CN104445102B - 一种通过前驱体的酸化剥离氧化来合成超薄Se纳米片的方法及其应用 - Google Patents
一种通过前驱体的酸化剥离氧化来合成超薄Se纳米片的方法及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种通过前驱体的酸化剥离氧化来合成超薄Se纳米片的方法及其应用,其特征在于:以ZnSe-Amine有机-无机杂化纳米片为前驱体;在水中加入酸,调节水pH在0.1到2的范围内,然后加入前驱体,常温下连续磁力搅拌或超声0.5-2h,使用酸化剥离氧化,即得超薄Se纳米片;所得超薄Se纳米片可用于作为制备结晶Se纳米线、多孔硒化物纳米片及贵金属纳米片的模板材料。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种超薄Se纳米片的合成方法及应用,属于纳米材料合成技术领域。
背景技术
德国《先进材料》(AdvancedMaterials,2005年,17卷,2799–2802页)报道了在三元混合溶剂中(水合肼:二乙烯三胺:水=5:14:16)溶解ZnSO4·7H2O和Na2SeO3,转移到高压反应釜中,通过水热法180℃温度下反应12h来合成[ZnSe](DETA)0.5二维纳米带。这种方法得到的[ZnSe](DETA)0.5纳米带形貌均一,内部具有多层状结构,有良好的紫外可见光吸收和荧光性能。
《德国应用化学》(AngewandteChemieInternationalEdition,2012年,51卷,3211–3215页)的报道修饰了合成方法,把ZnSO4·7H2O换成Zn(OAC)2·2H2O,并且加大投量,在150℃温度下水热反应12h,合成了ZnSe-DETA(ZnSe-DETA是[ZnSe](DETA)0.5的别称,两者化学组成相同)纳米片。得到的纳米片比原来的纳米带较宽较长,长度有微米级,宽度有几百个纳米,而且产量比原来的高。
《自然·通讯》(Naturecommunication,2012年,3卷,1057页)报道了采用超声法剥离得到单层原子厚度ZnSe片。获得到的单层原子厚度ZnSe片具有良好的光电性能,在光解水方面有强大的应用前景。用于剥离的前驱体也是ZnSe-Amine有机-无机层状结构杂化物,2007年《美国化学会杂志》(JournaloftheAmericanChemicalSociety,2007年,127卷,3157-3162页)报道了该杂化物的合成方法。
Se在纳米材料合成技术领域是非常好的模板材料。《先进材料》(AdvancedMaterials,2002年,14卷,1749页)报道了Se单质纳米颗粒的合成和晶化成纳米线的方法。《材料化学杂志》(JournalofMaterialsChemistry,2006年,16卷,3893–3897页)总结了以Se单质纳米材料为模板的硒化物纳米材料合成技术。
硒化物二维纳米材料在半导体、催化等领域有着广泛的应用,而Se单质是硒化物纳米材料合成的一个良好模板的材料。另外,Se本身可以用作光敏材料、电解锰行业催化剂等领域。因此,Se二维纳米材料的合成有着极其重要的意义。由于Se单质自身的晶体结构特点,很难长成Se超薄二维纳米结构。至今,还没有见过成功化学合成出超薄Se纳米片材料的相关报道。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的提供一种以ZnSe-Amine有机-无机杂化纳米片为前驱体合成超薄Se纳米片的方法,以解决上述现有技术所存在的不足之处。
本发明另一目的是提供这种超薄Se纳米片作为模板材料的应用。
本发明解决技术问题,采用如下技术方案:
本发明通过前驱体的酸化剥离氧化来合成超薄Se纳米片的方法,其特点在于:以ZnSe-Amine有机-无机杂化纳米片为前驱体;在水中加入酸,调节水pH在0.1到2的范围内,然后加入前驱体,常温下连续磁力搅拌或超声0.5-2h,使前驱体酸化剥离氧化,溶液的颜色由白色变黄色最后发红,静置或离心分离得沉淀,所得沉淀用水洗涤,即得超薄Se纳米片;所述前驱体的摩尔量与所述水的体积比为1.0~2.5mmol/L。反应示意图如图1所示。
所述ZnSe-Amine有机-无机杂化纳米片为ZnSe-DETA有机-无机杂化纳米片,其中DETA为二乙烯三胺。
所述水为去离子水。
所述酸为盐酸、醋酸或巯基乙酸。
本发明通过调节水的pH,可以调节前驱体剥离氧化的速度,以获得不同多孔程度的超薄Se纳米片产物;通过调整磁力搅拌或超声的时间,可以获得不同Zn含量的超薄Se纳米片产物。因为反应可以分为两个阶段:以ZnSe-DETA有机-无机杂化纳米片做前驱体为例,第一阶段如式(1)所示,是前驱体的酸化剥离阶段,剥离为ZnSe和DETA,其中DETA的结构式如式(2)所示,;第二阶段如式(3)所示,是前驱体酸化剥离后所得ZnSe的氧化阶段,经第二阶段获得超薄Se纳米片。
本发明的有益效果体现在:本发明以ZnSe-Amine有机-无机杂化纳米片为前驱体成功合成了超薄Se纳米片,本发明合成的超薄Se纳米片,继承了前驱体的形貌,长宽和前驱体相近;厚度明显减小,前驱体的厚度有40-50nm,而超薄Se纳米片的厚度只有5nm左右;此超薄Se纳米片是多孔表面粗糙的结构,有一定的柔性,刚合成出来是无定形结构。此超薄Se纳米片是良好的模板材料,可以经过结构转化形成结晶Se纳米线,也可以通过化学转化形成多孔的硒化物(Ag2Se、Cu2Se等)纳米片和贵金属(Pt,Pd等)纳米片。
附图说明
图1是本发明制备方法的反应示意图;
图2为实施例1产物ZnSe-DETA有机-无机杂化纳米片前驱体的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)照片;
图3为实施例2产物超薄Se纳米片的的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)照片;
图4为实施例2不同酸度条件下得到的超薄Se纳米片的的透射电子显微镜(TEM)照片,左图对应pH=1,右图对应pH=0.1;
图5为实施例2产物超薄Se纳米片的的原子力显微镜(AFM)照片;
图6为实施例3酸化剥离氧化连续过程的动态捕捉,包括整个反应过程的紫外可见吸收光谱、pH、电导率变化情况;
图7为实施例1、2、4、5产物的X射线衍射(XRD)谱图;其中,a对应实施例1中的ZnSe-DETA有机-无机杂化纳米片前驱体,b对应实施例2中的酸化剥离氧化获得的超薄Se纳米片,c对应实施例4中的晶化之后获得的Se纳米线,d、e分别对应实施例5中的Ag2Se、Cu2Se纳米片;
图8是实施例4产物Se纳米线的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)照片;
图9是实施例5(1)产物Ag2Se纳米片的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)照片;
图10是实施例5(2)产物Cu2Se纳米片的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)照片;
图11是实施例6产物贵金属(Pt、Pd)纳米片的透射电子显微镜(TEM)照片;
图12是对实施例6产物贵金属Pt纳米片进行X射线电子能谱(XPS)表征的谱图。
具体实施方式
以下结合实施例对本发明做具体的说明。
实施例1:
参照已报道文献(AdvancedMaterials,2005年,17卷,2799–2802页;AngewandteChemieInternationalEdition,2012年,51卷,3211–3215页)水热合成ZnSe-DETA有机-无机杂化纳米片前驱体。具体方法如下:
在100ml的烧杯中,加入5ml水合肼、14ml二乙烯三胺和16ml水,连续磁力搅拌10min混合均匀,再加入Zn(OAC)2·2H2O(3mmol)和Na2SeO3(3mmol),再搅拌10min形成均匀溶液,转移到50ml高压反应釜中,140℃温度下加热12h时间。自然冷却后,离心取沉淀物。
分别采用ZeissSupra40扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、ShimadzuUV-240紫外吸收光谱仪、PW1710X-射线衍射仪(XRD)对所得固体产物样品进行表征。
图2展示的是所得ZnSe-DETA有机-无机杂化纳米片的SEM照片,从图中可以看出前驱体纳米片厚度在40-50nm;图6中的0min曲线是所得ZnSe-DETA有机-无机杂化纳米片的紫外可见吸收光谱图;图7中的a曲线是所得ZnSe-DETA有机-无机杂化纳米片的XRD图。SEM照片、UV-vis吸收图谱、XRD图谱与文献报道的吻合,表明产物是ZnSe-DETA有机-无机杂化纳米片。
实施例2:
酸化剥离氧化前驱体合成超薄Se纳米片:
(1)在1L的玻璃瓶中,加入800ml去离子水,加入适量盐酸,磁力搅拌均匀,调节pH=1,再加入1.5mmolZnSe-DETA有机-无机杂化纳米片前驱体,持续磁力搅拌1h。可以观察到溶液的颜色由白色变黄色最后发红。自然沉淀,弃掉上层清液,取沉淀物反复用水洗涤。
(2)在1L的玻璃瓶中,加入800ml去离子水,加入适量盐酸,磁力搅拌均匀,调节pH=0.1,再加入1.5mmolZnSe-DETA有机-无机杂化纳米片前驱体,持续磁力搅拌30min。同样观察到溶液的颜色由白色变黄色最后发红。自然沉淀,弃掉上层清液,取红色沉淀物反复用水洗涤。
分别采用ZeissSupra40扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、JEOLJEM-2011透射电子显微镜(TEM)、SPA-300HV扫描探针显微镜系统(AFM测试)、ShimadzuUV-240紫外吸收光谱仪、PW1710X-射线衍射仪(XRD)对所得固体产物样品进行表征。
图3展示的是(pH=1)所的产物的SEM照片,可以看出纳米片的大小继承了前驱体的尺寸,但是厚度明显减小了,只有5nm左右。同样,原子力显微镜(AFM)也显示超薄Se纳米片的厚度在5nm左右(如图5所示)。图4是超薄Se纳米片的TEM照片,可以看出纳米片是多孔的,而且酸度越大,孔越多,而且片有一定的柔性。图7中的b曲线是(pH=1)所得产物的XRD图,可以看出超薄Se纳米片仍含有少量未被氧化的ZnSe。
实施例3:酸化剥离氧化连续过程的动态捕捉
本实施例对酸化剥离氧化过程进行了动态捕捉,连续测试了反应过程的紫外可见光吸收谱图、pH以及电导率的数据,统计它们随反应时间的变化。具体做法如下:在250ml的玻璃容器中,加入200ml去离子水,加入适量盐酸,磁力搅拌均匀,调节pH≈1.5,为了使紫外可见吸收光谱在一个合适的范围内,本案例中加入0.15mmolZnSe-DETA纳米片前驱体,持续磁力搅拌2h。在整个反应过程中,定时(间隔10min或30min)取样测紫外可见吸收光谱,pH、电导率变化由相应探头直接探测。
图6中,左图展示了整个反应过程的紫外可见吸收光谱变化,可以观察到前10min主要是剥离反应去掉前驱体中的有机物(反应式见式(1));10-120min主要是氧化反应,将ZnSe氧化成Se(反应式见式(3))。图6中,右图是整个反应过程的pH和电导率变化,辅助说明前10min主要是剥离反应,10-120min主要是氧化反应。
实施例4:
本发明的超薄Se纳米片可用作制备结晶Se纳米线的模板材料,具体过程为:
将实施例2制备的超薄Se纳米片(pH=0.1)分散在乙醇中(浓度约1.875mmol/L,本实施例是在40ml乙醇中分散0.075mmol超薄Se纳米片),自然沉降两天,取下层沉淀物,用水和乙醇反复洗涤,烘干。采用ZeissSupra40扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和PW1710X-射线衍射仪(XRD)对所得固体产物样品进行表征。
所得产物的SEM照片如图8所示,是长在微米级,直径在100nm左右的均一纳米线。XRD图谱(图7c曲线)说明产物是三方相的Se单质。由此可见,所得产物是t-Se纳米线。
实施例5:
本发明的超薄Se纳米片可用作制备硒化物纳米片(如Ag2Se纳米片、Cu2Se纳米片)的模板材料,具体过程为:
(1)将实施例2制备的超薄Se纳米片(pH=1)分散在乙二醇中(浓度约1.875mmol/L,本实施例是在40ml乙二醇中分散0.075mmol超薄Se纳米片),持续搅拌状态下,加入过量的AgNO3(0.3mmol),持续搅拌10min,自然沉淀,取黑色沉淀物,用水和乙醇反复洗涤。
(2)将实施例2制备的超薄Se纳米片(pH=1)分散在乙二醇中(浓度约1.875mmol/L,本实施例是在40ml乙二醇中分散0.075mmol超薄Se纳米片),持续搅拌状态下,加入过量的CuCl(0.3mmol,用氨水溶解),持续搅拌20min,自然沉淀,取灰黑色沉淀物,用水和乙醇反复洗涤。
采用ZeissSupra40扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和PW1710X-射线衍射仪(XRD)对所得固体产物样品进行表征。
(1)、(2)所得产物的SEM照片如图9、10所示,纳米片的整体大小继承了超薄Se纳米片的尺寸,但是厚度有所增加。而且(1)所得产物的纳米片上的孔明显变大了,(2)所的产物有很多纳米小颗粒。图7中d、e曲线分别是(1)、(2)所得产物的XRD图谱,表明它们的物相分别是β-Ag2Se和立方晶系Cu2Se。
实施例6:
本发明的超薄Se纳米片可用作制备贵金属纳米片(如Pt纳米片、Pd纳米片)的模板材料,具体过程为:
(1)将实施例2制备的超薄Se纳米片(pH=1)分散在乙二醇中(浓度约1.875mmol/L,本实施例是在40ml乙二醇中分散0.075mmol超薄Se纳米片),持续搅拌状态下,加入过量的PtCl2(0.15mmol),摇床中60℃温度下260rpm转速下反应12h,自然沉淀,取黑色沉淀物,用水和乙醇反复洗涤。
(2)将实施例2制备的超薄Se纳米片(pH=1)分散在乙二醇中(浓度约1.875mmol/L,本实施例是在40ml乙二醇中分散0.075mmol超薄Se纳米片),持续搅拌状态下,加入过量的PdCl2(0.15mmol),摇床中60℃温度下260rpm转速下反应12h,自然沉淀,取黑色沉淀物,用水和乙醇反复洗涤。
采用ZeissSupra40扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和ESCALabMKIIX射线电子能谱仪(XPS)对所得固体产物样品进行表征,并做元素无机定量分析(ICP)测试。
(1)、(2)所得产物的TEM照片如图11所示,纳米片的整体大小继承了超薄Se纳米片的尺寸,但是厚度有所增加。而且(2)所得产物有纳米小颗粒。图12中是(1)所得产物的XPS分析,表明Pt是零价态。元素无机定量分析结果如下:(1)所得产物的原子比为Pt:Se=1.47:1;(2)所得产物的原子比为Pd:Se=1.38:1。
Claims (6)
1.一种通过前驱体的酸化剥离氧化来合成超薄Se纳米片的方法,其特征在于:以ZnSe-Amine有机-无机杂化纳米片为前驱体;在水中加入酸,调节水pH在0.1到2的范围内,然后加入前驱体,常温下连续磁力搅拌或超声0.5-2h,使前驱体酸化剥离氧化,静置或离心分离得沉淀,所得沉淀用水洗涤,即得超薄Se纳米片;所述前驱体的摩尔量与水的体积比为1.0~2.5mmol/L。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:所述ZnSe-Amine有机-无机杂化纳米片为ZnSe-DETA有机-无机杂化纳米片。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:所述水为去离子水。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:所述酸为盐酸、醋酸或巯基乙酸。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:所述超薄Se纳米片为无定形物相,具有柔性和多孔性。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:通过调节水的pH,可以调节前驱体剥离氧化的速度,以获得不同多孔程度的超薄Se纳米片产物;通过调整磁力搅拌或超声的时间,可以获得不同Zn含量的超薄Se纳米片产物。
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