CN104359905B - 一种汞离子可视化快速检测方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供一种汞离子可视化快速检测方法。本发明的方法是通过往一定浓度的探针试剂中滴加检测离子,通过肉眼观察溶液颜色的方式进行检测。该方法不仅可以实用于实验室中溶于有机试剂中的汞离子定性、定量检测,也可应用于生活用水检测。本发明的检测方法选择性高,操作简便高效。该方法在生物医药化学,环境科学等领域具有重要的实际应用价值。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于化学分析检测领域,尤其涉及到一种汞离子可视化检测方法。
技术背景
汞离子是一种毒性较强的重金属离子。环境中汞离子的主要来自工业废水的排放等途径,它在湖泊、海洋中细菌的作用下,可转化为毒性更大的甲基汞,并不断在鱼类等生物体内累积,严重危害生态环境及人体健康.汞离子还可与人体内蛋白质中的某些基团(如巯基)结合,使细胞内许多代谢(如蛋白质和核酸的合成、能量的生成等)受到影响,从而影响细胞的生长和功能。汞中毒是较常见的职业病之一,如汞矿的开采、冶炼,制选汞齐,实验、测量仪器的制造和维修。化学工业用汞作阴极电解食盐,生产烧碱和氯气。军工生产中雷汞的使用,塑料、染料工业用汞作催化剂,医药及农业生产中含汞防腐剂、杀菌剂、灭藻剂、除草剂的使用等等。如防护不当,均可引起汞中毒。汞对人体的危害主要累及中枢神经系统、消化系统及肾脏,此外对呼吸系统、皮肤、血液及眼睛也有一定的影响。它能在生物体内累计,通过食物链转移到人体内,人体累计的微量汞无法通过自身代谢进行排泄,将直接导致心脏,肝,甲状腺疾病,慢性汞中毒甚至引起恶性肿瘤的形成。溶解态的汞离子往往具有较高的活性,是排入天然水体汞污染物的主要存在形式,其化合物具有较好的水溶性,也是各种汞形态转化的枢纽,因此,适时、灵敏地检测汞离子对环境保护具有重要的意义。
对于汞离子标准的检测方法有很多种,比如双硫腙法在汞的比色分析中应用最广,已成为检测汞的国家标准方法之一。测试时将pH为0-13的水溶液与含双硫腙的有机溶液一起摇匀。汞离子与双硫腙反应生成的络盐完全进入有机相中,根据络盐在最大吸收波长490nm下的吸收值就可以对汞离子进行检测。然而在1998年孙俊梅等人以喹宁为衍生试剂,将其负载在阳离子交换树脂上制成喹啉负载树脂,吸附汞络阴离子后用ICP-AES法测定汞的含量,测得检出限为7×10-12mol/L。原子吸收光谱法是基于气态原子对于同种原子发射出来的特征光谱辐射具有吸收能力,通过测量试样的吸光度来分析的一种方法。1999年A.veselova等人用壳聚糖辣根过氧化物酶固定化,以邻联菌香胺为显色剂,二者混合固定在聚亚安酯泡沫塑料上,根据颜色变化对样品中汞含量进行定量分析。该分析体系对Hg2+的检测线可达5×10-12mol/L,检测区间为5×10-12mol/L~5×10-9mol/L。2009年李丹等人采用二氯化锡作为还原剂,在硝酸体系下用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定陆地水中衡量汞,对选择条件进行优化处理后具有较低的检出限为5×10-12mol/L可用于湖泊水生态环境评价样品中汞衡量的测定。这些技术具有较高的灵敏度和选择性并常用于离子定量检测,但这些方法仪器昂贵,测定时样品的预处理比较复杂,检测不够迅速,干扰大等问题,所以应用受到一定的限制。同时为了有效减少汞的污染,简单迅速的检测工业废水中汞的含量也成了环境保护及控制较少汞的排放的重要手段之一。因此迫切需要一类新的检测试剂,能很好的满足以上几个要求。本专利提供的方法快速,简单易操作,成本低。本发明设计合成的这类螺噁嗪衍生物具有结构相对简单且易于合成的特点。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种汞离子可视化检测方法,是一种化学稳定性高,对汞离子有好的选择性和灵敏度的方法。
为了实现上述目的本发明采取如下方案:
一种汞离子针对性检测的探针,其特征在于,所述探针结构式如下:
通式中R=-CH3,-CH2CH3,-CH2CH2CH3,-CH2OH,-CH2COOH,
所述的汞离子检测新型探针制备方法,其特征在于:
(1)往配好的探针溶液(10-5mol/L)中滴加不同量的汞离子,仔细观察溶液的颜色,发现滴入的汞离子浓度为0mol/L,溶液颜色为淡紫色,浓度小于10-8mol/L时溶液颜色仍然为淡紫色,(1.0-10.0)×10-7mol/L时溶液颜色为深紫色,为(0.5-5)×10-5mol/L溶液颜色为蓝色,为(0.5-5)×10-4mol/L溶液颜色为蓝绿色,大于10-3mol/L溶液颜色为绿色,得到汞离子浓度标准比色卡。
(2)本发明的探针对汞离子有很好的选择性,在一定浓度的探针试剂中滴加同等浓度的金属离子(Pb2、Ni2+、Na+、Fe2+、K+、Cr2+、Ag+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Hg2+),充分摇匀后,用锡纸将其避光处理,滴加完毕后摇晃均匀,仔细观察所有菌种瓶中溶液的颜色,与汞离子浓度标准比色卡比较,发现滴有汞离子的菌种瓶中溶液变为了深紫色,而滴有其它的金属离子溶液中肉眼看不出明显的变化。增加所有金属离子的浓度至10-5mol/L,进行滴加时发现唯有滴加锌离子的菌种瓶中溶液颜色变蓝。
(3)本发明的探针试剂不仅对实验室溶于有机试剂乙腈中的汞离子可进行定性检测同时也可对生活的水质进行检测。
附图说明:
图1:探针试剂中滴加不同金属离子后溶液颜色的变化图。
图2:汞离子浓度标准比色卡图。
图3:照片中第一个菌种瓶是探针剂溶液,第二个菌种瓶则是加入生活污水后的溶液,其余菌种瓶是滴完生活污水后再滴加预先配好的不同浓度的汞离子溶液。
图4:照片中第一个菌种瓶表示的是纯探针试剂溶液,第二个菌种瓶则是加入生活污水后的溶液,第三个菌种瓶则是加入处理过的工业废水后的溶液,其余菌种瓶是滴完工业废水后再滴加预先配好的不同浓度的汞离子溶液。
具体实施方式:
下面通过实例对本发明做进一步的说明。
实施案例1:
汞离子浓度标准比色卡的配置方法如以下步骤所示。
a将菌种瓶清洗干净备用。
b由于实验的需要,预先配好不同浓度的汞离子,浓度由大到小,在菌种瓶上贴好标签纸,在瓶外壁用锡纸裹上。
c往配好的探针溶液(10-5mol/L)中滴加不同量的汞离子,仔细观察溶液的颜色,发现滴入的汞离子浓度为0mol/L,溶液颜色为淡紫色,浓度小于10-8mol/L时溶液颜色仍然为淡紫色,(1.0-10.0)×10-7mol/L时溶液颜色为深紫色,为(0.5-5)×10-5mol/L溶液颜色为蓝色,为(0.5-5)×10-4mol/L溶液颜色为蓝绿色,大于10-3mol/L溶液颜色为绿色,得到汞离子浓度标准比色卡。
实施案例2:
本发明的探针对汞离子有很好的选择性。
a预先将所要使用的10mL容量瓶洗干净(超声处理),容量瓶洗净烘干待用,将螺噁嗪衍生物与乙腈在10mL的容量瓶中配成浓度为10-3mol/L的溶液,移取1mL,定容为100mL,配成浓度为10-5mol/L的溶液。所有的容量瓶都使用锡纸包裹,避光处理。防止自然中的少许紫外光对其有影响,由于该探针材料为光致变色材料,在特定波长的紫外光激发下,螺碳氧键就会发生异裂,生成开环的部花菁结构,从而对测试有影响。
b金属离子溶液的配制:称取相应的金属盐(高氯酸盐),在乙腈溶液中配制成实验所需要的浓度。密封保存好待用。
c将配好的探针溶液装入十个2mL菌种瓶中(菌种瓶是预先清洗干净的),往菌种瓶中逐一滴加配好的金属离子,所配的金属离子浓度为10-5mol/L,所滴加的金属离子的体积为0.02mL,当滴入到菌种瓶中后,此时金属离子浓度为10-7mol/L,同等摩尔量的金属离子(Pb2+、Ni2+、Na+、Fe2+、K+、Cr2+、Ag+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Hg2+),滴加完毕后摇晃均匀,仔细观察所有菌种瓶中溶液的颜色,与汞离子浓度标准比色卡比较,发现滴有汞离子的菌种瓶中溶液变为了深紫色,而滴有其它的金属离子溶液中肉眼看不出明显的变化。继续增加金属离子的浓度时发现,唯有滴加锌离子浓度增加至10-5mol/L时发现溶液颜色变蓝。干扰离子的浓度是汞离子的100倍。
实施案例3:
本发明的探针试剂不仅对实验室溶于有机试剂乙腈中的汞离子可进行定性检测同时也可对生活中污水的汞离子进行检测,其操作方法如下:
a使用预先洗净烘干的菌种瓶配成同等浓度(10-4mol/L)的探针试剂,配溶液的方法如实施案例1中所述。在瓶子外层裹上一层锡纸,避光处理。
b取适量的生活污水装入容量瓶中待用。
c在第一个菌种瓶中加入事先配好的0.2mL的探针试剂,然后加入1.8mL的生活污水,充分摇匀后,无颜色变化,静置后溶液的颜色依旧没有明显变化,为了进一步说明该探针试剂的可靠性,继续往该探针溶液中滴加0.02mL的不同浓度的预先配好的汞离子溶液,摇匀后发现溶液的颜色变化与之前直接加入实验室所配的汞离子溶液颜色变化一致。
实施案例4:
本发明的探针试剂也可对工业废水中的汞离子进行检测,其操作方法如下:
a使用预先洗净烘干的菌种瓶配成同等浓度(10-4mol/L)的探针试剂,配溶液的方法如实施案例1中所述。在瓶子外层裹上一层锡纸,避光处理。
b取回来的水通过过滤器将其水中的固体颗粒杂质去除,以免影响测试结果。
c同测试生活污水中汞含量方法一致,取一个菌种瓶加入事先配好的0.2mL的探针试剂,然后加入1.8mL的工业废水,充分摇匀后,无颜色变化,静置一段时间后溶液的颜色依旧没有明显变化,为了进一步说明该探针试剂的可靠性,继续往该探针溶液中滴加0.02mL的不同浓度的以先配好的汞离子溶液,摇匀后发现溶液的颜色变化与之前直接加入实验室所配的汞离子溶液颜色变化一致。而国家标准中汞离子含量应不高于2.5×10-7mol/L,从而说明工业废水中汞含量达国家标准。
Claims (6)
1.一种汞离子可视化快速检测方法,其特征步骤如下:
首先使用预先清洗干净且用锡纸包裹好的容量瓶将探针试剂配成一定浓度的溶液,探针试剂是指螺噁嗪衍生物;然后在菌种瓶中放入10-4mol/L至10-5mol/L范围内的探针试剂和一定体积的待测试样,探针试剂和待测试样的体积比在1∶9到9∶9之间,加入检测试样,充分摇匀后,避光静置大于30秒;最后仔细观察所有菌种瓶中溶液的颜色,与汞离子浓度标准比色卡对照。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中螺噁嗪衍生物特征分子结构如下:
通式中R=-CH3,-CH2CH3,-CH2CH2CH3,-CH2OH,-CH2COOH,
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述汞离子浓度标准比色卡的配制方法为:加入的检测试样为汞离子,其浓度小于10-8mol/L时溶液颜色为淡紫色,(1.0-10.0)×10-7mol/L时溶液颜色为深紫色,(0.5-5)×10-5mol/L溶液颜色为蓝色,(0.5-5)×10-4mol/L溶液颜色为蓝绿色,大于10-3mol/L溶液颜色为绿色,得到汞离子浓度标准比色卡。
4.按照权利要求1所述的方法,滴加的检测试样分别为Pb2+、Ni2+、Na+、Fe2+、K+、Cr2+、Ag+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Hg2+,与标准比色卡比较,只有滴加汞离子的溶液颜色变为深紫色,但当锌离子的浓度扩大至汞离子浓度的100倍后,此时滴有锌离子的溶液颜色变蓝,其它的金属离子浓度增加至汞离子浓度的1000倍后溶液颜色无可视变化,探针试剂对汞离子有较好的识别性。
5.权利要求1的检测方法在生活污水中的应用。
6.权利要求1的检测方法在工业废水中的应用。
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