CN103962227A - Vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate recleaning method realized through alkaline leaching, desliming and gravity separation - Google Patents

Vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate recleaning method realized through alkaline leaching, desliming and gravity separation Download PDF

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CN103962227A
CN103962227A CN201410166044.1A CN201410166044A CN103962227A CN 103962227 A CN103962227 A CN 103962227A CN 201410166044 A CN201410166044 A CN 201410166044A CN 103962227 A CN103962227 A CN 103962227A
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content
concentrate
desliming
gravity
gravity treatment
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CN103962227B (en
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孟劲松
姜成林
李维兵
刘晓明
李之奇
郭客
宋仁峰
吕建华
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Angang Group Mining Co Ltd
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Abstract

The invention discloses a vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate recleaning method realized through alkaline leaching, desliming and gravity separation. The method comprises the steps of placing vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate in aqueous alkali with a mass concentration of 5%-52% for alkaline leaching reaction at a temperature between 260 DEG C and 370 DEG C for 0.5 h - 5 h and conducting filtering to obtain a filtrate and an alkaline leached filter cake A; adding water into A to obtain pulp with the mass concentration of 21%-25%, and conducting desliming to obtain set sand B and effused flow C; adding water into B to obtain pulp with a mass concentration of 35%-40%, and conducting gravity separation to obtain iron ore concentrate with the TFe content ranging from 63% to 68% and titanium concentrate with the TiO2 content ranging from 50% to 75%. The method has the advantages that efficient sorting of the vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate is realized, alkali consumption is low, the content of impurities such as Al and Si entering a blast furnace is reduced, the content of detrimental impurities TiO2 and S is reduced especially, the utilization coefficient of the blast furnace is increased, blast furnace slag emission is reduced, iron-making cost is reduced, the problems of high S content and severe pollution in the smelting process are solved, and the comprehensive utilization rate of titanium resources is increased.

Description

The method of utilize that alkali soaks, v-ti magnetite concentrate being selected in desliming and gravity treatment again
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of ore-dressing technique of v-ti magnetite concentrate, the method for relating in particular to and a kind ofly utilize that alkali soaks, v-ti magnetite concentrate being selected in desliming and gravity treatment again.
Background technology
Vanadium titano-magnetite is a kind of grandidierite of multiple metallic element, is that to take iron content, vanadium, titanium be the magnetic iron ore of main symbiosis.And v-ti magnetite concentrate is one of product of vanadium titano-magnetite process ore dressing acquisition, wherein vanadium is composed and is stored in titanomagnetite with isomorph, displacement high price iron ion.Titanomagnetite is oikocryst mineral (Fe 3o 4) and chadacryst ore deposit [ulvite 2FeOTiO 2, ilmenite FeOTiO 2, aluminum-spinel (Mg, Fe) (Al, Fe) 2o 4] complex that forms.For example, Chinese Panzhihua Region Midi Concentrator v-ti magnetite green ore and select v-ti magnetite concentrate after iron chemistry multielement analysis to the results are shown in Table 1, v-ti magnetite green ore and vanadium titano-magnetite concentrate material phase analysis result are respectively in Table 2 and table 3.
The Chinese Panzhihua Region of table 1 Midi Concentrator raw ore and v-ti magnetite concentrate chemistry multielement analysis result
Element TFe FeO mFe S Fe 2O 3 TiO 2 V 2O 5
Raw ore 29.53 21.36 20.20 0.631 17.70 10.54 0.278
Concentrate 54.01 32.42 51.16 0.574 40.97 12.67 0.61
Element SiO 2 Al 2O 3 CaO MgO Co P As
Raw ore 22.80 7.65 6.36 7.23 0.02 0.015 <0.01
Concentrate 3.21 3.30 0.98 2.90 0.02 0.008 <0.010
The Chinese Panzhihua Region of table 2 Midi Concentrator v-ti magnetite green ore titanium, iron chemical phase analysis result
The Chinese Panzhihua Region of table 3 Midi Concentrator vanadium titano-magnetite concentrate titanium, iron chemical phase analysis result
Vanadium titano-magnetite aboundresources in the world, whole world reserves reach more than 40,000,000,000 tons, and reserves in China reaches 98.3 hundred million tons.In v-ti magnetite ore, iron is mainly composed and is stored in titanomagnetite, the TiO in ore 2main tax is stored in granular ilmenite and titanomagnetite.Generally, approximately 57% titanium is composed and is stored in titanomagnetite (mFeTiO 3nFe 3o 4) in, approximately 40% titanium is composed and is stored in ilmenite (FeTiO 3) in, because vanadium titano-magnetite ore forms complexity, character is special, thereby the comprehensive utilization of this class ore is the international a great problem always thoroughly not solving.This occurrence characteristics of vanadium titano-magnetite mineral has determined to adopt physical upgrading method cannot realize from the source of ore effective separation of titanium, iron, cause v-ti magnetite ore after physical upgrading, iron concentrate grade low (TFe<55%), the titanium in iron ore concentrate enters blast furnace slag (TiO completely at ironmaking processes 2content reaches more than 22%) formation vitreum, TiO 2lost actively and cannot economic recovery, meanwhile, titanium recovery rate is low only has 18%.Therefore by the beneficiation method of physics, sort the value that titanium iron ore greatly reduces titanium and the independent utilization of iron.
China is that first comprehensively extracts the country of iron, vanadium, titanium from complicated vanadium titano-magnetite with commercial scale in the world, but characteristic is deposited in the tax that can not fundamentally change iron, the fine and close symbiosis of titanium due to general physical method, therefore, adopt the physical upgrading methods such as common gravity separation method, magnetic method, floatation to carry out titanium, iron separation, efficiency is low, is difficult to select ilmenite concentrate of high grade and that impurity is few or iron ore concentrate; Meanwhile, TiO 2organic efficiency is not high, v-ti magnetite green ore after Mineral separation, approximately 54% TiO 2enter iron ore concentrate, these TiO 2after blast furnace process, almost all enter slag phase, form TiO 2the blast furnace slag of content 20~24%; In addition, because the impurity contents such as the S in iron ore concentrate, Si, Al are also too high, above-mentioned reason not only causes that steelmaking furnace usage factor is low, energy consumption is large, titanium resource waste, and amount of slag is large, environmental pollution is serious.
CN2011100879566 discloses " a kind of beneficiation method of ilmenite ", be by v-ti magnetite green ore through ore grinding, alkali soak pretreatment, filtration, magnetic separation obtains the method for ilmenite concentrate and iron ore concentrate after ore grinding again.The method is by iron content 32.16% with containing TiO 212.11% v-ti magnetite green ore by ore grinding, alkali soak pretreatment, filtration, magnetic separation is processed after ore grinding again, has formed iron content 59.30% iron ore concentrate and containing TiO 220.15% ilmenite concentrate.Because the method is for ilmenite raw ore, raw ore SiO 2, Al 2o 3, the gangue mineral content such as CaO, MgO is high, the process that alkali soaks will preferentially occur in SiO 2, Al 2o 3with it mineral, alkali soaks and in process, has formed the alkali similar to titanium and soak rear compound, and the NaOH alkali number that alkali soaks the consumption of ferrotianium raw ore is 469Kg/t raw ore, and cost is high; And ferrotianium raw ore alkali soaks the titanium compound of rear formation, soak the compound of the silicon of rear formation with gangue mineral alkali such as quartz, to want to realize effective separation in follow-up magnetic separation be very difficult, and this has also restricted the raising that ferrotianium raw ore alkali soaks rear iron concentrate grade and ilmenite concentrate grade.Meanwhile, the method adopts twice grinding process to change mineral surfaces physicochemical properties, has increased complexity and the process cost of the method.In a word, by this kind of procedure complexity, and in processing procedure, quantity of alkali consumption is large, cost is high; Meanwhile, cannot obtain more high-grade iron ore concentrate and ilmenite concentrate.
CN201310183580.8 discloses " a kind of wet-treating sefstromite concentrate is prepared the method for titanium liquid ", has proposed the method with salt pickling separating titanium iron.This invention is prepared the method for titanium liquid for wet-treating v-ti magnetite concentrate, comprise that v-ti magnetite concentrate hydrochloric acid leaching, molten salt react ion, pickling again, sulfuric acid solution, filtration etc. obtain the processes such as titanium liquid, the method is mainly for extracting ilmenite concentrate, its complex technical process, in hydrochloric acid leaching process, need to react and dissolve in filtrate with iron and vanadium with hydrochloric acid, consume a large amount of hydrochloric acid, cost is high; Meanwhile, in fused salt process, use NaOH and titanium and pasc reaction to consume alkali.In addition, owing to having used hydrochloric acid in the method leaching process, in hydrochloric acid, chlorion is large to equipment corrosion, is difficult for suitability for industrialized production.The method is mainly applicable to the recycling of titanium in the low poor v-ti magnetite concentrate of high vanadium low iron content.
Summary of the invention
In order to overcome the deficiency of above-mentioned beneficiation method, technical problem to be solved by this invention is on the basis of the effective combination of physics and chemistry beneficiation method, provide a kind of cost low, reclaim quality and efficiency is high, technique is simple, and good operability utilize that alkali soaks, method that v-ti magnetite concentrate is selected in desliming, gravity treatment again, realized titanium, iron in v-ti magnetite concentrate have been carried out to efficient separation, improved and entered stokehold iron grade, reduced and enter blast furnace TiO 2, the impurity such as S, Si, Al content, improve the capacity factor of a blast furnace, reduce the discharge capacity of blast furnace slag, reduced ironmaking cost, improve TiO simultaneously 2comprehensive utilization of resources rate, reduces environmental pollution.
In order to realize object of the present invention, technical scheme of the present invention is achieved in that
The method of of the present inventionly a kind ofly utilize that alkali soaks, v-ti magnetite concentrate being selected in desliming and gravity treatment again, is characterized in that comprising the steps:
1) alkali soaks
By TFe content range, be 50%~55%, TiO 2content range is 10%~15%, SiO 2content is 3%~6%, Al 2o 3content is 3%~6%, the v-ti magnetite concentrate of S content >0.5%, be placed in mass concentration and be 5%~52% aqueous slkali, at the temperature of 260 ℃~370 ℃, alkali soaks reaction 0.5~5 hour, reactant is filtered, obtain filtrate and alkali leaching cake A, described filtrate feeds recovery and processing system;
2) desliming
By step 1) in alkali leaching cake A add water to be mixed with mass concentration be that 21%~25% ore pulp carries out desliming operation, obtain sand setting B and overflow C.
3) gravity treatment
By step 2) in sand setting B add water and make the ore pulp of mass concentration 35%~40% and carry out gravity treatment, obtain respectively gravity concentrate D, gravity tailings E and gravity treatment chats F, described gravity concentrate D is that TFe content is 63%~68% final iron ore concentrate, described gravity tailings E is final mine tailing, and gravity treatment chats F and overflow C merge into TiO 2content is 50%~75% final ilmenite concentrate.
Described aqueous slkali is any one in NaOH or the KOH aqueous solution, NaOH and KOH mixed aqueous solution.Described desliming operation adopts the desliming bucket of 3~5 meters of ∮ to carry out desliming operation.
Described gravity treatment adopts the spiral chute of rice carries out gravity treatment.
Advantage of the present invention is:
Method synthesis of the present invention uses that alkali soaks, the method for desliming and gravity treatment is processed v-ti magnetite concentrate, has realized titanium in v-ti magnetite concentrate, iron efficiently separated; In isolated iron ore concentrate, S content significantly reduces simultaneously, by more than 0.50% being down to and being less than 0.10%, SiO 2content is down to below 3% by 3%~6%, Al 2o 3content is down to below 3% by 3%~6%, for subsequent smelting has been created better condition.
The process that alkali soaks has been carried out chemical reaction to elements such as Ti, S, Si, Al in v-ti magnetite concentrate, has formed corresponding salt.Different from v-ti magnetite concentrate, SiO in ilmenite raw ore 2content (>20%) and Al 2o 3content (>7%) is far away higher than SiO in v-ti magnetite concentrate 2content (<6%) and Al 2o 3content (<6%), soaks in ilmenite raw ore process at alkali, and the process of soaking due to alkali will preferentially occur in SiO 2, Al 2o 3on mineral, make alkali soak v-ti magnetite concentrate and than alkali, soak ferrotianium raw ore alkali consumption still less, better effects if.For example, while soaking with NaOH alkali, the alkali number that the present invention consumes is less than 100kg/t concentrate, and the alkali number 469kg/t raw ore that soaks raw ore consumption than alkali has reduced more than 4.6 times.
Desliming process is pressed granularity and the gravity grading of mineral, and alkali soaks the titanium compound of rear generation than the fine size of magnet mineral, and proportion is little, and the difference of specific gravity of ferrotianium is larger, has realized effective separation of ferrotianium.
Add gravity treatment, make iron concentrate grade bring up to 63%~68% by 50%~55%, in iron ore concentrate, containing S amount, be less than 0.1%, SiO simultaneously 2and Al 2o 3content is all less than 3%, TiO 2content is down to below 6% by 12.91%.Meanwhile, can also obtain TiO 2content is 50%~75% ilmenite concentrate.Adopt the method to realize titanium, iron are carried out to effective separation, reduce and enter blast furnace TiO 2, the impurity such as S, Si, Al content, improve the capacity factor of a blast furnace, reduce the discharge capacity of blast furnace slag, reduced ironmaking cost, improve titanium resource comprehensive utilization ratio simultaneously.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is process chart of the present invention.
The specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the specific embodiment of the present invention is described further:
As shown in Figure 1.
Embodiment 1:
1) alkali soaks
By TFe content, be 50.1%, TiO 2content is 14.8%, SiO 2content is 3.48%, Al 2o 3content is 4.25%, the v-ti magnetite concentrate of S content 0.69%, be placed in mass concentration and be 40% NaOH aqueous slkali, at the temperature of 370 ℃, alkali soaks reaction 3 hours, reactant is filtered, obtain filtrate and alkali leaching cake A, NaOH consumption 97kg/t is to ore deposit, and described filtrate feeds recovery and processing system, and its chemical equation is:
2) desliming
By step 1) in alkali leaching cake A add water to be mixed with mass concentration be that the desliming bucket that 21% ore pulp feeds 3.0 meters of ∮ carries out desliming operation, obtain sand setting B and overflow C.
3) gravity treatment
By step 2) in sand setting B add water and make the ore pulp of mass concentration 38% and feed the spiral chute of rice carries out gravity treatment, obtains respectively gravity concentrate D, gravity tailings E and gravity treatment chats F, and gravity concentrate D is that TFe content is 67.5% final iron ore concentrate (SiO 2content is 0.36%, Al 2o 3content is 1.60%, S content is 0.01%), described gravity tailings E is final mine tailing, described gravity treatment chats F and overflow C merge into TiO 2content is 73.2% final ilmenite concentrate.
Embodiment 2:
1) alkali soaks
By TFe content, be 51.6%, TiO 2content is 13.5%, SiO 2content is 3.82%, Al 2o 3content is 5.75%, the v-ti magnetite concentrate of S content 0.75%, is placed in mass concentration and is 30% N ain OH aqueous slkali, at the temperature of 260 ℃, alkali soaks reaction 2 hours, and reactant is filtered, and obtains filtrate and alkali leaching cake A, and NaOH consumption 76kg/t is to ore deposit, and described filtrate feeds recovery and processing system, and its chemical equation is with embodiment 1.
2) desliming
By step 1) in alkali leaching cake A add water to be mixed with mass concentration be that the desliming bucket that 22% ore pulp feeds 5.0 meters of ∮ carries out desliming operation, obtain sand setting B and overflow C.
3) gravity treatment
By step 2) in sand setting B add water and make the ore pulp of mass concentration 36% and feed the spiral chute of rice carries out gravity treatment, obtains respectively gravity concentrate D, gravity tailings E and gravity treatment chats F, and gravity concentrate D is that TFe content is 63.4% final iron ore concentrate (SiO 2content is 0.76%, Al 2o 3content is 1.69%, S content is 0.02%), described gravity tailings E is final mine tailing, described gravity treatment chats F and overflow C merge into TiO 2content is 52.6% final ilmenite concentrate.
Embodiment 3:
1) alkali soaks
By TFe content, be 53.7%, TiO 2content is 12.2%, SiO 2content is 4.15%, Al 2o 3content is 5.37%, the v-ti magnetite concentrate of S content 0.82%, be placed in mass concentration and be 20% NaOH aqueous slkali, at the temperature of 340 ℃, alkali soaks reaction 5 hours, reactant is filtered, obtain filtrate and alkali leaching cake A, NaOH consumption 84kg/t is to ore deposit, and described filtrate feeds recovery and processing system, and its chemical equation is with embodiment 1.
2) desliming
By step 1) in alkali leaching cake A add water to be mixed with mass concentration be that the desliming bucket that 21% ore pulp feeds 3.0 meters of ∮ carries out desliming operation, obtain sand setting B and overflow C.
3) gravity treatment
By step 2) in sand setting B add water and make the ore pulp of mass concentration 40% and feed the spiral chute of rice carries out gravity treatment, obtains respectively gravity concentrate D, gravity tailings E and gravity treatment chats F, and gravity concentrate D is that TFe content is 67.8% final iron ore concentrate (SiO 2content is 0.38%, Al 2o 3content is 1.19%, S content is 0.01%), described gravity tailings E is true tailings, gravity treatment chats F and overflow C merge into TiO 2content is 70.9% final ilmenite concentrate.
Embodiment 4:
1) alkali soaks
By TFe content, be 51.3%, TiO 2content is 13.7%, SiO 2content is 3.95%, Al 2o 3content is 4.62%, the v-ti magnetite concentrate of S content 0.61%, be placed in mass concentration and be 48% NaOH aqueous slkali, at the temperature of 280 ℃, alkali soaks reaction 1 hour, reactant is filtered, obtain filtrate and alkali leaching cake A, NaOH consumption 78kg/t is to ore deposit, and described filtrate feeds recovery and processing system, and its chemical equation is with embodiment 1.
2) desliming
By step 1) in alkali leaching cake A add water to be mixed with mass concentration be that the desliming bucket that 22% ore pulp feeds 5.0 meters of ∮ carries out desliming operation, obtain sand setting B and overflow C.
3) gravity treatment
By step 2) in sand setting B add water and make the ore pulp of mass concentration 39% and feed the spiral chute of rice carries out gravity treatment, obtains respectively gravity concentrate D, gravity tailings E and gravity treatment chats F, and gravity concentrate D is that TFe content is 65.3% final iron ore concentrate (SiO 2content is 0.48%, Al 2o 3content is 1.59%, S content is 0.02%), described gravity tailings E is true tailings, gravity treatment chats F and overflow C merge into TiO 2content is 60.6% final ilmenite concentrate.
Embodiment 5:
1) alkali soaks
By TFe content, be 55.2%, TiO 2content is 10.1%, SiO 2content is 3.94%, Al 2o 3content is 4.70%, the v-ti magnetite concentrate of S content 0.58%, be placed in mass concentration and be 15% KOH aqueous slkali, at the temperature of 300 ℃, alkali soaks reaction 4 hours, reactant is filtered, obtain filtrate and alkali leaching cake A, KOH consumption 81kg/t is to ore deposit, and described filtrate feeds recovery and processing system, and its chemical equation is:
2) desliming
By step 1) in alkali leaching cake A add water to be mixed with mass concentration be that the desliming bucket that 25% ore pulp feeds 3.0 meters of ∮ carries out desliming operation, obtain sand setting B and overflow C.
3) gravity treatment
By step 2) in sand setting B add water and make the ore pulp of mass concentration 37% and feed the spiral chute of rice carries out gravity treatment, obtains respectively gravity concentrate D, gravity tailings E and gravity treatment chats F, and gravity concentrate D is that TFe content is 65.9% final iron ore concentrate (SiO 2content is 0.42%, Al 2o 3content is 1.56%, S content is 0.01%), described gravity tailings E is true tailings, gravity treatment chats F and overflow C merge into TiO 2content is 55.4% final ilmenite concentrate.
Embodiment 6:
1) alkali soaks
By TFe content, be 52.2%, TiO 2content is 12.7%, SiO 2content is 3.78%, Al 2o 3content is 4.69%, the v-ti magnetite concentrate of S content 0.64%, be placed in mass concentration and be 8% KOH aqueous slkali, at the temperature of 360 ℃, alkali soaks reaction 2 hours, reactant is filtered, obtain filtrate and alkali leaching cake A, KOH consumption 75kg/t is to ore deposit, and described filtrate feeds recovery and processing system, and its chemical equation is same
Embodiment 5.
2) desliming
By step 1) in alkali leaching cake A add water to be mixed with mass concentration be that the desliming bucket that 23% ore pulp feeds 5.0 meters of ∮ carries out desliming operation, obtain sand setting B and overflow C.
3) gravity treatment
By step 2) in sand setting B add water and make the ore pulp of mass concentration 39% and feed the spiral chute of rice carries out gravity treatment, obtains respectively gravity concentrate D, gravity tailings E and gravity treatment chats F, and gravity concentrate D is that TFe content is 67.2% final iron ore concentrate (SiO 2content is 0.44%, Al 2o 3content is 1.36%, S content is 0.01%), described gravity tailings E is true tailings, it is 65.7% final ilmenite concentrate that gravity treatment chats F and overflow C merge into TiO2 content.
Embodiment 7:
1) alkali soaks
By TFe content, be 52.2%, TiO 2content is 12.7%, SiO 2content is 3.78%, Al 2o 3content is 4.69%, the v-ti magnetite concentrate of S content 0.64%, the aqueous slkali that be placed in NaOH mass concentration and be 20%, KOH mass concentration is 5%, be placed in mass concentration and be 8% KOH aqueous slkali, at the temperature of 290 ℃, alkali soaks reaction 3 hours, reactant is filtered, obtain filtrate and alkali leaching cake A, N aoH consumption 25kg/t is to ore deposit, and KOH consumption 45kg/t is to ore deposit, and described filtrate feeds recovery and processing system, and its chemical equation is with embodiment 1 and embodiment 5.
2) desliming
By step 1) in alkali leaching cake A add water to be mixed with mass concentration be that the desliming bucket that 23% ore pulp feeds 5.0 meters of ∮ carries out desliming operation, obtain sand setting B and overflow C.
3) gravity treatment
By step 2) in sand setting B add water and make the ore pulp of mass concentration 39% and feed the spiral chute of rice carries out gravity treatment, obtains respectively gravity concentrate D, gravity tailings E and gravity treatment chats F, and gravity concentrate D is that TFe content is 66.9% final iron ore concentrate (SiO 2content is 0.40%, Al 2o 3content is 1.40%, S content is 0.01%), described gravity tailings E is true tailings, gravity treatment chats F and overflow C merge into TiO 2content is 66.1% final ilmenite concentrate.

Claims (4)

1. a method of utilize that alkali soaks, v-ti magnetite concentrate being selected in desliming and gravity treatment again, is characterized in that comprising the steps:
1) alkali soaks
By TFe content range, be 50%~55%, TiO 2content range is 10%~15%, SiO 2content is 3%~6%, Al 2o 3content is 3%~6%, the v-ti magnetite concentrate of S content >0.5%, be placed in mass concentration and be 5%~52% aqueous slkali, at the temperature of 260 ℃~370 ℃, alkali soaks reaction 0.5~5 hour, reactant is filtered, obtain filtrate and alkali leaching cake A, described filtrate feeds recovery and processing system;
2) desliming
By step 1) in alkali leaching cake A add water to be mixed with mass concentration be that 21%~25% ore pulp carries out desliming operation, obtain sand setting B and overflow C;
3) gravity treatment
By step 2) in sand setting B add water and make the ore pulp of mass concentration 35%~40% and carry out gravity treatment, obtain respectively gravity concentrate D, gravity tailings E and gravity treatment chats F, described gravity concentrate D is that TFe content is 63%~68% final iron ore concentrate, described gravity tailings E is final mine tailing, and gravity treatment chats F and overflow C merge into TiO 2content is 50%~75% final ilmenite concentrate.
2. the method for according to claim 1ly utilize that alkali soaks, v-ti magnetite concentrate being selected in desliming and gravity treatment again, is characterized in that described aqueous slkali is any one in NaOH or the KOH aqueous solution, NaOH and KOH mixed aqueous solution.
3. the method for according to claim 1ly utilize that alkali soaks, v-ti magnetite concentrate being selected in desliming and gravity treatment again, is characterized in that described desliming operation adopts the desliming bucket of 3~5 meters of ∮ to carry out desliming operation.
4. the method for according to claim 1ly utilize that alkali soaks, v-ti magnetite concentrate being selected in desliming and gravity treatment again, is characterized in that described gravity treatment adopts the spiral chute of rice carries out gravity treatment.
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