CN104395381B - 纤维强化复合材料 - Google Patents

纤维强化复合材料 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104395381B
CN104395381B CN201380017712.8A CN201380017712A CN104395381B CN 104395381 B CN104395381 B CN 104395381B CN 201380017712 A CN201380017712 A CN 201380017712A CN 104395381 B CN104395381 B CN 104395381B
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China
Prior art keywords
epoxy resin
resin
less
composite
component
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CN104395381A (zh
Inventor
福田欣弘
松本隆之
南昌树
关根尚之
中岛正宪
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Yinnenshi Materials Co ltd
Subaru Corp
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Subaru Corp
JX Nippon Oil and Energy Corp
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Abstract

提供了一种纤维强化复合材料,其具有高水平的CAI和ILSS和其他机械性能,并且能够同时将I型层间断裂韧性值(GIC)和II型层间断裂韧性值(GIIC)改善至高水平。所述复合材料包括多个含强化纤维的层,其包含多种层合和固化预浸料;和各含强化纤维层的层间区域中的树脂层。所述树脂层包括树脂组合物的固化产品,其包含在其分子中具有式(1)表示的苯并噁嗪环的化合物、环氧树脂、固化剂、韧性改进剂和聚酰胺12粉末。所述复合材料具有至少300 J/m2的GIC以及至少1000 J/m2的GIIC(R1:C1‑C12链烷基等。在该式的芳环中,H至少在与氧原子键合的碳原子的邻位或对位键合至C。)。

Description

纤维强化复合材料
技术领域
本发明涉及纤维强化复合材料,其适合用于与汽车、铁路车辆、飞机、船舶及运动相关的应用中,以及建筑构件(例如风车)和其他与一般工业相关的应用中,所述纤维强化复合材料能够同时以高水平实现改善的I型层间断裂韧性GIC和II型层间断裂韧性GIIC,能够同时以高水平实现各种优异的机械性能,并且能够进一步减轻重量。
背景技术
由于纤维强化复合材料出色的力学性能,使得由各种纤维和基体树脂构成的纤维强化复合材料被广泛应用于汽车、铁路车辆、飞机、船舶、运动用品以及其他一般工业应用中。
由于纤维强化复合材料的性能在实际使用中的积累,使得纤维强化复合材料的应用范围最近已逐渐扩大。
作为这样的纤维强化复合材料的实例,已经提出了例如在专利公开1和专利公开2中使用具有苯并噁嗪环的化合物的那些。这些具有苯并噁嗪环的化合物具有优异的耐潮性和耐热性,但是韧性差。已经尝试通过混合环氧树脂或各种细微树脂颗粒来弥补这样的缺陷。
另一方面,出现了对纤维强化复合材料的进一步的质量减轻的需求,所述纤维强化复合材料被应用于汽车、铁路车辆、飞机、船舶、运动用品中的主要结构和其他一般工业应用,通过在高温和高湿度下同时全部以高水平实现这些应用所需的力学特性,特别是冲击后压缩强度(下文简称为CAI)、层间剪切强度(下文简称为ILSS)等。此外,需要同时将I型层间断裂韧性GIC和II型层间断裂韧性GIIC改善至更高的水平。然而,不能说在上文提到的专利公开中具体披露的实施例能够必然同时以高水平实现这些特性。
作为用于改善力学特性的技术,例如专利公开3,披露了为改善CAI将聚酰胺12微粒加入至热固性树脂,如环氧树脂。
采用这种技术的纤维强化复合材料能够使CAI维持在一定高的水平,但还不能在高温和高湿度下同时实现高CAI和高ILSS。
专利公开4披露了一种作为同时以高水平满足CAI和ILSS两者的碳纤维复合材料的复合材料,其具有树脂层的层压结构,所述树脂层包含交替层压的特定的聚酰胺微粒和含碳纤维的层。
然而,此公开并没有具体地披露包含具有苯并噁嗪环的化合物的层压结构的复合材料,以及具有苯并噁嗪环的化合物的优异特性难以实现。
在与飞机相关的应用中,由于在飞行过程中鸟类的撞击等或在维修过程中工具掉落时的冲击导致在纤维强化复合材料中可能发生分层。因此,需要同时将I型层间断裂韧性GIC和II型层间断裂韧性GIIC两者改善至高水平,并且需要开发这样的材料。
专利公开1: JP-2007-16121-A
专利公开2: JP-2010-13636-A
专利公开3: JP-2009-286895-A
专利公开4: JP-2009-221460-A。
发明概述
本发明的目的是提供一种纤维强化复合材料,所述复合材料具有高水平的力学特性,例如CAI和ILSS,并且能够同时将I型层间断裂韧性GIC和II型层间断裂韧性GIIC两者改善至高水平。
为达到上述目的,本发明人已经尝试生产具有层压结构的复合材料,其中层压了由包含具有苯并噁嗪环的特定化合物的组合物形成的多个含强化纤维的层和树脂层。因此发现:当在针对纤维强化复合材料通常所采用的加热和固化条件下将所述具有苯并噁嗪环的特定化合物、环氧树脂和聚酰胺12颗粒用作该组合物的起始材料时,所希望的层压结构很难获得,并且可能很少期待有对目标层间断裂韧性、机械强度等的进一步改善。然后本发明人进行了关于用于获得层压结构的制造条件的各种研究,发现所希望的效果是可以实现的,从而完成了本发明。
根据本发明,提供了一种纤维强化复合材料,其包括多个含强化纤维的层和位于相邻的含强化纤维的层之间的每个层间区域中的树脂层,通过固化多个预浸料的层压体得到所述层,其中所述树脂层由含有(A)在其分子中具有由式(1)表示的苯并噁嗪环的化合物、(B)环氧树脂、(C)固化剂、(D)韧性改进剂和(E)聚酰胺12粉末的树脂组合物的固化产物构成:
其中R1代表具有1-12个碳原子的链烷基、具有3-8个碳原子的环烷基、苯基或被具有1-12个碳原子的链烷基或卤素取代的苯基,并且氢原子在相对于与氧原子键合的碳原子的邻位或对位处键合至芳环的至少一个碳原子,
其中所述纤维强化复合材料具有不低于300 J/m2的I型层间断裂韧性GIC以及不低于1000 J/m2的II型层间断裂韧性GIIC
根据本发明的纤维强化复合材料具有高水平的力学特性,例如CAI和ILSS,并能同时将I型层间断裂韧性GIC和II型层间断裂韧性GIIC改善至高水平,所述纤维强化复合材料具有由含强化纤维的层和上文提到的树脂组合物的固化产物的树脂层构成的层压结构。因此,本发明的纤维强化复合材料可适于用在与汽车、铁路车辆、飞机、船舶及运动相关的应用中,以及建筑构件(例如风车)和其他与一般工业相关的应用中。
本发明的优选实施方式
现在将详细地解释本发明。
根据本发明的纤维强化复合材料(下文有时简称为本发明的复合材料)具有多个含强化纤维的层和由位于相邻的含强化纤维的层之间的每个层间区域中的特定的树脂组合物的固化产物的树脂层,并且具有特定值或更高值的I型层间断裂韧性GIC和II型层间断裂韧性GIIC
在本发明的复合材料中,GIC不低于300 J/m2,优选不低于400 J/m2,更优选不低于500 J/m2。最大值没有被特别地限定,为约800 J/m2。 GIIC不低于1000 J/m2,优选不低于1200 J/m2,更优选不低于1400 J/m2。最大值没有被特别地限定,为约3000 J/m2。如果GIC和GIIC之一甚至小于上文提到的最小值,则不会以高水平获得分层的抑制,而且复合材料的重量减轻可能是困难的。据推测,这些层间断裂韧性归结于本发明的复合材料具有层压结构以及树脂层由特定的树脂组合物的固化产物构成的事实。
在本发明中,具有含强化纤维的层和树脂层的层压结构可以通过在数字显微镜下对所述层压体的横截面拍照来确认。
在本发明的复合材料中,每个含强化纤维的层的厚度通常为90-140μm,优选为95-135μm,而每个树脂层的厚度通常为10-60μm,优选15-55μm。如本文所使用的,在所述树脂层的两侧上的含强化纤维的层中的强化纤维中,所述树脂层的厚度是其中不存在强化纤维的区域的厚度,并且是位于最接近所述树脂层的强化纤维的外表面之间的距离。
根据本发明的复合材料,例如可以通过由含有特定的树脂组合物和强化纤维的起始材料通过公知的方法制备预浸料、层压得到的预浸料并且在例如将在后文讨论的条件下固化被层压的预浸料来生产。
在本发明的复合材料中使用的特定的树脂组合物含有(A)在其分子中具有由式(1)表示的苯并噁嗪环的化合物、(B)环氧树脂、(C)固化剂、(D)韧性改进剂和(E)聚酰胺12粉末。
在树脂组合物中使用的组分(A)是由上述式(1)表示的苯并噁嗪树脂。
在式(1)中,R1代表具有1-12个碳原子的链烷基、具有3-8个碳原子的环烷基、苯基、或被具有1-12个碳原子的链烷基或卤素取代的苯基。
具有1-12个碳原子的链烷基可以是,例如甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基或叔丁基。
具有3-8个碳原子的环烷基可以是,例如环戊基或环己基。
被具有1-12个碳原子的链烷基或卤素取代的苯基可以是,例如苯基、邻甲基苯基、间甲基苯基、对甲基苯基、邻乙基苯基、间乙基苯基、对乙基苯基、邻叔丁基苯基、间叔丁基苯基、对叔丁基苯基、邻氯苯基或邻溴苯基。
在上述实例中,甲基、乙基、丙基、苯基、或邻甲基苯基因其赋予良好的可处理性的能力而被优选为R1
作为组分(A)的苯并噁嗪树脂,例如,由下式表示的单体、通过聚合一些单体的分子得到的低聚物或这些单体中的至少一种与具有这些单体以外的结构的苯并噁嗪环结构的化合物的反应产物是优选的:
由于苯并噁嗪环经过开环聚合而形成类似于酚树脂的骨架使得组分(A)赋予优异的耐火性。组分(A)由于其致密的结构还赋予优异的机械性能,例如低吸水性和高弹性。
在本发明的树脂组合物中使用的组分(B)环氧树脂控制所述组合物的粘度并提高所述组合物的可固化性。
组分(B)可优选为衍生自前体化合物,如胺、酚、羧酸或具有分子内不饱和碳的化合物的环氧树脂。
衍生自前体胺的环氧树脂的实例可以包括缩水甘油基化合物,例如四缩水甘油基二氨基二苯基甲烷或二甲苯二胺、三缩水甘油基氨基苯酚或缩水甘油基苯胺;它们的位置异构体;或它们的烷基或卤素取代的产物。
在下文中,当商业产品作为实例引述时,后文将要讨论的用动态粘弹计测定的25℃下的复数粘弹性(complex viscoelasticity)η*作为液体形式的那些产品的粘度提到。
四缩水甘油基二氨基二苯基甲烷的商业产品的实例可包括SUMIEPOXY(注册商标,下文中省略)、ELM434(由SUMITOMO CHEMICAL CO., LTD.制造)、ARALDITE(注册商标,下文中省略)MY720、ARALDITE MY721、ARALDITE MY9512、ARALDITE MY9612、ARALDITE MY9634、ARALDITE MY9663(全部由HUNTSMAN ADVANCED MATERIALS制造)和jER(注册商标,下文中省略)604(由MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL制造)。
三缩水甘油基氨基苯酚的商业产品的实例可包括jER 630(粘度:750 mPas)(由MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL制造)、ARALDITE MY0500(粘度:3500 mPas)和MY0510(粘度:600mPas)(均由HUNTSMAN ADVANCED MATERIALS制造)和ELM100(粘度:16000 mPas)(由SUMITOMO CHEMICAL CO., LTD.制造)。
缩水甘油基苯胺的商业产品的实例可包括GAN(粘度:120 mPaS)和GOT(粘度:60mPaS)(均由NIPPON KAYAKU CO., LTD.制造)。
衍生自前体酚的缩水甘油醚型环氧树脂的实例可以包括双酚A型环氧树脂、双酚F型环氧树脂、双酚S型环氧树脂、具有联苯骨架的环氧树脂、苯酚酚醛清漆型环氧树脂、甲酚酚醛清漆型环氧树脂、间苯二酚型环氧树脂、具有萘骨架的环氧树脂、三苯基甲烷型环氧树脂、苯酚芳烷基型环氧树脂、二环戊二烯型环氧树脂或二苯基芴型环氧树脂;它们的各种异构体;和它们的烷基或卤素取代的产物。
通过用氨基甲酸酯或异氰酸酯对衍生自前体酚的环氧树脂进行改性获得的环氧树脂也包括在这种类型中。
液体双酚A型环氧树脂的商业产品的实例可包括jER 825(粘度:5000 mPas)、jER826(粘度:8000 mPas)、jER 827(粘度:10000 mPas)、jER 828(粘度:13000 mPas)(全部由MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL制造)、EPICLON(注册商标,下文中省略)850(粘度:13000 mPas)(由DIC CORPORATION制造)、EPOTOHTO(注册商标,下文中省略)YD-128(粘度:13000 mPas)(由NIPPON STEEL CHEMICAL制造)、DER-331(粘度:13000 mPas)和DER-332(粘度:5000 mPas)(由THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY制造)。
固体或半固体双酚A型环氧树脂的商业产品的实例可包括jER 834、jER 1001、jER1002、jER 1003、jER 1004、jER 1004AF、jER 1007和jER 1009(全部由MITSUBISHICHEMICAL制造)。
液态双酚F型环氧树脂的商业产品的实例可包括jER 806(粘度为2000 mPas)、jER807(粘度:3500 mPas)、jER 1750(粘度:1300 mPas)、jER(全部由MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL制造)、EPICLON 830(粘度:3500 mPas)(由DIC CORPORATION制造)、EPOTOHTO YD-170(粘度:3500 mPas)和EPOTOHTO YD-175(粘度:3500 mPas)(均由NIPPON STEEL CHEMICAL制造)。
固体双酚F型环氧树脂的商业产品的实例可包括:jER 4004P、jER 4007P、jER4009P(全部由MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL制造)、EPOTOHTO YDF2001和EPOTOHTO YDF2004(均由NIPPON STEEL CHEMICAL制造)。
双酚S型环氧树脂的实例可包括EXA-1515(由DIC CORPORATION制造)。
具有联苯骨架的环氧树脂的商业产品的实例可包括jER YX4000H、jER YX4000、jER YL6616(全部由MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL制造)和NC-3000(由NIPPON KAYAKU CO., LTD.制造)。
苯酚线型酚醛清漆型环氧树脂的商业产品的实例可包括jER 152、jER 154(均由MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL制造)、EPICLON N-740、EPICLON N-770和EPICLON N-775(全部由DICCORPORATION制造)。
甲酚酚醛清漆型环氧树脂的商业产品的实例可包括:EPICLON N-660、EPICLON N-665、EPICLON N-670、EPICLON N-673、EPICLON N-695(全部由DIC CORPORATION制造)、EOCN-1020、EOCN-102S和EOCN-104S(全部由NIPPON KAYAKU CO., LTD.制造)。
间苯二酚型环氧树脂的商业产品的实例可包括:DENACOL(注册商标,下文中省略)、EX-201(粘度:250 mPas)(由NAGASE CHEMTEX CORPORATION制造)。
具有萘骨架的环氧树脂的商业产品的实例可包括EPICLON HP4032(由DICCORPORATION制造)、NC-7000和NC-7300(均由NIPPON KAYAKU CO., LTD.制造)。
三苯基甲烷型环氧树脂的商业产品的实例可包括TMH-574(由SUMITOMO CHEMICALCO., LTD.制造)。
二环戊二烯型环氧树脂的商业产品的实例可包括:EPICLON HP7200、EPICLONHP7200L、EPICLON HP7200H(全部由DIC CORPORATION制造)、Tactix(注册商标)558(由HUNTSMAN ADVANCED MATERIALS制造)、XD-1000-1L和XD-1000-2L(均由NIPPON KAYAKUCO., LTD.制造)。
用氨基甲酸酯或异氰酸酯改性的环氧树脂的商业产品的实例可包括具有噁唑烷酮环的AER4152(由ASAHI KASEI E-MATERIALS CORP.制造)。
衍生自前体羧酸的环氧树脂的实例可包括缩水甘油化的邻苯二甲酸、六氢邻苯二甲酸、缩水甘油化的二聚酸和它们的各种异构体。
邻苯二甲酸二缩水甘油酯的商业产品的实例可包括EPOMIK(注册商标,下文中省略)R508(粘度:4000 mPas)(由MITSUI CHEMICALS INC.制造)和DENACOL EX-721(粘度:980mPas)(由NAGASE CHEMTEX CORPORATION制造)。
六氢邻苯二甲酸二缩水甘油酯的商业产品的实例可包括EPOMIK R540(粘度:350mPaS)(由MITSUI CHEMICALS INC.制造)和AK-601(粘度:300 mPaS)(由NIPPON KAYAKUCO., LTD.制造) 。
二聚酸的二缩水甘油酯的商业产品的实例可包括jER 871(粘度:650 mPas)(由MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL制造)和EPOTOHTO YD-171(粘度:650 mPas)(由NIPPON STEELCHEMICAL制造)。
衍生自具有分子内不饱和碳的前体化合物的环氧树脂的实例可包括脂环族环氧树脂。
更具体地,3,4-环氧基环己烷甲酸(3',4'-环氧基环己烷)甲酯的商业产品的实例可包括CELLOXIDE(注册商标,下文中省略)2021P(粘度:250 mPas)(由DAICEL CHEMICALINDUSTRIES, LTD.制造)和CY179(粘度:400 mPas)(由HUNTSMAN ADVANCED MATERIALS制造),3,4-环氧基环己烷甲酸(3',4'-环氧基环己烷)辛酯的商业产品的实例可包括CELLOXIDE 2081(粘度:100 mPaS)(由DAICEL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, LTD.制造),并且1-甲基-4-(2-甲基环氧乙烷基)-7-氧杂双环[4.1.0]庚烷的商业产品的实例可包括CELLOXIDE 3000(粘度:20 mPaS)(由DAICEL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, LTD.制造)。
在25℃下为液体形式的环氧树脂的25℃粘度越低,粘着性和包模性能(drapingproperties)方面则越好。环氧树脂的25℃粘度优选不低于5 mPas且不高于20000 mPas,5mPas是作为商业环氧树脂可获得的最低值,更优选不低于5 mPas且不高于15000 mPas。在超过20000 mPas时,粘着性和包模性能可能会下降。
在25℃下为固体形式的环氧树脂因其赋予改进的耐火性能的较高的芳基含量而是优选的,且实例可包括具有联苯骨架的环氧树脂,具有萘骨架的环氧树脂或苯酚芳烷基型环氧树脂。
在所述树脂组合物中,组分(A)和(B)的优选含量分别为通常65-78质量%、优选70-75质量%的组分(A)以及通常22-35质量%、优选25-30质量%的组分(B),以组分(A)和组分(B)的总和为100质量%计。当组分(A)的含量小于65质量%而组分(B)的含量超过35质量%时,所得到的纤维强化复合材料的ILSS低,并且固化树脂产物的玻璃化转变温度低。
所述树脂组合物中的组分(C)固化剂可以是,例如一种芳族胺或两种或更多种芳族胺的混合物,所述芳族胺例如二乙基甲苯二胺,间苯二胺,二氨基二苯基甲烷,二氨基二苯基砜,间二甲苯二胺,以及它们的衍生物;脂族胺,例如三亚乙基四胺和异佛尔酮二胺;咪唑衍生物;双氰胺;四甲基胍;羧酸酐,例如甲基六氢邻苯二甲酸酐;酰肼,如己二酰肼;酰胺;单官能酚;多官能酚化合物,如双酚A;双(4 - 羟基苯基)硫醚;多酚化合物;聚硫醇;羧酸盐;以及路易斯酸络合物,如三氟化硼乙胺络合物。在这些物质中,芳族胺、磺酸酯、单官能酚或多官能酚化合物(例如双酚A)和多酚化合物的一种或两种或更多种的混合物是优选的。
固化剂与组分(A)的苯并噁嗪化合物和组分(B)的环氧树脂反应以得到具有优异的耐热性和耐潮性的纤维强化复合材料。
在所述树脂组合物中,相对于100质量份的组分(A)和组分(B)的总和,组分(C)的含量通常为5-20质量份,优选7-15质量份。在小于5质量份时,固化反应变慢,从而需要高温和长反应时间以提高整体的树脂组合物的固化程度。在超过20质量份时,机械性能,例如固化产物的玻璃化转变温度可能是差的。
在所述树脂组合物中,韧性改进剂(D)可溶于所述树脂组合物中,并且可以是选自无机微粒、有机微粒或具有分散在其中的无机微粒和/或有机微粒的液态树脂或树脂单体的至少一种。
如本文所使用的,分散是指组分(D)的微粒被分散在组合物中,而且所述微粒和所述组合物的成分具有相互的亲和力并处于均匀或混合的状态中。
液态树脂或树脂单体的实例可以包括反应性弹性体、HYCAR CTBN改性的环氧树脂、HYCAR CTB改性的环氧树脂、聚氨酯改性的环氧树脂、其中添加了丁腈橡胶的环氧树脂、其中添加了交联的丙烯酸类橡胶微粒的环氧树脂、硅改性的环氧树脂以及其中添加了热塑性弹性体的环氧树脂。
有机微粒的实例可以包括热固性树脂微粒、热塑性树脂微粒和它们的混合物。
热固性树脂微粒的实例可包括环氧树脂微粒、酚树脂微粒、三聚氰胺树脂微粒、脲树脂微粒、硅树脂微粒、聚氨酯树脂微粒以及它们的混合物。
热塑性树脂微粒的实例可包括共聚的聚酯树脂微粒、苯氧基树脂微粒、聚酰亚胺树脂微粒、聚酰胺树脂微粒、丙烯酸类微粒、丁二烯-丙烯腈树脂微粒、苯乙烯微粒、烯烃微粒、尼龙微粒、丁二烯-甲基丙烯酸烷基酯-苯乙烯共聚物、丙烯酸酯-甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物以及它们的混合物。
作为丙烯酸类微粒,可以使用Nanostrength M22(商品名,由ARKEMA制造),这是一种市售的甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丙烯酸丁酯-甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物。
所述丙烯酸类微粒可以通过如下制备:(1)单体的聚合,(2)聚合物的化学处理,或(3)聚合物的机械粉碎。然而,因为由该方法得到的颗粒不细并且形状不规则使得方法(3)是不优选的。
所述聚合可以通过,例如乳液聚合、无皂乳液聚合、分散聚合、种子聚合、悬浮聚合或它们的组合实施。其中,乳液聚合和/或种子聚合可用来提供具有微小直径及部分交联的、核/壳、中空的或极性(环氧基、羧基或羟基等)结构的微粒。
市售的核/壳微粒的实例可以包括STAFILOID AC3355(商品名,由GANZ CHEMICALCO., LTD.制造)、F351(商品名,由ZEON CORPORATION制造)、KUREHA PARALOID EXL-2655(商品名,由KUREHA CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CO., LTD.制造)和MX120(商品名,由KANEKACORPORATION制造)。
相对于100质量份组分的组分(A)和(B)的总和,组分(D)在所述树脂组合物中的含量优选为3-20质量份,更优选5-15质量份。在低于3质量份时,所述树脂组合物的韧性可能不会得到改善,并且在所述树脂组合物的固化过程中可能引起裂纹的产生,而在超过20质量份时,所述树脂组合物的耐热性可能是低的。
所述树脂组合物中使用的组分(E)的聚酰胺12粉末能够在本发明组合物中保持粉末状,并具有优选不低于170℃、更优选为175至185℃的熔点。如本文所使用的,熔点是用差示扫描量热计以每分钟10℃的温升速率测得的熔化热处于峰值时的温度。
作为组分(E)的聚酰胺12粉末,优选单独地使用具有不小于1μm且小于15μm、优选不小于5μm且小于15μm的平均粒径的聚酰胺12粉末(E1),或不小于15μm且不大于60μm、优选不小于15μm且不大于30μm的聚酰胺12粉末(E2)。通过它们的平均粒径区分组分(D2)和组分(D1)的原因是将这些组分的含量调节成不同的将有利于实现本发明所期望的效果。
如本文所使用的,平均粒径是指在扫描电子显微镜(SEM)下扩大×200到×500测得的100个任意选择的颗粒中的每一个颗粒的长轴直径的平均数。
组分(E)可以是商业产品,例如VESTOSINT1111、VESTOSINT2070、VESTOSINT2157、VESTOSINT2158或VESTOSINT2159(全部为注册商标,由DAICEL-EVONIK LTD.制造)。
组分(E)优选为球形颗粒,从而不损坏所述树脂组合物的流动性,但也可以使用非球形的颗粒。
相对于100质量份的组分(A)和(B)的总和,组分(E1)当作为组分(E)使用时的含量为20-30质量份,优选20-25质量份。在小于20质量份时,CAI是低的,而在超过30质量份时,ILSS可能是低的。
相对于100质量份的组分(A)和(B)的总和,组分(E2)当作为组分(E)使用时的含量为不小于5质量份且小于20质量份,优选7-18质量份。在小于5质量份时,CAI和韧性可能是低的,而在不小于20质量份时,ILSS可能是低的。
只要不会使所述组合物的特性受损,本发明的组合物可以任选地包含例如纳米碳、阻燃剂或脱模剂。
纳米碳的实例可包括碳纳米管、富勒烯和它们的衍生物。
阻燃剂的实例可以包括红磷、磷酸酯和硼酸酯,所述磷酸酯例如磷酸三苯酯、磷酸三甲苯酯、磷酸三二甲苯酯、磷酸甲苯酯二苯酯、磷酸二甲苯酯二苯酯、磷酸间苯二酚酯联苯酯和双酚A双(二苯基磷酸酯)。
脱模剂的实例可包括硅油、硬脂酸酯和巴西棕榈蜡。
没有特别限定,所述树脂组合物可通过任何方法进行捏合,并且可以在,例如捏合机、行星式混合器、双螺杆挤出机等中捏合。对于颗粒组分的分散而言,优选通过均质混合器、三辊磨机、球磨机、珠磨机、或超声波预先将颗粒分散在苯并噁嗪树脂组合物的液态树脂组分中。需要时,可以在加热/冷却和/或增压/减压下进行诸如与基体树脂的混合或颗粒的预先分散的过程。这对于良好的储存稳定性以立即将捏合的产物储存在冰箱或冰柜中而言是优选的。
考虑到粘着性和包模性能,所述树脂组合物的50℃下的粘度优选为10-3000 Pas,更优选为10-2500 Pas,最优选100-2000 Pas。在小于10 Pas时,随着时间的推移,由于树脂吸收到含强化纤维的层中使得所述树脂组合物的粘着性变化可能是显著的。在超过3000Pas时,粘着性低,并且包模性能可能劣化。
在本发明的复合材料的生产中使用的强化纤维可优选为,例如玻璃、碳、石墨、芳族聚酰胺、硼、氧化铝或碳化硅纤维。可以使用这些纤维中的两种或更多种的混合物,并且为了提供更轻且更耐用的模制品,碳纤维和石墨纤维是优选使用的。
在本发明中,可以根据不同的应用使用不同类型的碳纤维和石墨纤维。为提供具有优异的耐冲击性、高刚性和良好的机械强度的复合材料,该纤维优选具有通过绞线拉伸试验测得的150-650 GPa、更优选200-550 GPa、最优选230-500 GPa的拉伸弹性模量。
如本文所使用的,绞线拉伸试验是指其中用将在下文提到的组合物的树脂浸渍强化纤维束、在130℃下固化35分钟并根据JIS R7601(1986)进行测量的试验。
所述强化纤维的形式没有特别限定,可以是单向取向的连续纤维、丝束、织物、毡、针织物、编织物和被切碎成长度小于10毫米的短纤维。
如本文所使用的,所述连续纤维是单丝或基本上连续10mm或更长的纤维束。所述短纤维是被切碎成长度小于10毫米的纤维束。对于特别要求高比强度和高比弹性的应用而言,强化纤维束在布置上最优选为单向取向的,但易处理的布(织物)也适于用在本发明中。
通过用树脂组合物浸渍强化纤维得到用于制备本发明的复合材料的预浸料。
浸渍可以通过湿法进行,在所述湿法中所述树脂组合物溶解在溶剂(如甲基乙基酮或甲醇)中以降低其粘度并渗透,或通过热熔法(干法)进行,其中所述树脂组合物被加热以降低其粘度并渗透。
所述湿法包括将强化纤维浸泡在树脂组合物的溶液中,将纤维拉伸,在烘箱或类似物中蒸发溶剂。所述热熔法包括直接用所述树脂组合物浸渍所述强化纤维,所述树脂组合物的粘度已通过加热降低;或将所述树脂组合物涂布在离型纸或类似物上以制备所述组合物的膜,用膜覆盖在所述强化纤维的一侧或两侧上,并对带有膜的纤维进行加热和加压以使所述树脂渗透入所述强化纤维中。
由于基本没有溶剂残留在所得的预浸料中使得所述热熔法是优选的。
所得到的预浸料优选具有70-3000 g/m2的每单位面积的强化纤维含量。在低于70g/m2时,为了获得本发明的复合材料的预定厚度,需要增加预浸料的层数,这使得操作复杂化。另一方面,在超过3000 g/m2时,预浸料的包模性能趋于劣化。当预浸料是平面的或简单弯曲时,强化纤维的含量可能超过3000 g/m2。强化纤维的重量分数优选为30-90质量%,更优选为35-85质量%,最优选40-80质量%。在小于30质量%时,过量的树脂可能不利于复合材料具有优异的比强度和比弹性的优点,或在复合材料的模塑过程中一经固化可能产生过量的热量。在强化纤维的重量分数超过90质量%时,则可能产生树脂的浸渍缺陷,导致复合材料中的空隙增加。
可以通过,例如层压预浸料,并在特定条件下加热和固化所述树脂,同时将压力施加到层压体将所述预浸料制成本发明的复合材料。
当通过在常规条件下在约180℃下保持1-5小时进行所述加热和固化时,不可能在所得到的复合材料中得到确定的层压结构,因此不能达到本发明所期望的效果。
用于生产本发明的复合材料的加热和固化条件可以是,例如在压力下多阶段地将所述预浸料的层压体从室温加热至160-200℃,或以0.1-5℃/min的升温速率将所述层压体从室温加热至160-200℃。加热的总时长通常为0.5-30小时,并优选当温度达到160-200℃,将所述层压体保持1-5小时。
可以通过,例如压制成型、高压釜成型、真空成型、绕带法(tape-wrapping)或内部压力成型进行加热和加压。
所述绕带法包括围绕芯(例如心轴)缠绕预浸料,以形成复合材料的管状体,并且适用于生产棒状制品,如高尔夫球杆和钓鱼杆。更具体地,围绕心轴缠绕预浸料,在预浸料之上缠绕由热塑性膜制成的缠绕带,以固定所述预浸料并将压力施加至所述预浸料,在烘箱中对树脂进行加热固化,并抽出心轴得到管状体。
所述内部压力成型包括围绕内部压力支撑体(例如热塑性树脂管)缠绕预浸料,以得到预成型件,将所述预成型件固定在模具中,并在内部压力支撑体中引入高压气体,以将压力施加至所述预成型件,同时加热所述模具,以获得成型的产品。此方法适用于生产具有复杂形状的制品,如高尔夫球杆、球棒和网球拍或羽毛球拍。
或者,可以通过用树脂组合物直接浸渍强化纤维基材并固化该树脂来得到本发明的复合材料。例如,所述复合材料可以通过将强化纤维基材放置在模具中、将树脂组合物浇注到所述模具中以用该组合物浸渍所述基材并固化所述组合物而获得;或通过层压强化纤维基材以及树脂组合物膜,并向层压体施加热量和压力而获得。
如本文所使用的,树脂组合物膜是指通过将预定量的树脂组合物以均匀的厚度施加到离型纸或离型膜上制备的膜。所述强化纤维基材可以是单向取向的连续纤维、双向织物、非织造织物、毡、针织物或编织物。
术语“层压”不仅包括简单地将强化纤维基材互相叠加,还包括通过使强化纤维基材附着在各种模具或芯材上的预成型。
所述芯材可优选为泡沫芯或蜂窝状芯。所述泡沫芯可优选由聚氨酯或聚酰亚胺制成。所述蜂窝芯可优选为铝芯、玻璃芯或芳族聚酰胺芯。
本发明的复合材料具有通常不低于230 MPa、优选不低于280 MPa的冲击后压缩强度(CAI)、通常不低于40 MPa、优选不低于50 MPa 的层间剪切强度(ILSS),以及通常不低于300 J/m2、优选不低于400 J/m2的I型层间断裂韧性GIC以及通常不低于1000 J/m2、优选不低于1400 J/m2的II型层间断裂韧性GIIC,以上全部都在后文的实施例中所讨论的条件下测定。
实施例
现在将参照实施例具体地解释本发明,这些实施例并不意在限制本发明。各种性能采用下列方法测定。结果示于表1和表2中。
实施例1-5和对比例1和2
在每个实施例和对比例中,以表1和表2中示出的比例混合起始材料以制备树脂组合物。
所使用的起始材料如下:
组分(A):苯并噁嗪树脂
F-a(双酚F-苯胺型,由SHIKOKU CHEMICALS CORPORATION制造)
P-a(苯酚-苯胺型,由SHIKOKU CHEMICALS CORPORATION制造)
组分(B):环氧树脂
CELLOXIDE(注册商标)2021P(由DAICEL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, LTD.制造)
双酚A型二缩水甘油醚(YD-128,由NIPPON STEEL CHEMICAL制造)
组分(C):固化剂
双(4-羟基苯基)硫醚(由TOKYO CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CO., LTD.制造)
组分(D):韧性改进剂
Nanostrength(M22,由ARKEMA制造)
组分(E)
VESTOSINT(注册商标)2157(平均粒径为55μm的聚酰胺12,由DAICEL-EVONIK LTD.制造)
VESTOSINT(注册商标)2158(平均粒径为20μm的聚酰胺12,由DAICEL-EVONIK LTD.制造)
VESTOSINT(注册商标)2159(平均粒径为10μm的聚酰胺12,由DAICEL-EVONIK LTD.制造)
VESTOSINT(注册商标)2170(平均粒径为5μm的聚酰胺12,由DAICEL-EVONIK LTD.制造)。
<预浸料粘着性测试>
将得到的树脂组合物施涂在离型纸上,得到树脂膜。将两个该膜布置在单向取向的碳纤维的上方和下方以进行渗透,由此得到预浸料。该预浸料的每单位面积的碳纤维含量为150 g/m2,并且每单位面积的基体树脂的含量为67 g/m2
通过触摸来确定所得到的预浸料的粘着性。在将离型纸从预浸料的表面剥离之后,立即用手指按压预浸料。具有中等粘着性的那些用“○”标记,具有略微过多或略微过少的粘着性的那些用“Δ”标记,而具有太多的粘着性导致无法从手指剥离的那些以及具有太少的粘性导致无法粘住手指的那些用“×”标记。
<CAI的测量>
将得到的预浸料以[+45°/0°/-45°/90°]4S的结构准各向同性地层压在32层中,并在高压釜中通过阶梯式加热从室温加热至180 ℃并在180 ℃保持2小时而固化,从而获得CFRP。按照SACMA SRM2R-94,从该CFRP中切出150mm长×100mm宽的试样,并将6.7 J/mm的落锤冲击施加至该试样的中心上,以确定冲击后压缩强度。
<ILSS的测量>
将得到的预浸料以0度方向层压在12层中,并在高压釜中通过阶梯式加热从室温加热至180 ℃并在180 ℃保持2小时而固化,从而获得CFRP。根据ASTM D2402-07,从该CFRP中切出在0度方向为13mm且宽度为6.35mm的矩形试样,并根据ASTM D2402-07,将试样在71℃的温水中浸泡2周以充分吸收水。然后在82℃测定该试样的层间剪切强度。
<含强化纤维的层和树脂层的确认>
将得到的预浸料以[+45°/0°/-45°/90°]4S的结构准各向同性地层压在32层中,并在高压釜中通过阶梯式加热从室温加热至180 ℃并在180 ℃保持2小时而固化,从而获得CFRP。将所得到的CFRP切断并抛光该切断面。在显微镜(由KEYENCE CORPORATION制造)下对抛光的切断面拍照。在该照片上确认含强化纤维的层和树脂层。
<层间断裂韧性GIC和GIIC的测量>
将得到的预浸料以0度方向层压在26层中,并在高压釜中通过阶梯式的加热从室温加热至180 ℃并在180 ℃保持2小时而固化,从而获得CFRP。按照JIS K7086,从该CFRP中切出在0度方向为250mm且宽度为25mm的矩形试样,并进行测量。
从表2中可以看出,在对比例1中,不含聚酰胺12,CAI和GIIC是低的,在对比例2中,固化剂的量增加,CAI和GIIC是低的。

Claims (6)

1.一种纤维强化复合材料,其包括多个含强化纤维的层和位于相邻的含强化纤维的层之间的每个层间区域中的树脂层,通过以多阶段将多个预浸料的层压体从室温加热至160-200℃的固化温度以固化所述层压体而得到所述层,其中所述树脂层由含有(A)在其分子中具有由式(1)表示的苯并噁嗪环的化合物、(B)环氧树脂、(C)固化剂、(D)韧性改进剂和(E)聚酰胺12粉末的树脂组合物的固化产物构成:
其中R1代表具有1-12个碳原子的链烷基、具有3-8个碳原子的环烷基、苯基或被具有1-12个碳原子的链烷基或卤素取代的苯基,并且氢原子在相对于与氧原子键合的碳原子的邻位或对位处键合至芳环的至少一个碳原子,
其中以组分(A)和组分(B)的总和为100质量%计,组分(A)为65-78质量%,组分(B)为22-35质量%,
其中所述纤维强化复合材料具有不低于300 J/m2的I型层间断裂韧性GIC、不低于1000J/m2的II型层间断裂韧性GIIC、不低于230 MPa的冲击后压缩强度(CAI)、以及不低于40 MPa的层间剪切强度(ILSS)。
2.根据权利要求1的复合材料,其中所述(B)环氧树脂是选自甲酚线型酚醛清漆型环氧树脂、苯酚线型酚醛清漆型环氧树脂、具有联苯骨架的环氧树脂、具有萘骨架的环氧树脂、芳族缩水甘油酯型环氧树脂、芳族胺型环氧树脂、间苯二酚型环氧树脂和环状环氧树脂的至少一种环氧树脂。
3.根据权利要求1或2的复合材料,其中所述(C)固化剂是选自芳族胺、单官能苯酚、多官能苯酚化合物或多酚化合物的至少一种。
4.根据权利要求1或2的复合材料,其中所述(D)韧性改进剂是选自无机微粒、有机微粒或具有分散在其中的无机微粒和/或有机微粒的液态树脂或树脂单体的至少一种。
5.根据权利要求1或2的复合材料,其中所述(E)聚酰胺12粉末具有不小于1μm且小于15μm的平均粒径,并且相对于(A)化合物和(B)环氧树脂的总和100质量份,所述(E)聚酰胺12粉末的含量为20至30质量份。
6.根据权利要求1或2的复合材料,其中所述(E)聚酰胺12粉末具有不小于15μm且不大于60μm的平均粒径,并且相对于(A)化合物和(B)环氧树脂的总和100质量份,所述(E)聚酰胺12粉末的含量为不小于5质量份且小于20质量份。
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