CN104241409A - 一种在GaAs衬底上生长GaInNAs薄膜的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种在GaAs衬底上生长GaInNAs薄膜的方法,包括以下步骤:(1)清洗GaAs衬底;(2)对GaAs衬底进行除气预处理;(3)对GaAs衬底进行脱氧化膜处理;(4)生长GaAs浸润层;(5)生长InGaAs/GaAsN超晶格层;(6)生长GaInNAs外延层薄膜。本发明得到的GaInNAs薄膜晶体质量好,表面平整,对半导体器件的制备,尤其是太阳电池领域,有着积极的促进意义。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及半导体叠层太阳电池材料的技术领域,特别涉及一种在GaAs衬底上生长GaInNAs薄膜的方法。
背景技术
随着太阳能光伏发电产业和市场的迅速发展,以及在空间飞行器能源系统需求的牵引下,光伏技术不断取得重要突破:晶体硅、非晶硅、多晶硅太阳电池,III-V族化合物半导体电池,II-VI族化合物半导体电池等,越来越多的太阳电池技术日趋成熟,同时,相应的光电转换效率不断提高,使今天的光伏技术在空间和地面都得到了越来越广泛的应用。基于GaAs的III-V族化合物半导体电池技术的迅速发展是最引人瞩目、里程碑式的突破;并且GaAs基系太阳电池效率高、抗辐照性能好、耐高温、可靠性好,符合空间环境对太阳电池的要求,因此,GaAs基系太阳电池在空间科学领域正逐步取代硅系列太阳电池,成为空间太阳能发电系统的主电源。目前,基于GaAs衬底的GaAs高效多结叠层太阳电池已经获得>41%的光电转换效率。由于GaAs材料的能带为1.42eV,而单结GaAs太阳电池只能吸收某一特定波长的太阳光,因此其光电转换效率受到限制。为了提高太阳能电池对太阳光的利用率,需要采用多结叠层太阳能电池结构,对太阳光谱进行“分割”。
在此之上,要获得更高光电转换效率,多结叠层太阳电池的能带匹配是关键。目前常规三结GaAs系太阳电池方面,主要是GaInP/InGaAs/Ge(1.84/1.4/0.67)结构太阳电池,该体系以晶格匹配为首要考虑原则,限制了材料体系的选择,电池的转换效率提升空间非常有限。为了解决带隙失配严重制约三结叠层电池性能的问题,最新技术尝试采用GaAs为衬底的晶格匹配,且底电池带宽变为1eV的较理想能带匹配体系,这样转换效率会有所提高。除三结叠层电池外,通过理论计算,带宽为1eV的材料也可作为四结叠层太阳电池的第三结电池,这样能带匹配更为理想(1.8/1.4/1.0/0.67eV),光的转换效率会更高。而目前应用最多的带宽为1eV的材料为In0.3Ga0.7As,但是,由于In0.3Ga0.7As与GaAs晶格失配较大(晶格失配度为2.15%)会降低薄膜外延质量,晶格失配所带来的穿透位错、应力,会使外延材料体内产生大量的位错、缺陷以及表面起伏,从而恶化器件的性能,造成太阳能电池光电转换效率低。为降低缺陷密度,生长In0.3Ga0.7As需要引入生长工艺较复杂的缓冲层环节,无疑增加了不少时间和经济成本,不利于当前太阳电池发展的趋势,因此新的1eV材料有待进一步开发。研究发现,稀N半导体化合物,即在传统的III-V族半导体化合物中,并入少量的N,形成多元半导体化合物,这种材料体系具有独特的能带特性。其中,GaInNAs这种稀N半导体化合物,对于太阳电池,更是有着诱人的研究前景,因为该材料体系不仅可大范围调节带宽(理论上的带宽可达到1eV),而且当含量比为In/N=2.8时,GaInNAs晶体材料恰与GaAs衬底晶格完全匹配。这样的能隙及晶格常数特点,是太阳电池第三结最为理想的材料。但是GaInNAs薄膜的获得是十分困难的:首先,N在GaAs中的并入存在一个极限值,约为2%,而要实现GaInNAs材料带宽为1eV,则N的含量必须达到3%左右,可见要实现N在材料中的有效并入是十分困难的;其次,要使GaInNAs与GaAs晶格匹配,则材料中In/N=2.8,要精确控制这种比例难度也是很大的;最后,N的并入后,材料也十分容易发生相分离,尤其是In原子,容易在表面析出,同时相分离容易发生,导致晶体质量的严重退化。因此高晶体质量的GaInNAs的外延生长一直是研究的重点,尤其是在太阳电池领域。而根据目前外延生长技术,尤其是低温MBE技术的发展,能带为1eV的材料GaInNAs已经具备了生长的可行性。
发明内容
为了克服现有技术的上述缺点与不足,本发明的目的在于提供一种在GaAs衬底上生长GaInNAs薄膜的方法,得到的长GaInNAs薄膜表面平整、晶体质量好。
本发明的目的通过以下技术方案实现:
一种在GaAs衬底上生长GaInNAs薄膜的方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)清洗GaAs衬底;
(2)对GaAs衬底进行除气预处理;
(3)对GaAs衬底进行脱氧化膜处理;
(4)生长GaAs浸润层:GaAs衬底温度为500℃~580℃,Ga源温度为900℃~950℃,As源的温度为250~300℃,反应室压力3×10-8~5×10-8Torr,V-III束流比为20~30,生长速率为1.0~2.0ML/s,生长GaAs浸润层;
(5)生长InGaAs/GaAsN超晶格层:GaAs衬底温度为500℃~580℃,Ga源温度为900℃~950℃,As源的温度为250~300℃,In源温度为680~720℃,反应室压力2×10-6~5×10-6Torr,V-III束流比为20~30,InGaAs生长速率为1~2ML/s,GaAsN生长速率为0.5~1.2ML/s,产生射频N等离子体的电源功率为200~250W,N2流量为0.15~0.3sccm,生长3~5周期的InGaAs/GaAsN超晶格;
(6)生长GaInNAs外延层薄膜:GaAs衬底温度在450~550℃,Ga源温度为900℃~950℃,As源的温度为250~300℃,In源温度为680℃~720℃,反应室压力2~5×10-6Torr、在不计入N的情况下V-III束流比为20~35、产生射频N等离子体的电源功率为200~250W,N2流量为0.15~0.3sccm、生长速度1.0~1.6ML/s,生长GaInNAs外延层薄膜。
步骤(1)所述清洗GaAs衬底,具体为:
超声去除GaAs衬底表面粘污颗粒;经过三氯乙烯、丙酮、甲醇洗涤,去除表面有机物;将GaAs衬底放在H2SO4:H2O2:H2O为3:1:1的溶液中腐蚀1~2分钟;经HCl清洗去除表面氧化物和有机物;去离子水漂洗;清洗后的GaAs衬底用经过过滤的干燥氮气吹干。
步骤所述(2)对GaAs衬底进行除气预处理,具体为:
将清洗完毕后的GaAs衬底送入分子束外延进样室预除气半小时;再送入传递室300~400℃除气1~1.5小时,完成除气后送入生长室。
步骤(3)所述对GaAs衬底进行脱氧化膜处理,具体为:
在砷束流保护下,GaAs衬底温度为600~650℃,高温烘烤10~15分钟。
所述GaAs浸润层的厚度为100~150nm。
所述InGaAs/GaAsN超晶格层中,InGaAs厚度为2~3nm,GaAsN厚度为1~1.5nm。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下优点和有益效果:
(1)本发明的在GaAs衬底上生长GaInNAs薄膜的方法,先在GaAs衬底上生长GaAs浸润层,再生长InGaAs/GaAsN超晶格层,然后生长GaInNAs外延层薄膜,工艺实现简单可行,有利于实际的生产应用。本发明利用InGaAs/GaAsN超晶格,得到应力补偿的过渡层,一方面可不改变GaInNAs外延层的晶格常数,另一方面在GaAsN上生长GaInNAs层可有效引导该层中N原子的并入,解决了在GaAs上直接外延生长GaInNAs难以实现N并入的难点。
(2)本发明的制备方法,应用MBE技术,制备得到的生长在GaAs衬底上的GaInNAs薄膜,具有很高的晶体质量,在技术领域上是一个新的突破,能对半导体器件领域,尤其是太阳电池领域,有着积极的促进意义。
(3)本发明的制备方法得到的生长在GaAs衬底上的GaInNAs薄膜,实现了表面平整,对后续的器件制作,包括其他结电池的外延生长,打下了良好的基础。
附图说明
图1为本发明的实施例1制备的生长在GaAs衬底上的GaInNAs薄膜的结构示意图。
图2为本发明的实施例1制备的生长在GaAs衬底上的GaInNAs薄膜的XRD摇摆曲线。
图3为本发明的实施例1制备的生长在GaAs衬底上的GaInNAs薄膜的单晶XRC图。
图4为本发明的实施例1制备的生长在GaAs衬底上的GaInNAs薄膜原子力显微镜图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例,对本发明作进一步地详细说明,但本发明的实施方式不限于此。
实施例1
本实施例的生长在GaAs衬底上的GaInNAs薄膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)清洗GaAs衬底,具体为:
采用(001)晶向的n-GaAs衬底;超声去除GaAs衬底表面粘污颗粒;经过三氯乙烯、丙酮、甲醇洗涤,去除表面有机物;将GaAs衬底放在50℃的H2SO4:H2O2:H2O(3:1:1)溶液中腐蚀1分钟;经HCl清洗去除表面氧化物和有机物;去离子水漂洗;清洗后的GaAs衬底用经过过滤的干燥氮气吹干。
(2)对GaAs衬底进行除气预处理,具体为:
将清洗完毕后的GaAs衬底送入分子束外延进样室预除气半小时;再送入传递室300℃除气1.5小时,完成除气后送入生长室;
(3)对GaAs衬底进行脱氧化膜处理,具体为:在砷束流保护下,将GaAs衬底温度升至600℃,高温烘烤15分钟。
(4)生长GaAs浸润层:GaAs衬底温度为580℃,Ga源温度为900℃,As源的温度为250℃,反应室压力3×10-8Torr,V-III束流比为20,生长速率为1.0ML/s,生长厚度为100nm的GaAs浸润层;本步骤对腐蚀后的衬底表面起着重要的平整作用。
(5)生长三周期InGaAs/GaAsN超晶格层:GaAs衬底温度为580℃,Ga源温度为900℃,As源的温度为250℃,In源温度为680℃,反应室压力2×10-6Torr,V-III束流比为20,InGaAs生长速率为1ML/s,生长厚度为2nm;产生射频N等离子体的电源功率为200W,N2流量为0.15sccm,GaAsN生长速率为0.5ML/s,生长厚度为1nm。每周期的工艺条件均一致。
(6)生长GaInNAs外延层薄膜:GaAs衬底温度在450℃,Ga源温度为900℃,As源的温度为250℃,In源温度为680℃,反应室压力为2.0×10-6Torr、在不计入N的情况下V-III束流比为20、产生射频N等离子体的电源功率为200W,N2流量为0.15sccm、生长速度1.0ML/s,生长厚度为300nm的GaInNAs外延层薄膜。
如图1所示,本实施例制备的生长在GaAs衬底上的GaInNAs薄膜,包括生长在GaAs衬底11上的GaAs浸润层12、生长在GaAs浸润层12上的三周期InGaAs/GaAsN超晶格层13和GaInNAs层14。
图2为本实施例制备的生长在GaAs衬底上的GaInNAs薄膜的衬底XRC谱图,由图2可知,GaInNAs外延层薄膜除了衬底峰外,还存在着明显的侧峰,这个侧峰正是GaInNAs薄膜衍射峰,说明本发明的制备方法能成功外延生长GaInNAs。
图3为本实施例制备的生长在GaAs衬底上的GaInNAs薄膜的单晶XRC。由图3可知,GaInNAs外延层薄膜的半峰宽仅为63弧秒。说明本发明制备方法能所制备出的薄膜的晶体质量好。
图4为本实施例制备的生长在GaAs衬底上的GaInNAs薄膜的原子力显微镜图。由图4可知,GaInNAs外延层薄膜表面达到了原子级平整,平整度为0.8nm。
本发明的GaAs浸润层、三周期InGaAs/GaAsN和GaInNAs外延层薄膜均采用分子束外延生长,实现了晶体质量的大幅提高。此外又能提高薄膜表面的平整度,提高薄膜的表面性能。
实施例2
本实施例的生长在GaAs衬底上的GaInNAs薄膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)清洗GaAs衬底,具体为:
采用(001)晶向的n-GaAs衬底;超声去除GaAs衬底表面粘污颗粒;经过三氯乙烯、丙酮、甲醇洗涤,去除表面有机物;将GaAs衬底放在60℃的H2SO4:H2O2:H2O(3:1:1)溶液中腐蚀2分钟;经HCl清洗去除表面氧化物和有机物;去离子水漂洗;清洗后的GaAs衬底用经过过滤的干燥氮气吹干。
(2)对GaAs衬底进行除气预处理,具体为:
将清洗完毕后的GaAs衬底送入分子束外延进样室预除气半小时;再送入传递室400℃除气1小时,完成除气后送入生长室;
(3)对GaAs衬底进行脱氧化膜处理,具体为:在砷束流保护下,将GaAs衬底温度升至650℃,高温烘烤10分钟。
(4)生长GaAs浸润层:GaAs衬底温度为580℃之间,Ga源温度为950℃,As源的温度为300℃,反应室压力为5×10-8Torr,V-III束流比为30,生长速率为2.0ML/s,生长厚度为150nm的GaAs浸润层;本步骤对衬底表面的平整起着重要作用。
(5)生长五周期InGaAs/GaAsN超晶格层:GaAs衬底温度为580℃,Ga源温度为950℃,As源的温度为300℃,In源温度720℃,反应室压力5×10-6Torr,V-III束流比为30,InGaAs生长速率为2ML/s,生长厚度为3nm;产生射频N等离子体的电源功率为250W,N2流量为0.3sccm,GaAsN生长速率为1.2ML/s,生长厚度为1.5nm。每周期的超晶格层工艺条件均一致。
(6)生长GaInNAs外延层薄膜:GaAs衬底温度在550℃,Ga源温度为950℃,As源的温度为300℃,In源温度为720℃,反应室压力5.0×10-6Torr、在不计入N的情况下V-III束流比为35、产生射频N等离子体的电源功率为250W,N2流量为0.3sccm、生长速度1.6ML/s,生长厚度为1.0μm的GaInNAs外延层薄膜。
本实施例制备的生长在GaAs衬底上的GaInNAs薄膜,包括生长在GaAs衬底上的GaAs浸润层、生长在GaAs浸润层上五周期InGaAs/GaAsN超晶格层及GaInNAs外延层薄膜。
本实施例制备得到的生长在GaAs衬底上的GaInNAs薄膜测试结果与实施例1类似,在此不再赘述
上述实施例为本发明较佳的实施方式,但本发明的实施方式并不受所述实施例的限制,其他的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化,均应为等效的置换方式,都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (6)
1.一种在GaAs衬底上生长GaInNAs薄膜的方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)清洗GaAs衬底;
(2)对GaAs衬底进行除气预处理;
(3)对GaAs衬底进行脱氧化膜处理;
(4)生长GaAs浸润层:GaAs衬底温度为500℃~580℃,Ga源温度为900℃~950℃,As源的温度为250~300℃,反应室压力3×10-8~5×10-8Torr,V-III束流比为20~30,生长速率为1.0~2.0ML/s,生长GaAs浸润层;
(5)生长InGaAs/GaAsN超晶格层:GaAs衬底温度为500℃~580℃,Ga源温度为900℃~950℃,As源的温度为250~300℃,In源温度为680~720℃,反应室压力2×10-6~5×10-6Torr,V-III束流比为20~30,InGaAs生长速率为1~2ML/s,GaAsN生长速率为0.5~1.2ML/s,产生射频N等离子体的电源功率为200~250W,N2流量为0.15~0.3sccm,生长3~5周期的InGaAs/GaAsN超晶格;
(6)生长GaInNAs外延层薄膜:GaAs衬底温度在450~550℃,Ga源温度为900℃~950℃,As源的温度为250~300℃,In源温度为680℃~720℃,反应室压力2~5×10-6Torr、在不计入N的情况下V-III束流比为20~35、产生射频N等离子体的电源功率为200~250W,N2流量为0.15~0.3sccm、生长速度1.0~1.6ML/s,生长GaInNAs外延层薄膜。
2.根据权利要求1所述的在GaAs衬底上生长GaInNAs薄膜的方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)所述清洗GaAs衬底,具体为:
超声去除GaAs衬底表面粘污颗粒;经过三氯乙烯、丙酮、甲醇洗涤,去除表面有机物;将GaAs衬底放在H2SO4:H2O2:H2O为3:1:1的溶液中腐蚀1~2分钟;经HCl清洗去除表面氧化物和有机物;去离子水漂洗;清洗后的GaAs衬底用经过过滤的干燥氮气吹干。
3.根据权利要求1所述的在GaAs衬底上生长GaInNAs薄膜的方法,其特征在于,步骤所述(2)对GaAs衬底进行除气预处理,具体为:
将清洗完毕后的GaAs衬底送入分子束外延进样室预除气半小时;再送入传递室300~400℃除气1~1.5小时,完成除气后送入生长室。
4.根据权利要求1所述的在GaAs衬底上生长GaInNAs薄膜的方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)所述对GaAs衬底进行脱氧化膜处理,具体为:
在砷束流保护下,GaAs衬底温度为600~650℃,高温烘烤10~15分钟。
5.根据权利要求1所述的在GaAs衬底上生长GaInNAs薄膜的方法,其特征在于,所述GaAs浸润层的厚度为100~150nm。
6.根据权利要求1所述的在GaAs衬底上生长GaInNAs薄膜的方法,其特征在于,所述InGaAs/GaAsN超晶格层中,InGaAs厚度为2~3nm,GaAsN厚度为1~1.5nm。
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