CN104164668A - Preparation method of high-temperature anti-wear Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy - Google Patents
Preparation method of high-temperature anti-wear Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy Download PDFInfo
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- CN104164668A CN104164668A CN201410404392.8A CN201410404392A CN104164668A CN 104164668 A CN104164668 A CN 104164668A CN 201410404392 A CN201410404392 A CN 201410404392A CN 104164668 A CN104164668 A CN 104164668A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of a high-temperature anti-wear Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy and belongs to the technical field of wear-resistant materials. The alloy is prepared by adopting a laser cladding process. The preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly, uniformly mixing 12.0wt%-15.0wt% of low-carbon Cr-Fe powder, 12.0wt%-15.0wt% of high-carbon Cr-Fe powder, 6.0wt%-8.0wt% of B-Fe powder, 5.0wt%-6.0wt% of metal Al powder, 1.5wt%-2.0wt% of re-Si-Fe powder, 4.0wt%-5.0wt% of Fe2O3 powder and 52wt%-57wt% of pure Fe powder, wherein the particle size of the powder is within a range of 100-160 meshes; and secondly, inputting heat by adopting an optical fiber laser device, and feeding the powder materials by adopting a laser cladding synchronous powder feeder to obtain the Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy which is high in hardness and good in high-temperature wear resistance, wherein in the cladding process, the powder feeding rate is 15-20g/min, the laser power is 1500-2500W, and the scanning speed is 3-8mm/s.
Description
Technical field
The invention discloses a kind of high temperature anti-friction alloy preparation method, particularly the wear-resistant Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy preparation method of a kind of high temperature, belongs to high-abrasive material technical field.
Background technology
High temperature wear is a kind of extremely harsh wear working condition, very high to material performance requirement, should have good abrasive wear resistant weld deposit ability, also will have good antioxidant anticorrosive ability, and traditional material is difficult to meet the demands.In order to improve material high temperature resistance polishing machine, Chinese invention patent CN1451773A discloses the preparation method that a kind of heat resistant and wear resistant damages high-strength alloy, the composition of alloy is C0.05～0.08, Cr18.0～20.0, Mo4.5～5.5, Al1.2～1.5, Ti2.5～3.1, Fe8.0～10.0, Ce≤0.025, B≤0.005, Si≤0.4, Mn≤0.4, S≤0.01, P≤0.012, Ni surplus, adopt process for vacuum induction smelting, order of addition(of ingredients) is: in crucible, pack successively from bottom to up the whole Cr of part fritter Ni+ into, whole W, whole Mo, all Fe+ part C+ remains fritter Ni+ long size Ni, residue C, whole Al, all Ti added in the alloying phase, whole CrB, all Ce added in the alloying later stage, refining temperature: 1580 ± 10 ℃, teeming temperature: 1450 ± 10 ℃.The alloy of preparing by this inventive method can meet or exceed the technical indicator of orthoform alloyage in performance.Chinese invention patent CN103968101A also discloses the ceramic ball valve of a kind of highly corrosion resistant and erosive wear.Two valve bodies connect with valve gap, by O type washer sealing; Inside two valve bodies, center is separately installed with stepped appearance valve seat, and its shoulder and valve body inner side are fixed by resilience pad, and valve seat inner side forms face contact seal with arcuate indentation valve ball; The circumferential space that valve rod is connected with valve gap is embedded in graphite packing, and is fixed through bolt by packing gland; Arcuate indentation valve ball location is inserted in one end of valve rod, and the other end of valve rod is connected with topworks, and topworks drives arcuate indentation valve ball to rotatablely move by valve rod, and arcuate indentation valve ball adopts the valve ball of unsymmetric structure.This invention can be applicable to polyphasic flow wear working condition in Coal Chemical Industry, petrochemical complex, power system, possesses good high thermal resistance, wear resistance, long service life.Possess good over-all properties, can meet the use in the harsh erosive wear environment of polyphasic flow.Chinese invention patent CN103964744A also discloses the protective material that a kind of heat resistant and wear resistant for large industrial enterprise equipment easy to wear damages, by following ingredients, formed, count by weight, silicon carbide, alumina powder, ceramic, carbon fiber, chromium sesquioxide, zirconium mullite, white fused alumina micro mist, perlite, glass yarn, calcium hydroxide, zinc oxide ultra_fine powders, zirconium oxychloride, auxiliary agent, stick and solvent, this invention is by the synergy between mentioned component, in temperature-rise period, the strength of materials significantly improves, thermostability and the resistance to fouling of material have been improved, this material use material at high temperature carries out chain, material converting reaction is made, than traditional high-abrasive material heat resistance, exceed 60%, can resist under the working temperature that continues 1000 ℃ and work long hours, there is fabulous corrosion resistance, under hot environment, can resist the wearing and tearing that size particles abrasion material causes.Chinese invention patent CN103722296A also discloses a kind of restorative procedure of high-temperature hot-air machine blade wear, comprise following operation steps: adopt heat-resistance stainless steel plate to make the stiffening plate suitable with root of blade point of attachment size, and will strengthen steel plate according to the compression moulding of root of blade shape; An above-mentioned above-mentioned reinforcement steel plate is covered on the root of blade point of attachment back side, an edge point strengthening steel plate is welded on hub disk, and its excess-three edge point of strengthening steel plate is welded in root of blade, adopts the method that is symmetrically welded, after spot welding completes, then carry out after the same method full weld; According to above-mentioned welding order, at front side of vane hub disk weld seam and position easy to wear, built-up welding one deck high-abrasive material, should carry out blade statical equilibrium verification through after above welding process again.This invention can have been eliminated the potential safety hazard of draught fan impeller fast, reduces maintenance cost, shortens servicing time as far as possible, has extended the work-ing life of blower fan, is applicable to Liu An manufacturing enterprise.Chinese invention patent CN102147020A also discloses a kind of high-temperature-resistant high-pressure-resistant wear-resistant one-way gate, hand wheel shaft in upper valve body (11) is connected with handwheel (14) by nut (16), handwheel (14) below is provided with steady bearing (13), surrounding's cover of valve rod (7) upper end has high-abrasive material (10), the spacing collar (9) that high-abrasive material (10) arranges by below is fixed on upper valve body, between handwheel (14) and nut (16), be provided with butterfly spring (15), graphite metal net back seal element (12) is housed between hand wheel shaft (11) and upper valve body, hand wheel shaft (11) adopts bayonet socket mode of connection to be connected with valve rod (7), be connected to flashboard on valve rod (7) by the double disc parallel seat being parallel to each other and connected kinetic friction flashboard (3) and stiction flashboard (2) form.This beneficial effect of the invention: without stopping up, high temperature resistant, high pressure resistant, wear-resistant, long service life.Chinese invention patent CN1846926A also discloses TB3102 high temperature and abrasive-particle wear resistant build-up welding welding rod, surfacing hardness HRC >=65 under normal temperature, not preheating, layer flawless.Its main raw materials in proportion is by weight: marble 13 to 25, fluorite 2 to 8, high carbon ferro-chrome 5 to 20, titanium dioxide 0.5 to 3, mid-carbon fe-mn 3 to 8, boron stone 8 to 20, tungsten powder 1.5 to 6, vanadium iron 10 to 20, graphite 0.8 to 4, quartz 0.8 to 2, ferrotianium 2 to 3.Be applicable to cold conditions built-up welding on low, medium carbon steel and low, medium alloy constructional steel; Not preheating before weldering, postwelding can not heat-treated.Chinese invention patent CN102345086A also discloses a kind of boiler of power plant " four pipes " anti-oxidant and anti abrasive compound coating under hot conditions.The component of described compound coating is the NiCoCrAlY of 70-80wt.%, and the ZrC of 20-30wt.%, and coat-thickness is 200-300 μ m; During preparation, adopt the method for plasma spraying or hypersonic flame spraying, after the NiCoCrAlY of certain proportion composition and granularity and ZrC are stirred, form the needed powder of spraying, under certain spraying coating process condition, forming needed coating.At high temperature it also has very high hardness to coating, and anti-oxidant, wearing and tearing and the erosion performance of coating greatly improve.Thereby overcome, work as the embrittlement of Front-coating mirror and in preparation process, form tiny crack problem, greatly improved the work-ing life of boiler of power plant " four pipes ".Chinese invention patent CN103388108A also discloses for the manufacture of the method for material and the material of the high stability with anti-abrasive wear of making according to described method cause ledeburite tool steel alloy with the mechanical characteristics of homogeneous and improved wear resistance and high hardness potential.HIP piece temperature surpass 1100 ℃ but at least than minimum melting, organize phase low 10 ℃ of melt temperature, with the high temperature annealing surpassing in 12 hour time length situation, average Carbide Phases size has improved at least 65%, sphering the surface shape of Carbide Phases, and homogenizing matrix, its follow-up part with high-wearing feature that manufactures.The mechanical characteristics according to the material of this inventive method with homogeneous under hot modulation treatment state, when average Carbide Phases size surpasses 2.8 μ m, has the M of at least 7.0 volume % in matrix
6, in this body, there is the carbon concentration of 0.45 % by weight to 0.75 % by weight in the Carbide Phases share of C carbide and MC carbide.
But still there is the defect of high temperature resistance polishing machine deficiency in above-mentioned high-temperature anti-abrasion material.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is in order further to improve the high temperature resistance polishing machine of material, the present invention increases aluminium content and chromium content in material, improves matrix resistance of oxidation, on this basis, add boron, form hot hardness high, the boron-carbide that wear resistance is good, in addition, adds appropriate Fe
2o
3, utilize Fe
2o
3at high temperature react with aluminium, generate the Al of high rigidity
2o
3ceramic phase, is uniformly distributed in metallic matrix, can further improve material high temperature resistance wearing and tearing ability.
The object of the invention can realize by following technical measures:
The concrete step of preparation process of the wear-resistant Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy of high temperature of the present invention is:
1. first particle size 100～160 orders, massfraction are respectively to 12.0～15.0% low carbon ferrochromium powder, 12.0～15.0% high-carbon chromium iron, 6.0～8.0% ferro-boron powder, 5.0～6.0% metallic aluminium powder, 1.5～2.0% rare earth silicon iron powder, 4.0～5.0% Fe
2o
3powder and 52～57% straight iron powder mix.
2. then by the above-mentioned powder mixing, adopt optical fiber laser input heat, adopt Synchronous Powder Feeder for Laser Cladding powder feeding.In cladding process; use Synchronous Powder Feeder for Laser Cladding to carry cladding powder in molten bath; pass into high-purity argon gas protection molten bath simultaneously; cladding Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy on steel plate; powder feeding rate in cladding process is 15～20g/min; laser power is 1500～2500W, sweep velocity 3～8mm/s.
Preferably cladding is fixed on a robot arm with laser head and synchronous powder feeding system shower nozzle.
High-carbon chromium iron chemical composition massfraction is as mentioned above: 62.0～68.0%Cr, 7.0～8.5%C, 2.0～3.5%Si ,≤0.03%S ,≤0.06%P, surplus Fe.
Low carbon ferrochromium efflorescence composition quality mark is as mentioned above: 60～65%Cr, <0.35%C, <1.5%Si, <0.05%P, <0.03%S, surplus Fe.
The chemical composition massfraction of ferro-boron powder is as mentioned above: 19.0-21.0%B ,≤0.5%C ,≤2%Si ,≤0.5%Al ,≤0.01%S ,≤0.1%P, surplus Fe.
The chemical composition massfraction of rare earth silicon iron powder is as mentioned above: 27.0～30.0%RE, 38.0～42.0%Si, <3.0%Mn, <5.0%Ca, <3.0%Ti ,≤0.02%S, ≤ 0.04%P, surplus Fe.
The wear-resistant Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy of high temperature of the present invention, the preparation of employing laser cladding method, in order to improve the high temperature resistance polishing machine of material, the present invention increases aluminium content and chromium content in material, wherein aluminium adds with metallic aluminium powder form, and metallic aluminium powder adds massfraction to reach 5.0～6.0%, and chromium adds with low carbon ferrochromium powder and high-carbon chromium iron form, adding of aluminium and chromium, can increase substantially the resistance of oxidation of matrix.It is 12.0～15.0% that low carbon ferrochromium powder adds massfraction, and it is 12.0～15.0% that high-carbon chromium iron adds massfraction.In addition add the carbon in all right supplementary material of high-carbon chromium iron, carbon solid solution, in matrix, can improve matrix hardness, thereby improves matrix wear resistance.On this basis, add boron, form hot hardness high, the boron-carbide that wear resistance is good.In addition, in material of the present invention, add the Fe of massfraction 4.0～5.0%
2o
3powder can react with aluminium powder under the effect of laser high energy, generates the Al of high rigidity
2o
3ceramic phase, is uniformly distributed in metallic matrix, can further improve material high temperature resistance wearing and tearing ability.In addition, in material of the present invention, also add the rare earth silicon iron powder of massfraction 1.5～2.0%, can utilize rare earth fining crystal grain, and improve boron-carbide form and distribution, thereby be conducive to improve intensity and the toughness of Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy.
The present invention compared with prior art, has following characteristics:
1) Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy rigidity of the present invention is high, and hardness surpasses 63HRC;
2) Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy of the present invention has under good high-temperature behavior, particularly high temperature hardness and declines slowly, is cooled to room temperature, more than hardness maintains 58HRC 600 ℃ of insulations after 10 hours;
3) Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy of the present invention has excellent wear resistance, and the abrasion resistance in the time of 600 ℃ improves 60～80% than Cr15Mo3 high-chromium white cast iron.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment, the present invention is further described, but the present invention is not limited to following examples.
Embodiment 1:
The wear-resistant Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy of high temperature adopts laser cladding method preparation, and concrete step of preparation process is:
1. first by particle size 100～160 orders, massfraction is respectively 15.0% low carbon ferrochromium powder, and (low carbon ferrochromium efflorescence composition quality mark is: 60.93%Cr, 0.24%C, 1.30%Si, 0.036%P, 0.013%S, surplus Fe), (high-carbon chromium iron chemical composition massfraction is 12.0% high-carbon chromium iron: 65.48%Cr, 7.72%C, 2.66%Si, 0.021%S, 0.047%P, surplus Fe), (the chemical composition massfraction of ferro-boron powder is 6.0% ferro-boron powder: 19.38%B, 0.25%C, 0.84%Si, 0.29%Al, 0.007%S, 0.065%P, surplus Fe), 6.0% metallic aluminium powder, (the chemical composition massfraction of rare earth silicon iron powder is 1.5% rare earth silicon iron powder: 27.96%RE, 39.93%Si, 2.06%Mn, 3.81%Ca, 1.38%Ti, 0.013%S, 0.028%P, surplus Fe), 5.0% Fe
2o
3powder and 54.5% straight iron powder mix.
2. then by the above-mentioned powder mixing, adopt 6KW optical fiber laser input heat, adopt Synchronous Powder Feeder for Laser Cladding powder feeding.Cladding is fixed on an ABB robot arm with laser head and synchronous powder feeding system shower nozzle.In cladding process; use Synchronous Powder Feeder for Laser Cladding to carry cladding powder in molten bath; pass into high-purity argon gas protection molten bath simultaneously; cladding Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy on the Q235 steel plate that is 20mm at thickness; powder feeding rate in cladding process is 15g/min; laser power is 1500W, sweep velocity 3mm/s.The Fe-Cr-B-Al Alloy At Room Temperature hardness finally obtaining reaches 64.2HRC, and Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy is cooled to room temperature 600 ℃ of insulations after 10 hours, and hardness reaches 59.7HRC.
Embodiment 2:
The wear-resistant Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy of high temperature adopts laser cladding method preparation, and concrete step of preparation process is:
1. first by particle size 100～160 orders, massfraction is respectively 12.0% low carbon ferrochromium powder, and (low carbon ferrochromium efflorescence composition quality mark is: 64.28%Cr, 0.31%C, 1.29%Si, 0.030%P, 0.018%S, surplus Fe), (high-carbon chromium iron chemical composition massfraction is 15.0% high-carbon chromium iron: 63.56%Cr, 8.20%C, 2.69%Si, 0.025%S, 0.044%P, surplus Fe), (the chemical composition massfraction of ferro-boron powder is 8.0% ferro-boron powder: 19.05%B, 0.31%C, 1.08%Si, 0.24%Al, 0.008%S, 0.072%P, surplus Fe), 5.0% metallic aluminium powder, (the chemical composition massfraction of rare earth silicon iron powder is 2.0% rare earth silicon iron powder: 28.84%RE, 40.58%Si, 1.83%Mn, 3.57%Ca, 1.20%Ti, 0.014%S, 0.027%P, surplus Fe), 4.0% Fe
2o
3powder and 54% straight iron powder mix.
2. then by the above-mentioned powder mixing, adopt 6KW optical fiber laser input heat, adopt Synchronous Powder Feeder for Laser Cladding powder feeding.Cladding is fixed on an ABB robot arm with laser head and synchronous powder feeding system shower nozzle.In cladding process; use Synchronous Powder Feeder for Laser Cladding to carry cladding powder in molten bath; pass into high-purity argon gas protection molten bath simultaneously; cladding Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy on the Q235 steel plate that is 30mm at thickness; powder feeding rate in cladding process is 20g/min; laser power is 2500W, sweep velocity 8mm/s.The Fe-Cr-B-Al Alloy At Room Temperature hardness finally obtaining reaches 63.9HRC, and Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy is cooled to room temperature 600 ℃ of insulations after 10 hours, and hardness reaches 59.2HRC.
Embodiment 3:
The wear-resistant Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy of high temperature adopts laser cladding method preparation, and concrete step of preparation process is:
1. first by particle size 100～160 orders, massfraction is respectively 14.0% low carbon ferrochromium powder, and (low carbon ferrochromium efflorescence composition quality mark is: 62.85%Cr, 0.28%C, 0.75%Si, 0.031%P, 0.016%S, surplus Fe), (high-carbon chromium iron chemical composition massfraction is 14.0% high-carbon chromium iron: 65.17%Cr, 7.94%C, 2.88%Si, 0.018%S, 0.046%P, surplus Fe), (the chemical composition massfraction of ferro-boron powder is 7.0% ferro-boron powder: 19.96%B, 0.35%C, 1.48%Si, 0.15%Al, 0.005%S, 0.049%P, surplus Fe), 5.5% metallic aluminium powder, (the chemical composition massfraction of rare earth silicon iron powder is 1.8% rare earth silicon iron powder: 29.50%RE, 40.83%Si, 1.37%Mn, 3.01%Ca, 2.26%Ti, 0.013%S, 0.028%P, surplus Fe), 4.5% Fe
2o
3powder and 53.2% straight iron powder mix.
2. then by the above-mentioned powder mixing, adopt 6KW optical fiber laser input heat, adopt Synchronous Powder Feeder for Laser Cladding powder feeding.Cladding is fixed on an ABB robot arm with laser head and synchronous powder feeding system shower nozzle.In cladding process; use Synchronous Powder Feeder for Laser Cladding to carry cladding powder in molten bath; pass into high-purity argon gas protection molten bath simultaneously; cladding Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy on the Q235 steel plate that is 25mm at thickness; powder feeding rate in cladding process is 18g/min; laser power is 2000W, sweep velocity 6mm/s.The Fe-Cr-B-Al Alloy At Room Temperature hardness finally obtaining reaches 64.7HRC, and Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy is cooled to room temperature 600 ℃ of insulations after 10 hours, and hardness reaches 58.8HRC.
Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy rigidity of the present invention is high, and hardness surpasses 63HRC, has good high-temperature behavior,
Particularly under high temperature, hardness declines slowly, is cooled to room temperature, more than hardness maintains 58HRC 600 ℃ of insulations after 10 hours.Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy of the present invention has excellent wear resistance, on MG-2000 type high-speed and high-temperature friction wear testing machine, carry out high temperature wear test, speed of grinding plate 312rpm, 600 ℃ of Wear Temperatures are (when fire box temperature reaches 600 ℃, insulation 10min), abrasion load 200N, wearing and tearing 15min.To mill material, be 3Cr2W8V hot-work die steel, after thermal treatment, room temperature hardness is 59 ± 1.5HRC.Wearing and tearing sample is the straight pin of Φ 6mm * 15mm.Under identical abrasive conditions, the abrasion resistance of Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy of the present invention in the time of 600 ℃ improves 60～80% than Cr15Mo3 high-chromium white cast iron.
Claims (7)
1. the preparation method of the wear-resistant Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy of high temperature, is characterized in that, adopts laser cladding method preparation, specifically comprises the following steps:
1. first particle size 100～160 orders, massfraction are respectively to 12.0～15.0% low carbon ferrochromium powder, 12.0～15.0% high-carbon chromium iron, 6.0～8.0% ferro-boron powder, 5.0～6.0% metallic aluminium powder, 1.5～2.0% rare earth silicon iron powder, 4.0～5.0% Fe
2o
3powder and 52～57% straight iron powder mix;
2. then by the above-mentioned powder mixing, adopt optical fiber laser input heat, adopt Synchronous Powder Feeder for Laser Cladding powder feeding; In cladding process; use Synchronous Powder Feeder for Laser Cladding to carry cladding powder in molten bath; pass into high-purity argon gas protection molten bath simultaneously; cladding Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy on steel plate; powder feeding rate in cladding process is 15～20g/min; laser power is 1500～2500W, sweep velocity 3～8mm/s.
2. according to the preparation method of the wear-resistant Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy of high temperature claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, described high-carbon chromium iron chemical composition massfraction is: 62.0～68.0%Cr, 7.0～8.5%C, 2.0～3.5%Si ,≤0.03%S, ≤ 0.06%P, surplus Fe.
3. according to the preparation method of the wear-resistant Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy of high temperature claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, described low carbon ferrochromium efflorescence composition quality mark is: 60～65%Cr, <0.35%C, <1.5%Si, <0.05%P, <0.03%S, surplus Fe.
4. according to the preparation method of the wear-resistant Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy of high temperature claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, the chemical composition massfraction of described ferro-boron powder is: 19.0-21.0%B, ≤ 0.5%C ,≤2%Si ,≤0.5%Al, ≤ 0.01%S ,≤0.1%P, surplus Fe.
5. according to the preparation method of the wear-resistant Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy of high temperature claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, the chemical composition massfraction of described rare earth silicon iron powder is: 27.0～30.0%RE, 38.0～42.0%Si, <3.0%Mn, <5.0%Ca, <3.0%Ti, ≤ 0.02%S ,≤0.04%P, surplus Fe.
6. according to the preparation method of the wear-resistant Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy of high temperature claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, cladding is fixed on a robot arm with laser head and synchronous powder feeding system shower nozzle.
7. the wear-resistant Fe-Cr-B-Al alloy of high temperature preparing according to the either method of claim 1-6.
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| CN109988976A (en) * | 2018-06-08 | 2019-07-09 | 中南大学 | A kind of Al toughening high hardness alloy and its casting and heat treatment method |
| CN111618301A (en) * | 2020-06-05 | 2020-09-04 | 西安建筑科技大学 | Process for preparing medium carbon steel by selective laser melting |
| CN111618301B (en) * | 2020-06-05 | 2022-08-26 | 西安建筑科技大学 | Process for preparing medium carbon steel by selective laser melting |
| CN112746271A (en) * | 2020-12-15 | 2021-05-04 | 东南大学 | Laser cladding wide-temperature-range self-lubricating gear and preparation method thereof |
| CN114959694A (en) * | 2022-06-27 | 2022-08-30 | 中南大学湘雅医院 | Stomach wall cutting machinery hand |
| CN114959694B (en) * | 2022-06-27 | 2023-11-17 | 中南大学湘雅医院 | Abdominal wall cutting manipulator |
| CN115074720A (en) * | 2022-08-02 | 2022-09-20 | 季华实验室 | Light alloy surface wear-resisting treatment method |
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