CN104405772B - 机械装置 - Google Patents

机械装置 Download PDF

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CN104405772B
CN104405772B CN201410648858.9A CN201410648858A CN104405772B CN 104405772 B CN104405772 B CN 104405772B CN 201410648858 A CN201410648858 A CN 201410648858A CN 104405772 B CN104405772 B CN 104405772B
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bearing
inner ring
tapered roller
mechanical device
sleeve
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CN104405772A (zh
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P·卡特萨罗斯
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/58—Raceways; Race rings
    • F16C33/60—Raceways; Race rings divided or split, e.g. comprising two juxtaposed rings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
    • B60B27/00—Hubs
    • B60B27/001—Hubs with roller-bearings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
    • B60B27/00—Hubs
    • B60B27/0094—Hubs one or more of the bearing races are formed by the hub
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C19/22—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings
    • F16C19/34—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings for both radial and axial load
    • F16C19/36—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings for both radial and axial load with a single row of rollers
    • F16C19/364—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings for both radial and axial load with a single row of rollers with tapered rollers, i.e. rollers having essentially the shape of a truncated cone
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C19/22—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings
    • F16C19/34—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings for both radial and axial load
    • F16C19/38—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of rollers
    • F16C19/383—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of rollers with tapered rollers, i.e. rollers having essentially the shape of a truncated cone
    • F16C19/385—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of rollers with tapered rollers, i.e. rollers having essentially the shape of a truncated cone with two rows, i.e. double-row tapered roller bearings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C19/22—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings
    • F16C19/34—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings for both radial and axial load
    • F16C19/38—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of rollers
    • F16C19/383—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of rollers with tapered rollers, i.e. rollers having essentially the shape of a truncated cone
    • F16C19/385—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of rollers with tapered rollers, i.e. rollers having essentially the shape of a truncated cone with two rows, i.e. double-row tapered roller bearings
    • F16C19/386—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of rollers with tapered rollers, i.e. rollers having essentially the shape of a truncated cone with two rows, i.e. double-row tapered roller bearings in O-arrangement
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C19/50—Other types of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C19/505—Other types of ball or roller bearings with the diameter of the rolling elements of one row differing from the diameter of those of another row
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C25/00—Bearings for exclusively rotary movement adjustable for wear or play
    • F16C25/06—Ball or roller bearings
    • F16C25/08—Ball or roller bearings self-adjusting
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/58—Raceways; Race rings
    • F16C33/581—Raceways; Race rings integral with other parts, e.g. with housings or machine elements such as shafts or gear wheels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/58—Raceways; Race rings
    • F16C33/583—Details of specific parts of races
    • F16C33/586—Details of specific parts of races outside the space between the races, e.g. end faces or bore of inner ring
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
    • B60B27/00—Hubs
    • B60B27/0015—Hubs for driven wheels
    • B60B27/0021—Hubs for driven wheels characterised by torque transmission means from drive axle
    • B60B27/0026—Hubs for driven wheels characterised by torque transmission means from drive axle of the radial type, e.g. splined key
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2361/00—Apparatus or articles in engineering in general
    • F16C2361/61—Toothed gear systems, e.g. support of pinion shafts

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Rolling Contact Bearings (AREA)
  • Support Of The Bearing (AREA)
  • General Details Of Gearings (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种机械装置(1)，该机械装置包括壳体(2)，轴件(3)借助轴承装置(4、5)可旋转地支撑在该壳体(2)内，其中轴承装置(4、5)具有两个沿着轴向可相互预紧的锥形滚子轴承，其中锥形滚子轴承(4、5)各自具有轴承外环(6)和轴承内环(7、8)。为了改进被调节的预紧的保持，因此本发明规定，至少一个轴承内环(7)在其轴向端部区域内具有直接由轴承内环(7)材料成型的套筒形突出部(9)，该突出部直接地接触邻近的轴承内环(8)的端面(10)。

Description

机械装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种机械装置，该机械装置包括壳体，轴件借助轴承装置可旋转地支撑在该壳体内，其中轴承装置具有两个沿着轴向可相互预紧的锥形滚子轴承，其中锥形滚子轴承各自具有轴承外环和轴承内环。
背景技术
这种机械装置例如用作机动车后桥传动装置，在该后桥传动装置中把小齿轮轴支撑在壳体内。所需要的两个锥形滚子轴承通过隔开套筒保持确定的距离。下面这些对于这种装置的正常运行而言是重要的，即两个锥形滚子轴承(大部分定位成O形布置)可以精确地被调节到预定的轴向预紧。如果轴向预紧太小，那么可能产生齿轮啮合问题，这导致噪声水平和啮合磨损增大。在轴承内的预紧太大时，可产生更高的轴承摩擦，这明显还导致油耗增大。
在这种情况下其效果是，在开始使用设备或汽车时由于相关机械零件的磨滑效果而在轴承装置或者机械装置的各种配合接合中尤其产生了沉降现象(Setzungserscheinung)，即在启动之后随着时间的推移原来设定的轴承预紧损失了相当大的份额。
由于对于用户来说大多数情况下低噪声和小磨损比产生的磨损重要，因此这样应对，即预紧按照趋势被调整成大于所需要的预紧。相应地，在期望的预紧下降(在第一次持续工作时间之后的预紧损失)前后，把预紧调整得更高；承受因此而产生的较大轴承摩擦，直到机动车被“磨合”为止。由于实际的沉降现象不总是与估计的值相对应，因此其通常导致，在整个使用寿命期间轴承装置以预紧过大地进行运行。相应的不利后果是摩擦持久较大且油耗比所需要的更高。
发明内容
因此本发明所要解决的技术问题在于如此地改进这种机械装置，以致有针对性地产生这种效果。相应地，可更容易地使锥形滚子轴承的设定的预紧更好地保持不变。
所述技术问题通过本发明的解决方案的特征在于，至少一个轴承内环在其轴向端部区域内具有直接由轴承内环材料成型的套筒形突出部，该突出部可直接地接触邻近的轴承内环的端面。
套筒形突出部的长度——沿着轴承装置的轴向测量——在这种情况下优选是锥形滚子轴承的锥形滚子的至少75％的长度，套筒形突出部形成在该锥形滚子轴承上；优选地，该长度是锥形滚子的至少100％长度。
套筒形突出部优选地具有中空的圆柱形形状。
在套筒形突出部接触的邻近轴承内环端面可以为套筒形突出部的端面提供环形槽。但是，这决不是强制性的。
两个锥形滚子轴承的轴承外环设计为一体的，其中特别优选的实施例规定，两个锥形滚子轴承的轴承外环直接由壳体来形成。
锥形滚子轴承之一的轴承内环可以直接由轴件来形成。在这种情况下，优选地规定，轴件具有圆柱形的对中段，该对中段设计用于与套筒形突出部的圆柱形内表面配合作用。
锥形滚子轴承之一的轴承内环可以设置有法兰。这也适合于壳体，即其可以设置有固定法兰。
轴件优选为传动装置的小齿轮，尤其是锥形齿轮传动装置的小齿轮，特别优选为机动车的后桥传动装置的小齿轮。
本发明的建议基于减少配合接合。当在已知的实施例中锥形滚子轴承所需要的轴向间隔通过间隔套筒来实现时，从现在开始规定，直接在至少一个轴承环上成型的套筒形部段用作间隔套筒，因此可以放弃配合接合；因此消除了沉降现象和设定预紧的下降。
在这种情况下已证明，从位于两个结构件之间的每个接触位置大约3um的平均固定值开始。因此，当根据本发明可以减少配合接合的数量时，理想效果可以计量。
优选地，法兰轴承内环集成在连接法兰中设计为一体的，这又减少了配合接合(Passfugen)的数量。同样地，顶部轴承内环可以集成在小齿轮轴内，这又导致减小了配合接合的数量。当两个轴承外环集成在壳体内并且因此取消了一些配合接合时，产生了相同的正面效果。
以有利的方式中如此地使预紧损失最小化，以致从使用开始可以相对低摩擦地并且因此环保地运行该机械装置。
机械装置的零件合并进一步有利地导致构造形式紧凑；因此小齿轮轴承单元也可以更短时间地被实现。
其还导致重量减轻，这应该很有利于进行评价。
零件数量较小也意味着，可以方便地、快速地且因此费用较低地安装该装置。避免或者减小误差链是所提出的技术方案的、同样积极的伴随现象。
因此，尤其形成了集成的连接法兰或者小齿轮轴的小齿轮轴承单元。
相应地，首要规定，两个轴承内环沿着轴向接触。在这种情况下，预紧通过轴承环的测量和配合来调整。这意味着，在拧紧轴螺母之前，在内环之间一定具有一定的、精确限定出的缝隙，在用其预定的最大扭力矩来拧紧螺母时该缝隙消失了，这些内环产生了接触并且因此产生了理想的预紧。相应地，这些内环在拧紧螺母之后被夹紧。
但是通常地，所提出的技术方案也可以如此地实现，以致在轴承内环没有接触的情况下进行工作(在轴承零件的其它相同构造时，如上述那样)。在这种情况下，预紧通过预先规定轴螺母的拧紧扭矩来确定。但是，按照上述构造的内环的长度在这里也是重要的，因为集成在内环孔内的“花键”(形状配合地连接以传递扭矩)需要一定的长度，从而传递非常大的驱动扭矩。此外，在拧紧螺母之后，沿着轴向在轴承内环之间总是具有缝隙。
附图说明
在附图中示出了本发明的实施例。在附图中：
图1以径向剖视图示出了机械装置，该机械装置包括锥形小齿轮，该锥形小齿轮被支撑在壳体内；及
图2以图1的正视图示出了本发明的另一个实施例；其中锥形小齿轮没有被示出。
具体实施方式
在图1中能够看到机械装置1，该机械装置1是载重汽车(LKW)后桥传动装置的小齿轮轴承单元。轴件3即锥形小齿轮轴支撑在(后桥传动装置)壳体2内。轴件3借助轴承装置4、5被支撑，这些轴承装置4、5由两个锥形滚子轴承4和5构成。它们被定位在O形布置中，并且具有共同的轴承外环6，该轴承外环6直接由壳体2构成。相应地，锥形滚子11和17的两个座圈直接在壳体2内磨出。
此外，具有两个轴承内环7和8，在这种情况下规定，这些轴承内环中的一个即图1右边的轴承内环直接由轴件3构成。相应地，锥形滚子17的座圈直接在轴件3中磨出。
重要的是，至少一个轴承内环-目前是轴承内环7-在一个其轴向端部区域内具有直接由轴承内环7材料成型的套筒形突出部9。该设计为中空圆柱体形的突出部在没有间隔套筒的情况下直接接触邻近的轴承内环8的端面10。
在这里设置环形槽12以使套筒形突出部9确定地接触轴承内环8的端面10，该环形槽12也可以承担零件8和9之间的对中功能。
套筒形段9沿着轴向a在长度E上延伸。该长度E至少等于锥形滚子轴承4的锥形滚子11长度L的75％。当前，该长度E具有该长度L的大约120％。它可以如此地选择，以致在每种情况下，在两个轴承内环7、8之间可以不用间隔套筒(这尤其在图2的实施例中发挥了作用)。
在图1的布置中规定，锥形小齿轮轴3具有圆柱形对中段13，该对中段13设计用于与套筒形突出部9的圆柱形内表面14配合精确地配合作用。
锥形滚子轴承4的轴承内环7具有直接成型的法兰15。相应地，在壳体2上成型固定法兰16。
它产生了非常紧凑的构造形式，该构造形式的特点在于，在相关结构件之间的配合接合数量较少。相应地，缩小量(Setzbetrag)在机械装置运行期间相对较小，即以更好的方式来保持开始设定的预紧。
在图2中提供了可供备选的实施例。在这里放弃将锥形小齿轮轴3直接设计为轴承内环8；相应地，其在这里形成为单独的结构件。此外，下面这些也是重要的，即在轴承内环上、目前还在左轴承内环7上成型套筒形突出部9。
可以为油脂润滑或者机油润滑提供该轴承布置。密封件布置在相关的位置上。
附图标记清单
1 机械装置
2 壳体
3 轴件(锥形小齿轮轴)
4、5 轴承布置
4 锥形滚子轴承
5 锥形滚子轴承
6 轴承外环
7 轴承内环
8 轴承内环
9 套筒形突出部
10 端面
11 锥形滚子
12 环形槽
13 圆柱形对中段
14 圆柱形内表面
15 法兰
16 固定法兰
17 锥形滚子
a 轴向
L 锥形滚子的长度
E 套筒形突出部的长度

Claims (9)

1.一种机械装置(1)，该机械装置包括壳体(2)，轴件(3)借助轴承装置(4、5)可旋转地支撑在该壳体(2)内，其中轴承装置(4、5)具有两个沿着轴向可相互预紧的锥形滚子轴承，其中锥形滚子轴承(4、5)各自具有轴承外环(6)和轴承内环(7、8)，
其特征在于，至少一个轴承内环(7)在其轴向端部区域内具有直接由轴承内环(7)材料成型的套筒形突出部(9)，该突出部可直接地接触邻近的轴承内环(8)的端面(10)，其中，锥形滚子轴承之一(4)的轴承内环(7)设置有法兰(15)，其中，轴件(3)是机动车的后桥传动装置的小齿轮，其中，套筒形突出部(9)的长度(E)沿着轴向(a)具有锥形滚子轴承(4)的锥形滚子(11)的至少75％的长度(L)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的机械装置(1)，其特征在于，套筒形突出部(9)的长度(E)沿着轴向(a)具有锥形滚子轴承(4)的锥形滚子(11)的至少100％的长度(L)。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的机械装置(1)，其特征在于，该套筒形突出部(9)具有中空的圆柱形形状。
4.根据权利要求1所述的机械装置(1)，其特征在于，在套筒形突出部(9)接触的邻近轴承内环(8)端面为套筒形突出部(9)的端面提供环形槽(12)。
5.根据权利要求1所述的机械装置(1)，其特征在于，两个锥形滚子轴承(4，5)的轴承外环(6)形成一体。
6.根据权利要求5所述的机械装置(1)，其特征在于，两个锥形滚子轴承(4、5)的轴承外环(6)直接由壳体(2)构成。
7.根据权利要求1所述的机械装置(1)，其特征在于，锥形滚子轴承之一(5)的轴承内环(8)直接由轴件(3)构成。
8.根据权利要求7所述的机械装置(1)，其特征在于，轴件(3)具有圆柱形的对中段(13)，该对中段(13)设计用于与套筒形突出部(9)的圆柱形内表面(14)配合作用。
9.根据权利要求1所述的机械装置(1)，其特征在于，壳体(2)设置有固定法兰(16)。
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