CN104001917A - Powder spreading processing based functionally graded material preparation device and method - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种基于铺粉加工的梯度功能材料制备装置及方法，包括铺粉装置，以及自上而下通过管路依次连接的送料装置、粉末汇集装置、粉末混合控制装置；送料装置包括三个粉料筒，即A粉料筒、B粉料筒、C粉料筒；粉末汇集装置包括粉末汇集室；粉末混合控制装置；粉料筒通过管路连接粉末汇集室，并在这段管路上自上而下依次设置有流量控制器、气体动力发生器；粉末汇集室与粉末混合控制装置接口处设有限压阀门。采用本装置及方法制备的梯度功能材料无明显界面或分层，加工过程中可以在基板水平面和垂直面内实现梯度变化，具有良好的空间连续性，并可以实现高熔点金属的直接熔化成型，扩展了梯度功能材料的使用范围。
The invention discloses a preparation device and method for gradient functional materials based on powder spreading processing, including a powder spreading device, a feeding device, a powder collecting device, and a powder mixing control device sequentially connected through pipelines from top to bottom; the feeding device includes Three powder barrels, namely A powder barrel, B powder barrel, and C powder barrel; the powder collection device includes a powder collection chamber; a powder mixing control device; the powder barrel is connected to the powder collection chamber through a pipeline, and in this section A flow controller and a gas power generator are installed on the pipeline in sequence from top to bottom; a pressure limiting valve is installed at the interface between the powder collection chamber and the powder mixing control device. The gradient functional material prepared by the device and method has no obvious interface or layering, and can realize gradient changes in the horizontal plane and vertical plane of the substrate during processing, has good spatial continuity, and can realize direct melting and molding of high melting point metals, The scope of use of functionally graded materials has been expanded.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及激光选区熔化成型技术领域，尤其涉及一种基于铺粉加工的梯度功能材料制备装置及方法。The invention relates to the technical field of laser selective melting and molding, in particular to a preparation device and method for gradient functional materials based on powder coating processing.
背景技术Background technique
随着国防高科技及能源技术的发展，对材料性能的要求变得越来越苛刻，有时根据外界环境的不同，对同一材料的不同部位有不同的特殊要求，在这种情况下，梯度功能材料(Functionally Graded Material，简称FGM)扮演者越来越重要的角色。FGM是以计算机辅助设计为基础，采用先进的材料制备技术，使材料的组成，结构沿厚度方向呈梯度变化，从而使材料的性能也呈梯度变化的一种新型材料。从材料的结构角度来看，梯度功能材料与均一材料、复合材料不同。它是选用两种(或多种)性能不同的材料，通过连续地改变这两种(或多种)材料的组成和结构，使其界面消失导致材料的性能随着材料的组成和结构的变化而缓慢变化，形成梯度功能材料。从材料的组合方式来看，梯度功能材料可分为金属/合金，金属/非金属，非金属/陶瓷、金属/陶瓷、陶瓷/陶瓷等多种组合方式，因此可以获得多种特殊功能的材料。除此之外，梯度功能材料的组分结构及物性参数都呈连续变化，同一材料的两侧具有不同的性质或功能且能完美结合，由于其本身优异的性能，梯度功能材料已经引起了各国材料研究学者的高度重视，迄今为止，已经研究出了多种制备梯度功能材料的方法并制备出许多体系的梯度功能材料。With the development of national defense high-tech and energy technology, the requirements for material performance become more and more stringent, sometimes according to the different external environment, there are different special requirements for different parts of the same material, in this case, gradient function Materials (Functionally Graded Material, FGM for short) play an increasingly important role. FGM is a new type of material based on computer-aided design and advanced material preparation technology to make the composition and structure of the material change in a gradient along the thickness direction, so that the performance of the material also changes in a gradient. From the structural point of view of materials, functionally gradient materials are different from homogeneous materials and composite materials. It selects two (or more) materials with different properties, and continuously changes the composition and structure of the two (or more) materials to make the interface disappear, so that the properties of the material change with the composition and structure of the material. And change slowly, forming a gradient functional material. From the perspective of material combination, gradient functional materials can be divided into metal/alloy, metal/non-metal, non-metal/ceramic, metal/ceramic, ceramic/ceramic and other combinations, so a variety of materials with special functions can be obtained . In addition, the component structure and physical parameters of functionally gradient materials are continuously changing. The two sides of the same material have different properties or functions and can be perfectly combined. Due to their excellent performance, functionally gradient materials have attracted attention from various countries. Material research scholars attach great importance to it. So far, a variety of methods for preparing functionally gradient materials have been studied and many systems of functionally gradient materials have been prepared.
梯度功能材料的设计思想是以实现特殊功能为目标，通过合适的方法和手段完成材料的制备。主要的制备方法有粉末冶金法、等离子喷涂法、化学气相沉积法、物理气相层积法、激光熔覆法、自蔓延高温合成法等。但常规的制备方法一般只能制造尺寸小、形状简单的梯度功能材料。开发和应用新的制备技术，如仿生法、微波合成与烧结法、分子自组装法、无压浸渗法、超分子复合法、快速成型法、形变与马氏体相变法等，深入研究电、磁、光、高能射线等对工艺的影响，为梯度材料的制备提供更广阔的途径。The design idea of functionally gradient materials is to achieve special functions as the goal, and complete the preparation of materials through appropriate methods and means. The main preparation methods include powder metallurgy, plasma spraying, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor layering, laser cladding, and self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. However, conventional preparation methods can only produce functionally gradient materials with small size and simple shape. Develop and apply new preparation technologies, such as biomimetic method, microwave synthesis and sintering method, molecular self-assembly method, pressureless infiltration method, supramolecular composite method, rapid prototyping method, deformation and martensitic phase transformation method, etc., conduct in-depth research The influence of electricity, magnetism, light, and high-energy rays on the process provides a broader way for the preparation of gradient materials.
近些年，激光选区熔化技术(Selective Laser Melting，简称SLM)在金属零件3D打印领域得到了越来越多的应用，SLM技术是一种基于激光熔化金属粉末的3D打印技术，采用增材制造的基本原理，即先采用计算机设计出零件的三维模型，然后通过专用软件对三维模型进行切片分层，得到截面的轮廓数据，然后导入快速成形设备，设备根据轮廓数据，控制激光束选择性地熔化各层的金属粉末，逐步堆叠成三维金属零件。与传统的加工方法相比，SLM技术的优势在于能直接制造具有高精度、复杂几何结构、组织致密、机械性能良好的金属零件。In recent years, selective laser melting technology (Selective Laser Melting, referred to as SLM) has been more and more applied in the field of 3D printing of metal parts. SLM technology is a 3D printing technology based on laser melting metal powder, which adopts additive manufacturing The basic principle is that the computer is used to design the 3D model of the part first, and then the 3D model is sliced and layered through special software to obtain the profile data of the section, and then imported into the rapid prototyping equipment. The equipment controls the laser beam selectively according to the profile data. Layers of metal powder are melted and stacked step by step to form three-dimensional metal parts. Compared with traditional processing methods, the advantage of SLM technology is that it can directly manufacture metal parts with high precision, complex geometric structure, compact structure and good mechanical properties.
目前SLM技术只能对单一的金属材料进行增材制造，而随着科技的发展，复杂的环境对功能零件的要求越来越高，为了实现具有特殊功能、特殊要求的金属零件3D打印，基于SLM技术的梯度功能材料及装置的制备必将会带来新的创新与突破。At present, SLM technology can only add materials to a single metal material. With the development of science and technology, complex environments have higher and higher requirements for functional parts. In order to realize 3D printing of metal parts with special functions and special requirements, based on The preparation of gradient functional materials and devices of SLM technology will surely bring new innovations and breakthroughs.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的在于克服上述现有技术的缺点和不足，提供一种基于铺粉加工的梯度功能材料制备装置及方法；其结构简单、开发成本低，能够实现多种高熔点金属材料及复杂结构件的直接成型。The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the shortcomings and deficiencies of the above-mentioned prior art, and provide a gradient functional material preparation device and method based on powder coating processing; the structure is simple, the development cost is low, and a variety of high melting point metal materials and complex structures can be realized direct molding of parts.
本发明通过下述技术方案实现：The present invention realizes through following technical scheme:
一种基于铺粉加工的梯度功能材料制备装置，包括铺粉装置，以及自上而下通过管路依次连接的送料装置、粉末汇集装置、粉末混合控制装置；A gradient functional material preparation device based on powder spreading processing, including a powder spreading device, a feeding device, a powder collecting device, and a powder mixing control device sequentially connected through pipelines from top to bottom;
所述送料装置包括三个粉料筒1-1，即A粉料筒、B粉料筒、C粉料筒；The feeding device includes three powder barrels 1-1, namely A powder barrel, B powder barrel, and C powder barrel;
所述粉末汇集装置包括粉末汇集室2-1；The powder collection device includes a powder collection chamber 2-1;
所述粉末混合控制装置，包括自上而下依次设置的缓冲筛网3-1、搅拌叶片3-2、控制开关3-3、供粉口3-4；The powder mixing control device includes a buffer screen 3-1, a stirring blade 3-2, a control switch 3-3, and a powder supply port 3-4 arranged sequentially from top to bottom;
所述粉料筒1-1通过管路连接粉末汇集室2-1，并在这段管路上自上而下依次设置有流量控制器1-2、气体动力发生器1-3；The powder barrel 1-1 is connected to the powder collection chamber 2-1 through a pipeline, and a flow controller 1-2 and a gas power generator 1-3 are arranged in sequence on this pipeline from top to bottom;
所述粉末汇集室2-1与粉末混合控制装置接口处设有限压阀门2-2。A pressure limiting valve 2-2 is provided at the interface between the powder collection chamber 2-1 and the powder mixing control device.
所述粉料筒1-1与粉末汇集室2-1的管路接口处还设置有密封垫圈1-4。A sealing gasket 1-4 is also provided at the pipeline interface between the powder material cylinder 1-1 and the powder collection chamber 2-1.
所述铺粉装置包括控制铺粉装置运动的小电机4-1、铺粉刷4-2、粉料槽4-3。The powder spreading device includes a small motor 4-1 for controlling the movement of the powder spreading device, a powder spreading brush 4-2, and a powder material tank 4-3.
所述缓冲筛网3-1的网格为300目；所述搅拌叶片3-2包括上下两个叶片。The mesh of the buffer screen 3-1 is 300 mesh; the stirring blade 3-2 includes two upper and lower blades.
上述制备装置制备金属粉末并完成零件3D打印的方法，包括如下步骤：The above preparation device prepares metal powder and completes the method for 3D printing of parts, including the following steps:
步骤1：首先按照用量，取三种金属粉末，即Co金属粉末、Cr金属粉末、Mo金属粉末，分别进行干燥处理；Step 1: First, according to the dosage, take three kinds of metal powders, namely Co metal powder, Cr metal powder, and Mo metal powder, and dry them respectively;
步骤2：将干燥处理后的三种金属粉末，分别装入各个粉料筒中，粉料筒加盖、密封，打开气体保护装置11，向成型室内通入保护气；Step 2: Put the three kinds of metal powders after the drying treatment into the respective powder barrels, cover and seal the powder barrels, open the gas protection device 11, and pass the protective gas into the molding chamber;
步骤3：确定铺粉层厚，根据铺粉面积，计算供粉体积V，按照每种金属粉末的比例，调节各流量控制阀1-2的开度；Step 3: Determine the thickness of the powder layer, calculate the powder supply volume V according to the powder area, and adjust the opening of each flow control valve 1-2 according to the ratio of each metal powder;
步骤4：启动气体动力发生器1-3，各粉末在气体动力作用下开始沿管路进行输送，当其中一种金属粉末的供给达到所需用量时，停止相应的粉末输送；Step 4: Start the gas power generator 1-3, each powder starts to be transported along the pipeline under the action of gas power, and when the supply of one of the metal powders reaches the required amount, stop the corresponding powder transport;
步骤5：上述三种金属粉末进入粉末汇集室2-1中，在气体冲击的作用下，对金属粉末进行初步混合，此时粉末汇集室2-1内压力升高；Step 5: The above three metal powders enter the powder collection chamber 2-1, and under the action of gas impact, the metal powders are initially mixed, and the pressure in the powder collection chamber 2-1 increases at this time;
步骤6：当粉末汇集室2-1内气压达到设定值时，打开限压阀门2-2，继续向粉末汇集室2-1输送金属粉末；Step 6: When the air pressure in the powder collection chamber 2-1 reaches the set value, open the pressure limiting valve 2-2, and continue to convey the metal powder to the powder collection chamber 2-1;
步骤7：在粉末汇集室2-1的气压作用下，金属粉末经过缓冲筛网3-1时得到缓冲，先通过的金属粉末在搅拌叶片3-2的作用下继续混合，得到CoCrMo梯度功能材料；Step 7: Under the action of the air pressure in the powder collection chamber 2-1, the metal powder is buffered when it passes through the buffer screen 3-1, and the metal powder that passes first continues to mix under the action of the stirring blade 3-2 to obtain a CoCrMo gradient functional material ;
步骤8：当三种金属粉末混合输送完毕时，打开控制开关3-3，移动铺粉装置4，当供粉口3-4的b点与的接口a点相对时，制备好的CoCrMo梯度功能材料送入铺粉装置，于此同时，铺粉装置4携带粉末开始运动，将粉末铺在成型缸5表面；Step 8: When the three metal powders are mixed and transported, turn on the control switch 3-3, move the powder spreading device 4, and when the point b of the powder supply port 3-4 is opposite to the point a of the interface, the prepared CoCrMo gradient function The material is sent into the powder spreading device, and at the same time, the powder spreading device 4 starts to move with the powder, and spreads the powder on the surface of the forming cylinder 5;
步骤9：上述步骤结束时，启动打印机的光路系统，激光器10出光，经过隔离器9、扩束镜8、f-θ镜7进入加工平面，熔化粉末并成型，多余的粉末进入粉末收集器6内，即完成一次铺粉；Step 9: At the end of the above steps, start the optical path system of the printer, the laser 10 emits light, and enters the processing plane through the isolator 9, the beam expander 8, and the f-theta mirror 7, melts the powder and forms it, and the excess powder enters the powder collector 6 Within, that is to complete a powder spreading;
步骤10：每完成完成一次铺粉后，成型缸5下降一个加工层厚，然后继续进行粉末混合、铺送，直至加工完成。Step 10: After each powder spreading is completed, the forming cylinder 5 is lowered by one processing layer thickness, and then powder mixing and spreading are continued until the processing is completed.
本发明相对于现有技术，具有如下的优点及效果：Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages and effects:
(1)、本发明实现了梯度功能材料制备和供应，在此基础上，充分发挥了激光选区熔化技术的优势，可以直接制造具有功能梯度和任意复杂内部结构的金属零件，提高零件的综合性能。(1), the present invention realizes the preparation and supply of gradient functional materials. On this basis, the advantages of laser selective melting technology are fully utilized, and metal parts with functional gradients and arbitrary complex internal structures can be directly manufactured, and the comprehensive performance of parts can be improved. .
(2)、装置简单，开发成本低，可操作性强，创新度较高，可以根据成分的比例要求进行粉末的配置和供应。(2) The device is simple, the development cost is low, the operability is strong, and the degree of innovation is high, and the powder configuration and supply can be carried out according to the proportion requirements of the ingredients.
(3)、可以实现高熔点金属合金材料的加工，扩大了加工材料的范围，为金属零件3D打印技术的进一步应用奠定基础。(3) The processing of high-melting-point metal alloy materials can be realized, which expands the range of processed materials and lays the foundation for the further application of 3D printing technology for metal parts.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明基于铺粉加工的梯度功能材料制备装置与现有成型装置结合应用示意图。Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the combined application of the gradient functional material preparation device based on powder spreading processing of the present invention and the existing molding device.
图2是本发明基于铺粉加工的梯度功能材料制备装置原理图。Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the preparation device of gradient functional materials based on powder spreading processing in the present invention.
图3为图2供粉口与铺粉装置的局部放大图。Fig. 3 is a partially enlarged view of the powder supply port and the powder spreading device in Fig. 2 .
图4为图3铺粉装置的侧视图。Fig. 4 is a side view of the powder spreading device in Fig. 3 .
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步具体详细描述。The present invention will be described in further detail below in conjunction with specific embodiments.
实施例Example
如图1--4所示。本发明公开了一种基于铺粉加工的梯度功能材料制备装置，包括铺粉装置，以及自上而下通过管路依次连接的送料装置、粉末汇集装置、粉末混合控制装置；As shown in Figure 1--4. The invention discloses a gradient functional material preparation device based on powder spreading processing, including a powder spreading device, a feeding device, a powder collecting device, and a powder mixing control device sequentially connected through pipelines from top to bottom;
所述送料装置包括三个粉料筒1-1，即A粉料筒、B粉料筒、C粉料筒；The feeding device includes three powder barrels 1-1, namely A powder barrel, B powder barrel, and C powder barrel;
所述粉末汇集装置包括粉末汇集室2-1；The powder collection device includes a powder collection chamber 2-1;
所述粉末混合控制装置，包括自上而下依次设置的缓冲筛网3-1、搅拌叶片3-2、控制开关3-3、供粉口3-4；The powder mixing control device includes a buffer screen 3-1, a stirring blade 3-2, a control switch 3-3, and a powder supply port 3-4 arranged sequentially from top to bottom;
所述粉料筒1-1通过管路连接粉末汇集室2-1，并在这段管路上自上而下依次设置有流量控制器1-2、气体动力发生器1-3；The powder barrel 1-1 is connected to the powder collection chamber 2-1 through a pipeline, and a flow controller 1-2 and a gas power generator 1-3 are arranged in sequence on this pipeline from top to bottom;
所述粉末汇集室2-1与粉末混合控制装置接口处设有限压阀门2-2。A pressure limiting valve 2-2 is provided at the interface between the powder collection chamber 2-1 and the powder mixing control device.
所述粉料筒1-1与粉末汇集室2-1的管路接口处还设置有密封垫圈1-4。A sealing gasket 1-4 is also provided at the pipeline interface between the powder material cylinder 1-1 and the powder collection chamber 2-1.
所述铺粉装置包括控制铺粉装置运动的小电机4-1、铺粉刷4-2、粉料槽4-3。The powder spreading device includes a small motor 4-1 for controlling the movement of the powder spreading device, a powder spreading brush 4-2, and a powder material tank 4-3.
所述缓冲筛网3-1的网格为300目；所述搅拌叶片3-2包括上下两个叶片。The mesh of the buffer screen 3-1 is 300 mesh; the stirring blade 3-2 includes two upper and lower blades.
上述制备装置制备金属粉末并完成零件3D打印的方法，通过如下步骤实现：The method for preparing metal powder by the above-mentioned preparation device and completing the 3D printing of parts is realized through the following steps:
步骤1：首先按照用量，取三种金属粉末，即Co金属粉末、Cr金属粉末、Mo金属粉末，分别进行干燥处理；Step 1: First, according to the dosage, take three kinds of metal powders, namely Co metal powder, Cr metal powder, and Mo metal powder, and dry them separately;
步骤2：将干燥处理后的三种金属粉末，分别装入各个粉料筒中，粉料筒加盖、密封，打开气体保护装置11，向成型室内通入保护气；Step 2: Put the three kinds of metal powders after the drying treatment into the respective powder barrels, cover and seal the powder barrels, open the gas protection device 11, and pass the protective gas into the molding chamber;
步骤3：确定铺粉层厚，根据铺粉面积，计算供粉体积V，按照每种金属粉末的比例，调节各流量控制阀1-2的开度；Step 3: Determine the thickness of the powder layer, calculate the powder supply volume V according to the powder area, and adjust the opening of each flow control valve 1-2 according to the ratio of each metal powder;
步骤4：启动气体动力发生器1-3，各粉末在气体动力作用下开始沿管路进行输送，当其中一种金属粉末的供给达到所需用量时，停止相应的粉末输送；Step 4: Start the gas power generator 1-3, each powder starts to be transported along the pipeline under the action of gas power, and when the supply of one of the metal powders reaches the required amount, stop the corresponding powder transport;
步骤5：上述三种金属粉末进入粉末汇集室2-1中，在气体冲击的作用下，对金属粉末进行初步混合，此时粉末汇集室2-1内压力升高；Step 5: The above three metal powders enter the powder collection chamber 2-1, and under the action of gas impact, the metal powders are initially mixed, and the pressure in the powder collection chamber 2-1 increases at this time;
步骤6：当粉末汇集室2-1内气压达到设定值时，打开限压阀门2-2，继续向粉末汇集室2-1输送金属粉末；Step 6: When the air pressure in the powder collection chamber 2-1 reaches the set value, open the pressure limiting valve 2-2, and continue to convey the metal powder to the powder collection chamber 2-1;
步骤7：在粉末汇集室2-1的气压作用下，金属粉末经过缓冲筛网3-1时得到缓冲，先通过的金属粉末在搅拌叶片3-2的作用下继续混合(由上而下，每一截面都得到均匀混合)，得到CoCrMo梯度功能材料；Step 7: Under the action of the air pressure in the powder collection chamber 2-1, the metal powder is buffered when it passes through the buffer screen 3-1, and the metal powder that passes first continues to mix under the action of the stirring blade 3-2 (from top to bottom, Each section is uniformly mixed) to obtain the CoCrMo gradient functional material;
步骤8：当三种金属粉末混合输送完毕时，打开控制开关3-3，移动铺粉装置4，当供粉口3-4的b点与的接口a点相对时，制备好的CoCrMo梯度功能材料送入铺粉装置，于此同时，铺粉装置4携带粉末开始运动，将粉末铺在成型缸5表面；Step 8: When the three metal powders are mixed and transported, turn on the control switch 3-3, move the powder spreading device 4, and when the point b of the powder supply port 3-4 is opposite to the point a of the interface, the prepared CoCrMo gradient function The material is sent into the powder spreading device, and at the same time, the powder spreading device 4 starts to move with the powder, and spreads the powder on the surface of the molding cylinder 5;
步骤9：上述步骤结束时，启动打印机的光路系统，激光器10出光，经过隔离器9、扩束镜8、f-θ镜7进入加工平面，熔化粉末并成型，多余的粉末进入粉末收集器6内，即完成一次铺粉；Step 9: At the end of the above steps, start the optical path system of the printer, the laser 10 emits light, and enters the processing plane through the isolator 9, the beam expander 8, and the f-theta mirror 7, melts the powder and forms it, and the excess powder enters the powder collector 6 Within, that is to complete a powder spreading;
步骤10：每完成完成一次铺粉后，成型缸5下降一个加工层厚，然后继续进行粉末混合、铺送，直至加工完成。Step 10: After each powder spreading is completed, the forming cylinder 5 is lowered by one processing layer thickness, and then powder mixing and spreading are continued until the processing is completed.
采用本装置制备的梯度功能材料无明显界面或分层，装置加工过程中可以在基板水平面和垂直面内实现梯度变化，具有良好的空间连续性。另外，该方法可以实现高熔点金属的直接熔化成型，扩展了梯度功能材料的使用范围。The gradient functional material prepared by the device has no obvious interface or layering, and the gradient change can be realized in the horizontal plane and the vertical plane of the substrate during the processing of the device, and has good spatial continuity. In addition, this method can realize the direct melting molding of high-melting point metals, which expands the application range of functionally graded materials.
如上所述，便可较好地实现本发明。As described above, the present invention can be preferably carried out.
本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制，其他任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化，均应为等效的置换方式，都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。The implementation of the present invention is not limited by the above examples, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications that do not deviate from the spirit and principles of the present invention should be equivalent replacement methods, and are all included in within the protection scope of the present invention.
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Application publication date: 20140827 |