦、周艺峰等(高分子材料科学与工程,2008,24(2):35-38)用微乳液聚合法制备的天然除虫菊酯纳米胶囊,可以使农药具有缓释性能;王朝明等(长春理工大学学报(高教版),2007,3(1):140-142)利用表面活性剂包裹法对纳米TiO2作表面改性,在TiO2的表面得到了一个亲脂性的外壳,实现了与亲脂性农药的复合。
总的来说,通过强化阿维菌素的剂型功能,改善农药的分散性和稳定性,充分发挥生物活性,并在完成防治功能后实现有害残留物的快速降解,是提高农药有效性与安全性的突破点。
发明内容
本发明的目的之一是提供一种阿维菌素分散剂及其制备方法。
本发明所提供的阿维菌素分散剂是按照包括下述步骤的方法制备得到的:
在催化剂作用下,将阿维菌素和二异氰酸酯进行预聚,得到含预聚物的体系;然后在所述催化剂作用下,将二羟甲基酸加入到所述含预聚物的体系中进行扩链反应,得到阿维菌素分散剂溶液。
上述方法中,所述的阿维菌素为阿维菌素B1型,具体可为阿维菌素B1a型、阿维菌素B1b型。
所述催化剂为有机锡催化剂,所述有机锡催化剂具体可为二丁基锡二月桂酸酯、辛酸亚锡、二醋酸二丁基锡、二(十二烷基硫)二丁基锡,优选为二丁基锡二月桂酸酯。
所述二异氰酸酯的异氰酸酯指数(即异氰酸酯基团的当量数与“对异氰酸酯进行反应的基团”的当量数的比值)为0.8-1.3。所述异氰酸酯指数中所指的“对异氰酸酯进行反应的基团”为“活性醇羟基”。
所述二异氰酸酯具体可为甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯(TDI)、3-异氰酸酯基亚甲基-3,5,5-三甲基环己基异氰酸酯(IPDI)、4,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HDI)。
所述预聚在有机溶剂中进行,所述有机溶剂可以是丁酮、丙酮、N-甲基吡咯烷酮中的一种。
所述预聚的温度为65~80℃,具体可为75℃,所述预聚的时间为2~5h,具体可为2h。
所述二羟甲基酸是以二羟甲基酸溶液的形式加入到所述含预聚物的体系中的,所述二羟甲基酸溶液是将二羟甲基酸溶解于N-甲基吡咯烷酮制备得到。
所述二羟甲基酸具体可为2,2-二羟甲基丙酸(DMPA)、2,2-二羟甲基丁酸(DMBA)。
所述扩链反应的温度为65~80℃,具体可为75℃,所述扩链反应的时间为1~3h,具体可为1h。
上述方法中,所述阿维菌素、二异氰酸酯和二羟甲基酸的摩尔比依次为4:(12-14):(8-10),具体可为4:12:8、4:12:9、4:12:10、4:13:8、4:14:8。
所述异氰酸酯指数按照下述公式计算:
上述公式中,“W异”为二异氰酸酯用量(质量);
“W阿”为阿维菌素用量(质量);
“W酸”为二羟甲基酸用量(质量);
“M异”为二异氰酸酯分子量;
“M阿”为阿维菌素分子量;
“M酸”为二羟甲基酸分子量。
为了保证反应体系的均一性,在所述预聚和扩链反应中,均要对反应体系进行搅拌。
所得到的阿维菌素分散剂溶液中,以二异氰酸酯、阿维菌素和二羟甲基酸的总质量计算分散剂的质量,阿维菌素分散剂的质量浓度为17.5~18.7%。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种阿维菌素纳米水分散体系及其制备方法。
本发明所提供的阿维菌素纳米水分散体系以上述阿维菌素分散剂为分散剂制备得到。
所述阿维菌素纳米水分散体系是按照包括下述步骤的方法制备得到的:在搅拌下,向所述阿维菌素分散剂的溶液中加入有机胺进行中和至体系的pH值为7~9,再加入阿维菌素,搅拌溶解,得到溶解有阿维菌素的分散剂溶液;在搅拌状态下,将所述溶解有阿维菌素的分散剂溶液滴加到去离子水中,即得所述阿维菌素纳米水分散体系。
上述方法中,所述有机胺具体可为三乙胺、吡啶;
根据加入的二羟甲基酸质量,可以计算分散剂中羧基的含量。所述有机胺的物质的量为所述分散剂溶液中羧基含量的1~3倍。
所述阿维菌素的加入量与所述阿维菌素分散剂溶液的质量比为(0.378-0.800):(4-4.5),具体可为0.378:4.256、0.386:4.271、0.388:4.276、0.393:4.287、0.756:4.256、0.772:4.271、0.776:4.276、0.787:4.287或0.800:4.299。
所述溶解有阿维菌素的分散剂溶液与去离子水的配比为:(4.816-5.302)g:10mL,具体可为4.816g:10mL、4.83g:10mL、4.862g:10mL、4.881g:10mL、4.908g:10mL、5.194g:10mL、5.218g:10mL、5.248g:10mL、5.281g:10mL或5.302g:10mL。
所得阿维菌素纳米水分散体系中,颗粒的Z均粒径在30-120nm之间。
本发明成功合成了一种阿维菌素分散剂,进而制备了一种纳米级别的阿维菌素水分散体系,改进了阿维菌素传统剂型的低溶解度的问题,且大大降低了有机溶剂和有机助剂的使用量,减少了在使用过程中对环境的污染。
本发明的优点表现在以下几个方面:反应时间短,单次反应3h;反应流程简单,直接加料即可;载药量高,可达到50%以上。
附图说明
图1为实施例1制得的阿维菌素纳米水分散体系的透射电镜图。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施例对本发明进行说明,但本发明并不局限于此。
下述实施例中所使用的实验方法如无特殊说明,均为常规方法;下述实施例中所用的试剂、生物材料等,如无特殊说明,均可从商业途径得到。
下述实施例中所采用的阿维菌素为B1a型,分子量为887.11,购于山东志诚化工公司。
实施例1-5、阿维菌素纳米水分散体系的制备
1、阿维菌素分散剂的合成配方
实施例1-5中阿维菌素分散剂的合成配方如表1所示。
表1实施例1-5的阿维菌素分散剂合成配方
按照表1中的配方,将阿维菌素与TDI溶于丁酮中,加入催化剂,于75℃下搅拌,反应2h得预聚物。将DMPA溶于NMP,加入到预聚物中,75℃搅拌反应1h,得阿维菌素分散剂溶液。
2、阿维菌素纳米水分散体系的制备与表征
按照表2中的配方,取一定量的阿维菌素分散剂溶液,在磁子搅拌状态下,加入适量三乙胺中和。中和完毕后,加入一定量的阿维菌素,搅拌溶解。取一定量的去离 子水,在搅拌状态下将溶解有阿维菌素的分散剂溶液逐滴滴入其中,滴加过程中会产生少量的气泡,待气泡消失后,即得阿维菌素纳米水分散体系,观察到分散体系呈均一稳定的状态。测试时每组均控制33.3%和50.0%的载药量来观察分散效果。
用Zetasizer 3000HSA型粒度仪测量实施例1-5所得到的阿维菌素纳米水分散体系中颗粒的Z均粒径,测试结果如表2所示。
在上述得到的分散体系后,从中取3mL置于离心管中,对其进行5min时间的6000r/min,5min时间的8000r/min,以及15min的10000r/min转速下的离心稳定性测试,测试结果如表2所示。
所述分散体系在三种条件下仍然保持着澄清稳定的状态,由此可以证明在长时间放置情况下,体系仍能够保证其稳定性。
取5mL分散体系样品,在搅拌条件下滴加至45mL去离子水中进行稀释10倍的操作,体系仍然澄清稳定;之后再取稀释10倍后的样品再进行稀释10倍的操作,使得其为初始浓度的1/100,仍未见到沉淀的产生。测试结果如表2所示。由此可以证明,将所得到的样品稀释,在低浓度下仍然可以正常稳定地存在。
表2实施例1-5的阿维菌素纳米水分散体系的配方与测试粒径
将实施例1得到的阿维菌素纳米水分散体系(载药量33.3%)稀释100倍后制样,采用透射电镜观察颗粒形貌,结果见图1。
在电镜中可以观察到近似球形的颗粒,统计60个颗粒,测得其平均粒径为28.23nm,与激光粒度仪测得的39.8nm相近,证明所得的分散体系确为纳米分散体系。
Claims (6)
1.一种制备阿维菌素分散剂的方法,包括下述步骤:在催化剂作用下,将阿维菌素和二异氰酸酯进行预聚,得到含预聚物的体系;然后在所述催化剂作用下,将二羟甲基酸加入到所述含预聚物的体系中进行扩链反应,得到所述阿维菌素分散剂溶液;
所述催化剂均为有机锡催化剂;
所述预聚的温度为65~80℃,所述预聚的时间为2~5h;
所述扩链反应的温度为65~80℃,所述扩链反应的时间为1~3h;
所述方法中,所述阿维菌素与二异氰酸酯和二羟甲基酸的摩尔比依次为4:(12-14):(8-10)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:所述的阿维菌素为阿维菌素B1型;
所述有机锡催化剂为二丁基锡二月桂酸酯、辛酸亚锡、二醋酸二丁基锡、二(十二烷基硫)二丁基锡;
所述二异氰酸酯的异氰酸酯指数为0.8-1.3;
所述二异氰酸酯选自下述至少一种:甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯、3-异氰酸酯基亚甲基-3,5,5-三甲基环己基异氰酸酯、4,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯和六亚甲基二异氰酸酯;
所述二羟甲基酸是以二羟甲基酸溶液的形式加入到所述含预聚物的体系中的,所述二羟甲基酸溶液是将二羟甲基酸溶解于N-甲基吡咯烷酮制备得到;
所述二羟甲基酸为2,2-二羟甲基丙酸或2,2-二羟甲基丁酸;
所得到的阿维菌素分散剂溶液中,以二异氰酸酯、阿维菌素和二羟甲基酸的总质量计算分散剂的质量,阿维菌素分散剂的质量浓度为17.5~18.7%。
3.一种由权利要求1或2所述的方法制备得到的阿维菌素分散剂。
4.一种制备阿维菌素纳米水分散体系的方法,包括下述步骤:在搅拌下,向权利要求3所述的阿维菌素分散剂溶液中加入有机胺进行中和至体系的pH值为7~9,再加入阿维菌素,搅拌溶解,得到溶解有阿维菌素的分散剂溶液;在搅拌状态下,将所述溶解有阿维菌素的分散剂溶液滴加到去离子水中,即得所述阿维菌素纳米水分散体系。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于:所述有机胺为三乙胺或吡啶;
所述阿维菌素的加入量与所述阿维菌素分散剂溶液的质量比为(0.378-0.800):(4-4.5);
所述溶解有阿维菌素的分散剂溶液与去离子水的配比为:(4.816-5.302)g:10mL。
6.一种由权利要求4或5所述的方法制备得到的阿维菌素纳米水分散体系。
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