CN1041030A - The seal arrangement that is used for rotating shaft, especially stern tube seal system - Google Patents

The seal arrangement that is used for rotating shaft, especially stern tube seal system Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1041030A
CN1041030A CN89103905A CN89103905A CN1041030A CN 1041030 A CN1041030 A CN 1041030A CN 89103905 A CN89103905 A CN 89103905A CN 89103905 A CN89103905 A CN 89103905A CN 1041030 A CN1041030 A CN 1041030A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
radial lip
lip seal
seal circle
axle
circle
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
CN89103905A
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Other versions
CN1015401B (en
Inventor
冈特·皮什
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SKF Marine GmbH
Original Assignee
Blohm and Voss GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Blohm and Voss GmbH filed Critical Blohm and Voss GmbH
Publication of CN1041030A publication Critical patent/CN1041030A/en
Publication of CN1015401B publication Critical patent/CN1015401B/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
    • F16J15/00—Sealings
    • F16J15/002—Sealings comprising at least two sealings in succession
    • F16J15/008—Sealings comprising at least two sealings in succession with provision to put out of action at least one sealing; One sealing sealing only on standstill; Emergency or servicing sealings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63H—MARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
    • B63H23/00—Transmitting power from propulsion power plant to propulsive elements
    • B63H23/32—Other parts
    • B63H23/321—Bearings or seals specially adapted for propeller shafts
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
    • F16J15/00—Sealings
    • F16J15/16—Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces
    • F16J15/162—Special parts or details relating to lubrication or cooling of the sealing itself
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
    • F16J15/00—Sealings
    • F16J15/46—Sealings with packing ring expanded or pressed into place by fluid pressure, e.g. inflatable packings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63H—MARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
    • B63H23/00—Transmitting power from propulsion power plant to propulsive elements
    • B63H23/32—Other parts
    • B63H23/321—Bearings or seals specially adapted for propeller shafts
    • B63H2023/327—Sealings specially adapted for propeller shafts or stern tubes

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Sealing With Elastic Sealing Lips (AREA)
  • Sealing Devices (AREA)

Abstract

Shaft sealing device, at least one of each tool basic and standby radial lip seal circle on axle or axle sleeve, the normal latter in service breaks away from axle or axle sleeve, but and when one or more basic radial lip seal circles lost efficacy driving fit on this axle or axle sleeve, characteristics for utilize at least an orifice ring formula radial lip circle as backup seal to an axle or sleeve sealing, through catheter pressure the sealing circle is added pressure medium, be preferably air, utilize this medium to make this orifice ring formula radial lip seal circle distortion, its sealing the margin is in sealing station to axle or axle sleeve when a kind of working state, and is in disengaging configuration when another state.

Description

The seal arrangement that is used for rotating shaft, especially stern tube seal system
The present invention relates to a kind of seal arrangement of rotating shaft, especially a kind of stern tube seal system peculiar to vessel, it has at least one and seal main radial lip seal circle and at least one the standby radial lip seal circle of settling on an axle or axle sleeve, the latter's sealing the margin is separated from axle or axle sleeve in conventional operation, is attached on this axle or the axle sleeve and sealably held when one or more main radial lip seal circles lost efficacy.
In such known seal arrangement (DE-PS2028427), the applying or the disengaging of sealing the margin realize in this wise: or utilize clamping total radial lip seal circle, and the support of also clamping reserve lip-type packing is with respect to can not moving axially at axially movable axle or axle sleeve, or work as support and can not under axially movable situation, utilize axle or axle sleeve to move axially, herein, in both cases, on the end position of axial motion, this reserve radial lip seal circle breaks away from axle or axle sleeve upper surface, then is to be attached on axle or the axle sleeve at sealing circle on the position, the other end.
Clearly, a kind of like this structure needs a large amount of manufacturing and construction cost, and this shortcoming has but been covered the advantage of the bigger operational reliability that is realized by reserve radial lip seal circle in many cases.
Therefore task of the present invention is to overcome this shortcoming, and provides a kind of technical solution thus, and it can realize the application of reserve radial lip seal circle with relatively little cost.
This task is with such solution, promptly for the sealing of axle or axle sleeve, at least adopt an orifice ring formula radial lip seal circle as standby radial lip seal circle, and can pass through a catheter pressure, add a kind of pressure medium, be preferably air, it is injected, utilize this pressure medium to make orifice ring formula radial lip seal circle produce resiliently deformable in this wise, the sealing the margin that is the sealing circle is in sealing station with respect to axle or axle sleeve when a kind of working state, then is in disengaging configuration when another kind of working state.
Though be used for the axle or the orifice ring formula radial lip seal circle of axle sleeve known (DE-OS2606813 and FR-OS2315045), yet in known technology, do not relate to be used for the reserve radial lip seal circle of main radial lip seal circle, and relating to be used for the main radial lip seal circle of instrument or device, this instrument or device only need a kind of shaft sealing of secondary.
Obviously, orifice ring formula radial lip seal circle only needs a relatively little cost, because it only is made up of the orifice ring of an elastically deformable, orifice ring is connected on the pressure source by a catheter pressure and a control mechanism.
A form of implementation is according to the inventive subject matter made following consideration: on a device, wherein sterntube seals with respect to outside water, and three main radial lip seal circles disposed adjacent one another are set in this device, the radial lip seal circle of two outsides is towards outside water in them, the radial lip seal circle of an inside is towards containing oiling agent, the chamber of lubricant oil preferably, standby radial lip seal circle is in the place ahead (claim 2) that is positioned in inner main radial lip seal circle on the direction of lubricant chamber.Thus; outside the described effect that reduces cost; also avoided at the possibility of oiling agent under the situation of the main radial lip seal circle random failure that contains lubricant chamber spill and leakage in outside water, therefore also being applicable to strict requirement on environmental protection with simple form.
Consider as follows according to another embodiment of the present invention, on a device, one of them flowing medium is with respect to a gas medium, preferably air seals, and two arranged adjacent are set in this device, towards the main radial lip seal circle of flowing medium, with standby radial lip seal circle the place ahead (claim 3) at the main radial lip seal circle that on the direction of flowing medium, is arranged in fluid side.
In this case, be injected in the standby radial lip seal circle as pressure medium with pressurized water, and be provided with a plurality of on the Zhou Fangxiang of garden, distribute, holes (claim 4) of being injected into the gas compartment side from standby radial lip seal circle at sealing the margin near standby radial lip seal circle.
In this form of implementation, it is also advantageous in that the following practice, outlet port when hole on the outer surface of standby radial lip seal circle, when on the Zhou Fangxiang of garden, groove being set, it will produce such fluid dynamic effect, and promptly it makes the liquid that flows out from the hole advance (claim 5) to the direction of sealing the margin.
Because these measures tolerate under the situation of small leakage having a mind to, utilize pressurized water to guarantee and improved the lubricated of orifice ring formula radial lip seal circle, also can accomplish the slip-ring seal circle is set on the position of radial lip seal circle.
Subject matter provides concise and to the point description in the accompanying drawings according to two embodiments, and its accompanying drawing is:
Fig. 1, on a stern tube, standby radial lip seal circle combines with a common shaft seal arrangement;
Fig. 2. flowing medium is with respect to standby radial lip seal circle of gas medium and combining of a common shaft seal arrangement;
Fig. 3. according to the standby radial lip seal circle of Fig. 2 magnification ratio.
In the situation of the seal arrangement that Fig. 1 described, a rotating shaft cover 2 is positioned on the propeller shaft 1, and axle 1 bearing is in a unshowned in the drawings bearing housing, and this bearing housing is by 3 supportings of tailing axle wheel rim, a seal casinghousing 4 is housed on wheel rim 3, it is by 5 housing rings 4.1,4.2,4.3 that axially are close to arrangement mutually, 4.4,4.5 and four radial lip seal circles 5.1,5.2,5.3 that embed between per two housing rings and 6 are formed.
Radial lip seal circle 5.1 and 5.2 is towards outside water A, and radial lip seal circle 5.3 is towards the S of lubricant chamber, one further is in above-mentioned seal ring front towards the radial lip seal circle 6 of above-mentioned seal ring, and above the S of lubricant chamber.
The common mode of these radial lip seal circle 5.1,5.2,5.3 usefulness constitutes domain formula seal ring, and plays the effect of primary seal, and radial lip seal circle 6 constitutes orifice ring formula seal ring, and seal ring works in support.The pore chamber 7 of sealing circle 6 be through one by the conduit shown in the dotted line 8, be connected with unshowned in the drawings obturation or control mechanism and the compressed-air actuated pressure source of the supply that does not also illustrate in the drawings thereon.
This orifice ring formula seal ring 6 is elastically deformables, and is to constitute like this, promptly under the situation of opening pressure medium because its elastic contractile force makes its sealing the margin 6 ' overlap 2 upper surface with rotating shaft have a little distance.This working state is depicted on the accompanying drawing 2.
When opening pressure medium, this orifice ring formula seal ring deforms in this wise, i.e. on the surface of its sealing the margin 6 ' be attached to rotating shaft cover 2, adjust with plain mode at the given value of the corresponding pressure medium of laminate pressure utilization of this place expectation.
In conventional operation, also promptly when the domain formula seal ring 5.3 of lubricant chamber 5 is held the function of regulation, this orifice ring formula seal ring 6 is on the position of disengaging.
If described this domain formula seal ring takes place to lose efficacy or can not seal the time, to this orifice ring formula seal ring 6 be transformed on its working position by means of a unshowned in the drawings sensor or utmost point alarm system, and use as reserve seal ring perfect on the performance thus.
On Fig. 2, describe a shaft sealer, wherein on axle 1, settled a rotating shaft cover 2.
Axle 1 is placed in the unshowned in the drawings bearing, this bearing is by 3 supportings of a wheel rim, on this wheel rim, fixed a seal casinghousing 4, this housing axially is close to the housing ring of arranging 4.1 each other by four, 4.2,4.3,4.4 and three radial lip seal circles 5.1 that in per two housing rings, embed, 5.2, and 6 compositions.
All here radial lip seal circles in this embodiment, are towards the chamber W that is marked with water towards same direction.
Radial lip seal circle 5.1 and the common mode of 5.2 usefulness constitute domain formula seal ring, and enclose effect as primary seal, and radial lip seal circle 6 constitutes orifice ring formula seal ring, and work as backup seal.The conduit 8 that the pore chamber 7 of sealing circle 6 is represented by a dotted line and one are unshowned in the drawings, and the pressure source of supplying with water in this case connects.On the wall of orifice ring formula seal ring 6, at the sealing the margin that has flange 6 ' locate near it, make the pore 9 of many break-through along garden Zhou Fangxiang, these pores are to demarcate size and setting like this, promptly it for the sealing the margin 6 of this orifice ring formula seal ring 6 ' lubricatedly provide enough water curtains.In the modification that Fig. 3 described, also set up groove 10 on the Zhou Fangxiang of garden for described pore, this groove 10 is such configurations, it fluid dynamic use be the water curtain that will flow out by hole 9 towards seal ring edge 6 ' direction carry, and nation has helped lubricated thus.

Claims (7)

1, a kind of seal arrangement that is used for rotating shaft, it has at least one sealing on one or axle sleeve and holds main radial lip seal circle and at least one the standby radial lip seal circle that is pasting, the latter is separated from axle or axle sleeve in conventional operation, be attached on this axle or the axle sleeve and when one or more main radial lip seal circles lost efficacy, sealably hold, it is characterized in that, at least utilize an orifice ring formula radial lip seal circle axle or axle sleeve to be sealed as standby radial lip seal circle, add a kind of pressure medium by a catheter pressure to the sealing circle, preferably air utilizes this pressure medium that this orifice ring formula radial lip seal circle is out of shape in this wise; The sealing the margin that makes it is in sealing station with respect to axle or axle sleeve when a kind of working state, and is in disengaging configuration when another kind of working state.
2, seal arrangement according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, on a device, wherein sterntube seals with respect to outside water (A), and be provided with three main radial lip seal circles (5.1-5.3) disposed adjacent one another therein, the main radial lip seal circle (5.1 of two outsides wherein, 5.2) towards outside water (A), and the main radial lip seal circle (5.3) of one of them inside is towards containing oiling agent, preferably the chamber of lubricant oil (S), standby radial lip seal circle (6) is being arranged in inner main radial lip seal circle 5.3 on the direction of lubricant chamber (S)) the place ahead (Fig. 1).
3, according to the seal arrangement of claim 1, it is characterized in that, on a device, one of them flowing medium (W), water preferably, with respect to a gas medium (L), preferably air seals, and wherein be provided with two adjacent layouts on this device, main radial lip seal circle (5.1 towards flowing medium (W), 5.2), standby radial lip seal circle (6) is in the place ahead (Fig. 2) of the main radial lip seal circle (5.2) that is arranged in fluid side on the direction of flowing medium (W).
4, according to the seal arrangement of claim 3, it is characterized in that, wherein use pressurized water in standby radial lip seal circle (6), to inject as pressure medium, and on sealing the margin (6 '), be provided with and a plurality ofly on the Zhou Fangxiang of garden, distribute, (Fig. 2) from hole (9) that the pore chamber (F) of standby radial lip seal circle (6) is injected into the gas compartment side near standby radial lip seal circle (6).
5, according to the seal arrangement of claim 4, it is characterized in that, the outlet port of hole (9) is along being provided with groove (10) on the Zhou Fangxiang of garden on the outer surface of standby radial lip seal circle (6), they produce so hydrokinetic effect, even the fluid that flows out from hole (9) advances to the direction of sealing the margin (6 ').
6, according to the seal arrangement of claim 1, it is characterized in that, give being provided with a standby piston ring of orifice ring formula earlier for each standing radial lip seal device.
7,, it is characterized in that the contact pressure of orifice ring formula radial lip seal circle is adjustable according to claim 1 or 2.
CN89103905A 1988-05-07 1989-05-06 Seal for rotary shafts, especially for sterns tubes Expired CN1015401B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEP3815655.5 1988-05-07
DE3815655A DE3815655C2 (en) 1988-05-07 1988-05-07 Sealing for rotating shafts, especially stern tube sealing

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN1041030A true CN1041030A (en) 1990-04-04
CN1015401B CN1015401B (en) 1992-02-05

Family

ID=6353897

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN89103905A Expired CN1015401B (en) 1988-05-07 1989-05-06 Seal for rotary shafts, especially for sterns tubes

Country Status (6)

Country Link
JP (1) JPH086818B2 (en)
CN (1) CN1015401B (en)
DE (1) DE3815655C2 (en)
GB (1) GB2218162B (en)
NL (1) NL193842C (en)
SE (1) SE501939C2 (en)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1037594C (en) * 1992-07-09 1998-03-04 布隆福斯工业有限公司 Sealing unit of ship propeller with two concentric axles rotating in opposite direction
CN102147013A (en) * 2010-02-08 2011-08-10 祥景精机股份有限公司 Air bag-type leakage-proof device
CN102272496A (en) * 2009-06-22 2011-12-07 爱罗丁工程有限公司 Sealing arrangement for a shaft
CN102606740A (en) * 2011-11-28 2012-07-25 佛山市科达液压机械有限公司 Novel rotary sealing structure for rotary shaft
CN103423455A (en) * 2012-05-12 2013-12-04 布洛姆福斯工业有限公司 Seal device for rotation shaft of ship propeller
CN103994094A (en) * 2014-06-17 2014-08-20 东营海森密封技术有限责任公司 Micro contact type shaft end sealing device
CN105387208A (en) * 2014-09-02 2016-03-09 Abb公司 Seal arrangement in vessel
CN107985540A (en) * 2017-11-27 2018-05-04 中船黄埔文冲船舶有限公司 A kind of ship stern tube shaft bag and its manufacture method
CN108302205A (en) * 2017-12-19 2018-07-20 爱发科东方真空(成都)有限公司 A kind of air heave type sealing
CN110588941A (en) * 2019-07-31 2019-12-20 武汉船用机械有限责任公司 Sealing system of full-rotation propelling device
CN111133198A (en) * 2017-09-28 2020-05-08 株式会社神户制钢所 Fluid machine and method for disassembling shaft sleeve thereof
CN114653605A (en) * 2022-03-23 2022-06-24 潍坊路加精工有限公司 Accelerator handle final inspection equipment

Families Citing this family (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4028048C2 (en) * 1990-09-05 1994-12-08 Blohm Voss Ag Sealing device for rotating shafts, in particular stern tube sealing for ship propeller shafts
US5184681A (en) * 1991-09-03 1993-02-09 Cooper Industries, Inc. Telescoping riser joint and improved packer therefor
DE4306323A1 (en) * 1993-03-01 1994-09-08 Schottel Werft Ship propulsion system with a propeller arranged beneath the ship's floor, which is preferably essentially flat or in the area of the propulsion system
EP0916877A3 (en) * 1997-11-14 2000-04-26 J.M. Voith Ag High pressure sealing arrangement and use of such a sealing arrangement
GB2333331A (en) * 1997-12-31 1999-07-21 Lewis Patrick A marine propeller shaft seal
DE10031800C2 (en) * 2000-07-04 2002-08-08 Krones Ag Device for introducing and / or discharging objects, in particular containers, into or from a treatment room
DE60102064T2 (en) * 2000-12-08 2004-12-30 Kobelco Marine Engineering Co., Ltd., Takasago Sealing for a housing propeller
DE10125148A1 (en) * 2001-04-23 2002-10-24 Wittenstein Ag Planetary gear has drive and driven shaft connected by element, housing part, annular chamber containing two sealing elements
WO2003076835A1 (en) * 2002-03-13 2003-09-18 Ramsay Thomas W Installation and deployment sleeves for lip seals
DE102010020139A1 (en) * 2010-05-11 2011-11-17 Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh Transformer Bushing
DE102011005308A1 (en) * 2011-03-09 2012-09-13 Lenze Drives Gmbh Shaft seal system
EP3837456B1 (en) 2018-08-15 2023-03-01 Sulzer Management AG Shut-off device for sealing a shaft of a rotary machine and rotary machine

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1269571A (en) * 1969-02-05 1972-04-06 Crane Packing Ltd Seal assemblies
JPS4722340U (en) * 1971-03-25 1972-11-13
FR2315045A1 (en) * 1975-06-20 1977-01-14 Petroles Cie Francaise INFLATABLE LIP SEAL
DE2606813A1 (en) * 1976-02-20 1977-09-01 Agfa Gevaert Ag SEALING SYSTEM
JPS58187656A (en) * 1982-04-28 1983-11-01 Honda Motor Co Ltd Oil seal
DE3220595A1 (en) * 1982-06-01 1983-12-01 Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft Ag Hamburg Und Kiel, 2300 Kiel Auxiliary seal for shafts, in particular propeller shafts
NO841210L (en) * 1983-04-21 1984-10-22 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd SHAFT SEALING DEVICE
JPH0411918Y2 (en) * 1985-03-11 1992-03-24

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1037594C (en) * 1992-07-09 1998-03-04 布隆福斯工业有限公司 Sealing unit of ship propeller with two concentric axles rotating in opposite direction
CN102272496A (en) * 2009-06-22 2011-12-07 爱罗丁工程有限公司 Sealing arrangement for a shaft
CN102272496B (en) * 2009-06-22 2014-03-26 爱罗丁工程有限公司 Sealing arrangement for a shaft
CN102147013A (en) * 2010-02-08 2011-08-10 祥景精机股份有限公司 Air bag-type leakage-proof device
CN102606740A (en) * 2011-11-28 2012-07-25 佛山市科达液压机械有限公司 Novel rotary sealing structure for rotary shaft
CN102606740B (en) * 2011-11-28 2014-08-13 佛山市科达液压机械有限公司 Novel rotary sealing structure for rotary shaft
CN103423455A (en) * 2012-05-12 2013-12-04 布洛姆福斯工业有限公司 Seal device for rotation shaft of ship propeller
CN103994094A (en) * 2014-06-17 2014-08-20 东营海森密封技术有限责任公司 Micro contact type shaft end sealing device
CN105387208A (en) * 2014-09-02 2016-03-09 Abb公司 Seal arrangement in vessel
CN111133198A (en) * 2017-09-28 2020-05-08 株式会社神户制钢所 Fluid machine and method for disassembling shaft sleeve thereof
CN111133198B (en) * 2017-09-28 2022-03-04 神钢压缩机株式会社 Fluid machine and method for disassembling shaft sleeve thereof
CN107985540A (en) * 2017-11-27 2018-05-04 中船黄埔文冲船舶有限公司 A kind of ship stern tube shaft bag and its manufacture method
CN107985540B (en) * 2017-11-27 2020-04-14 中船黄埔文冲船舶有限公司 Manufacturing method of stern shaft package
CN108302205A (en) * 2017-12-19 2018-07-20 爱发科东方真空(成都)有限公司 A kind of air heave type sealing
CN110588941A (en) * 2019-07-31 2019-12-20 武汉船用机械有限责任公司 Sealing system of full-rotation propelling device
CN114653605A (en) * 2022-03-23 2022-06-24 潍坊路加精工有限公司 Accelerator handle final inspection equipment

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB8910555D0 (en) 1989-06-21
NL193842C (en) 2000-12-04
JPH086818B2 (en) 1996-01-29
GB2218162A (en) 1989-11-08
NL193842B (en) 2000-08-01
SE8901613D0 (en) 1989-05-05
DE3815655A1 (en) 1989-11-16
JPH0211969A (en) 1990-01-17
CN1015401B (en) 1992-02-05
NL8901132A (en) 1989-12-01
SE501939C2 (en) 1995-06-26
DE3815655C2 (en) 1994-04-14
SE8901613L (en) 1989-11-08
GB2218162B (en) 1992-08-19

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