CN103951129B - A kind of emergent water technology and mobile emergency water treating equipment - Google Patents
A kind of emergent water technology and mobile emergency water treating equipment Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to water-treatment technology field, particularly one is met an urgent need water technology and mobile emergency water treating equipment; Emergent water technology comprises following processing step: polluted source is intake; Electro-flotation process; Fenton reacts; Fe
0reaction; Neutralization flocculation; Microfiltration membrane process; UV-light is reacted; The process of ozone activity carbon; Absorption; Water outlet.The polluted source that technique energy fast processing of the present invention is polluted containing orgnic compound pollution, inorganic chemical pollution, heavy metal contamination, bio-toxicity, makes the water outlet after process reach the standard of discharge of wastewater, reuse or tap water.Mobile emergency water treating equipment of the present invention are integration, automatization, the moveable equipment of assembly type, when unexpected incidents occur, scene can be moved quickly into, energising can run, there are simple and fast, emergent and upgrade conversion three kinds of functions, without the need to dropping into multiple industrial chemicals, can fast processing polluted source.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to water-treatment technology field, particularly one is met an urgent need water technology and mobile emergency water treating equipment.
Background technology
Along with China's Economic development and environmental pollution are day by day serious, emergent water treatment seems and becomes more and more important, and China has hundreds of part sudden water pollution event every year, and increases year by year, mainly the car of transporting Chemicals or ship have an accident, and the dam break of enterprise wastewater storehouse, waste water station are leaked etc.Unexpected pollution in wide area surrounding body.The usual emergency schedule of this event is dammed exactly, is collected.The hundreds of ton of such collection, even thousands of, up to ten thousand tons of waste water, will, in the region emergency processing of famine ridge outside of the city to qualified discharge, generally can only allow to be disposed in 30 ~ 40 days, otherwise will because of Changes in weather generation secondary pollution accident.Antidetonation, flood fighting and local war are on-the-spot, and water source is subject to people, animal, animals and plants corpse pollutes, and disaster-stricken factory position warehouse chemical substance, biological products pollute, and harmful geology mineral stripping is polluted, the virus diffusion of rubble flow muddy water and association.Thousands of disaster relief personnel, ordinary people, soldier's tap water, domestic water difficulty, brings the ground sanitary wastewater difficult treatment that temporarily yards up simultaneously, adds disaster area pestilence and grow risk.And the reverse osmosis machine being generally used for outburst disaster scene can not be dealt with problems, this device is only applicable to city tap-water and manufactures pure water, and the water source to this compound pollution in disaster scene, lost efficacy soon; Often need aircraft air transport mineral water, increase disaster relief pressure.Therefore outburst disaster scene lacks the emergent water treating equipment of the standardization of product-quality indicators.Large-scale building site, exploration, petroleum drilling operation district, military exercise are on-the-spot, and all away from city, tap water conveying, the domestic water process of personnel, operation water treatment are all more difficult.Because China's major part waters, soil, air are contaminated, geologic hazard is frequently raw, these operating locations or lack of water, or is not clear contact scar water source; Organic pollutants, heavy metal contamination, bio-toxicity is polluted and all can be existed simultaneously, and traditional tap water technology and conventional chemistry water technology, do not reached water hygiene requirement or discharged wastewater met the national standard requirement, and build water station or a waste water station from the beginning temporarily, have little time during incident.Along with China's innovation undertaking environmental improvement, a large amount of medium-sized and small enterprises occur like the mushrooms after rain, these enterprises are all the transient enterprises that leased land rents factory building, prepare resettlement at any time, build the investment of a set of Conventional waste water station large, therefore need badly and get final product qualified discharge, audit quickly through Environmental Protection Agency, once move factory, can equally carry out the water treatment device moved by machine device again.In addition, existing waste water station enterprise, also often encounter environmental protection standard upgrading, waste water station transform measure, transform a set of waste water station more than newly-built time-consuming, effort, space is in short supply, ensure the normal qualified discharge in raw wastewater station again in transformation process, and enterprise can face the transformation that stops production, discharge beyond standards fine awkward predicament.At this moment need water treating equipment of will meeting an urgent need badly and solve above-mentioned predicament.
The sewage at accident scene has 1,100 kinds, but from contaminant molecule structure, the classification of Practical significance is had to have four kinds: orgnic compound pollution, inorganic chemical pollution, heavy metal contamination, bio-toxicity are polluted, investigate domestic some sudden water environment pollution events, these four kinds pollutions exist all simultaneously, and difference is that primary and secondary is different.Situation above comprehensive, need badly provide a kind of and can be applied to the emergency processing of sudden water pollution event, the emergent water treatment in outburst disaster scene, the emergent water treatment in field work scene, enterprises meet an urgent need water treatment etc. and can process the Processes and apparatus of the polluted source polluted containing orgnic compound pollution, inorganic chemical pollution, heavy metal contamination, bio-toxicity simultaneously.And this technique or equipment domestic market have no sale, foreign market is not reported the research paper of correlation technique, and also nobody relates to.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to provide a kind of emergent water technology and mobile emergency water treating equipment for the deficiencies in the prior art and the market vacancy.
The object of the present invention is achieved like this.
A kind of emergent water technology, it comprises following processing step: (a) polluted source is intake; The process of (b) electro-flotation; C () Fenton reacts; (d) Fe
0reaction; (e) neutralization flocculation; The process of (f) microfiltration membrane; G () UV-light is reacted; The process of (h) ozone activity carbon; (i) adsorb; (j) water outlet.
Wherein, described step (c) Fenton reaction is specially: added by hydrogen peroxide in Fenton reactor, the iron ion brought into electro-flotation reacts, and produces hydroxyl radical free radical [OH], decompose the organism in polluted source, reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of polluted source.
Wherein, described step (d) Fe
0reaction is loading nanometer Fe
0gac and polluted source in organic pollutant carry out reduction reaction, decompose further undecomposed organic pollutant in Fenton reaction.
Wherein, described step (f) microfiltration membrane process adopts the filter having millipore filtration membrane and form, it directly can obtain limpid transparent water outlet from neutralization flocculation water, with conventional settling pool, need not have the advantages that volume is little, product water is fast, water quality is bright especially.
Wherein, described step (g) UV-light reaction is specially: under the catalysis of UV light, ozone generation hydroxyl radical free radical [OH], hydroxyl radical free radical [OH] makes the molecular rupture of the pollutent in polluted source, and pollutent is progressively degraded.
Wherein, the process of described step (h) ozone activity carbon is specially: in polluted source, unreacted ozone and pollutent are tightly held by activated carbon, and continues reaction degraded at gac pore surface.
Further, after described step is (i) adsorbed, before described step (j) water outlet, also comprise step (k1) RO and react.
A kind of mobile emergency water treating equipment, it comprises electric air floating device, Fenton reactor, the Fe that running gear is set in turn in running gear
0reactor, in and flocculation plant, microfiltration membrane device, ultraviolet reactor, ozone activity carbon reactor, adsorption unit.
Wherein, Fe
0reactor is that iron carbon filler is three-phase circulating fluidized bed.
Wherein, described electric air floating device built-in Ti-Fe-Al compound electrode, rectifier and gas-solid-liquid triphase separator.
Wherein, described adsorption unit is built-in containing diatomaceous sorbent material.
Further, it also comprises RO reactor, and RO reactor is arranged at the rear of the water side of adsorption unit, and the mobile emergency water treating equipment adding RO reactor are generally applied to tap water occasion.
beneficial effect of the present invention:the polluted source that emergent water technology energy fast processing of the present invention is polluted containing orgnic compound pollution, inorganic chemical pollution, heavy metal contamination, bio-toxicity, makes the water outlet after process reach the standard of discharge of wastewater, reuse or tap water.
Mobile emergency water treating equipment of the present invention have following effect function: (1), possess fast and reliable transportation function: 1. limit for height 2.6 ~ 2.8m, can on a highway smoothly by countless 4.5m limit for height bridge opening, tunnel, viaduct, overhead line; 2. limit for width 2m × limit for length 16m, net weight is less than 10 tons, can hang on 20 tons of flat-bed trailers; 3. fastening firm: hurrying back and forth not bad away from long-distance on the hillside rough road of motorway, to unload namely available; 4. acclimatization is strong: can stand 5,000 kilometers of regions, and the high temperature of short period of time, wind and snow or low temperature normal temperature alternately change test, material and pipelining, and instrument is Yin Wendu, humidity fusion and damaging not.(2), possess automatic, simple and easy, reliable operating function: the emergent scene that can adapt to comprises the place away from city and home-delivery center, rush repair inconvenience, non-specialised staff operates.On-the-spot water quality characteristic can not to find out rapidly etc. feature.(3), the scalable sexual function of water quality: the not clear contact scar water source that simultaneously there is organic chemistry material pollution, inorganic chemical pollution, heavy metal contamination, bio-toxicity pollution can be adapted to, to meet an urgent need water technology or device processes through one of the present invention, process water outlet more than 90% can reach tap water standard or environmental emission standard.(4), water production rate: mobile emergency water treating equipment of the present invention be designed to 3 ~ 5 tons/time, 5 ~ 10 tons/time, 10 ~ 15 tons/time three kinds of specifications, mutually arrange in pairs or groups, be enough to meet needed for most emergent scene.5, attached allocation function: the present invention can also supportingly have: life, tent, communication, maintenance tool case, fast water-quality detecting tank, medical locker, special occasions unit can also regulate and control by supporting long-distance video, is convenient to Long-distance Control.
Mobile emergency water treating equipment of the present invention are integration, automatization, the moveable equipment of assembly type, when unexpected incidents occur, can move quickly into scene, energising can run, there are simple and fast, emergent and upgrade conversion three kinds of functions, can fast processing polluted source.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the process flow sheet of a kind of emergent water treatment of embodiments of the invention 1.
Fig. 2 is the process flow sheet of a kind of emergent water treatment of embodiments of the invention 2.
Fig. 3 is the structural representation of a kind of mobile emergency water treating equipment of embodiments of the invention 3.
Fig. 4 is the structural representation of a kind of mobile emergency water treating equipment of embodiments of the invention 4.
Reference numeral:
1---electric air floating device 2---Fenton reactor
3---Fe
0reactor 4---in and flocculation plant
5---microfiltration membrane device 6---ultraviolet reactor
7---ozone activity carbon reactor 8---adsorption unit.
Embodiment
With concrete drawings and Examples, the present invention is further illustrated below, but the present invention is not by the restriction of following embodiment.
embodiment 1.
As shown in Figure 1, a kind of emergent water technology, it comprises following processing step: (a) polluted source is intake; The process of (b) electro-flotation; C () Fenton reacts; (d) Fe
0reaction; (e) neutralization flocculation; The process of (f) microfiltration membrane; G () UV-light is reacted; The process of (h) ozone activity carbon; (i) adsorb; (j) water outlet.
Technological principle of the present invention is as follows.
the process of Organic pollutants.
1. organism is the main ingredient forming COD, qualified discharge water index reference surface water V class standard, COD < 30 ~ 50mg/L, and contaminative water source COD is usually at 300 ~ 3000mg/L.
2. in sewage containing heavy metal time, a lot of organism can with heavy metal complexing, make heavy metal can not generate precipitation of hydroxide completely.
3. contain suspended substance in sewage, during colloidal type, a lot of organism can close by lotus root with it, colloid surface electrostatic double layer is stablized, reduces Fe
2+/ Al
3+charge neutrality ability, when such as, tackling micro polluted source in water supply industry, add potassium permanganate and mix with PAC or lead to O
3oxidation, just can significantly improve coagulation effect.
4. organism can consume NaClO, O
3, KMnO
4in oxygenant, significantly reduce their sterilization algae removal ability.Endangering maximum in organism is solvability oils in contaminative water source, is secondly bio-toxicity algae.
In the present embodiment, the process of processing step (b) electro-flotation is by electrooxidation Partial digestion organism, abolishes complexing-lotus root conjunction state of Organic Acids on Heavy Metal, suspended substance, colloid, and by air supporting removing solvability oils and bio-toxicity algae.
Organism can be divided into following several large class and follow the degraded of following course from molecular structure.
1. lopps (monocycle, dicyclo, many rings, heterocycle etc.) → long-chain → short chain → simple small molecules → CO
2+ H
2o, but the degradation characteristic of each class formation is different, distribution frequency is different and cause water treatment energy consumption, energy input density is different.Wherein lopps and long chain molecule are polar molecule mostly, be that colloid or insoluble oil particulate exist, use Fe in sewage
2+/ Al
3+then can make their flocculation adsorption and realize being separated, this is the organic matter removal means that cost is minimum, efficiency ratio is the highest, and in the present embodiment, the process of processing step (b) electro-flotation, just has and produce Fe after energising on electrode
2+/ Al
3+electric flocculating function remove oils macromole.
2. middle long-chain, short chain molecule, can be reacted (Fenton) degraded, therefore after electro-flotation process, then carry out Fenton reaction, these type organism of can degrading by advanced oxidation, the Fe electrode of electro-flotation is then for Fenton reaction provides necessary Fe
2+, play mutually collaborative effect.
3. last simple molecules, more effective with ultraviolet light ozone degraded, but need water quality transparency high, after therefore ultraviolet light ozone degraded being placed on neutralization flocculation and microfiltration membrane process in emergent water technology of the present invention.
the process of heavy metal contamination.
In sewage, heavy metal can have two kinds of methods to remove:
1. Fe
0reaction: sewage is by zeroth order iron powder, and Cu-Ni-Cr etc. are just restored, as Fe
0+ Cu
2+→ Cu
0↓+Fe
2+; Fe
2++ 2OH
-→ Fe (OH)
2↓; Fe
2+generate Fe (OH)
2flocs unit, Adsorption of Cu
2+;
3. directly precipitation of hydroxide is generated, as Cu
2++ 2OH
-→ Cu (OH)
2↓;
It is abolish the complex state of Organic Acids on Heavy Metal that two kinds of methods remove effective prerequisite, the electro-flotation process of the emergent water technology of the present embodiment and Fenton reaction have realized the complex state abolishing Organic Acids on Heavy Metal, therefore can enter removal heavy metal soiling procedure.Pass through Fe
0reaction → in and flocculation process energy removal heavy metal, flocculation adsorption light electrolysis except Cu produce Fe
2+, time generation Fe (OH) in pH8 ~ 9
3flco, Adsorption of Cu (OH)
3, Cu
2+precipitation; The pH of all processes of reaction is unidirectional rising, without the need to repeatedly adjusting back pH, saves acid and alkali consumption.
the process that bio-toxicity is polluted.
Viruses in waste water, bacterium certainly exist, and the emergent water technology of the present embodiment, by UV-light-ozone activity carbon technique, while degraded simple organic molecule, is removed bio-toxicity and polluted; And UV-light-ozone activity carbon technique be placed in microfiltration membrane process after, sewage transparency is very high, is conducive to action of ultraviolet light.
the process of inorganic chemical pollution.
1. hardness class material, as CaCO
3, Mg (OH)
3deng, because the alkaline condition of negative electrode just can eliminate most of temporary hardness class material in electro-flotation.
2. reducing inorganic thing, as Fe
2+, SO
3 2-class, in Fenton reaction, reducing inorganic thing becomes Fe through reaction
3+deng.
the application of microfiltration membrane process.
Heavy metal hydroxide has two kinds of forms, can free sedimentation crystal state and can not the colloidal attitude of free sedimentation, heavy metal index due to new standard is strict in the earth's surface Yuan Shui of river, river, reservoir, if by traditional technology, after then having to pass through clarification, residual colloidal could be removed again through step tiny flocculation, sand filtration, and the present invention replaces bulky clarification+tiny flocculation+sand filtration by microfiltration membrane, only use microfiltration membrane process that water treatment then can be made to reach new standard, reach occupation of land less, the excellent object of water quality.
The emergent water technology of the present embodiment is through absorbing process, and built-in take terra silicea purificata as the potent sorbent material of main raw, the degree of depth can remove various extremely low concentration pollutent in sewage effectively further.
embodiment 2.
As shown in Figure 2, the difference of the present embodiment and embodiment 1 is: the one of the present embodiment is met an urgent need water technology, after described step is (i) adsorbed, before described step (j) water outlet, also comprises step (k1) RO and reacts.
The RO reverse osmosis technology reacted by RO, realize deep removal inorganic salt and pollute, realize more than 99% desalination, water outlet reaches guidelines for drinking water quality.
Unaccounted feature in the present embodiment, adopts the explanation in embodiment 1, no longer repeats at this.
embodiment 3.
As shown in Figure 3, be applied to a kind of mobile emergency water treating equipment of embodiment 1, it comprises running gear and is set in turn in the electric air floating device 1 of running gear, Fenton reactor 2, Fe
0reactor 3, in and flocculation plant 4, microfiltration membrane device 5, ultraviolet reactor 6, ozone activity carbon reactor 7, adsorption unit 8.Running gear can be a housing or flat-bed trailer, electric air floating device 1, Fenton reactor 2, Fe
0reactor 3, in and flocculation plant 4, microfiltration membrane device 5, ultraviolet reactor 6, ozone activity carbon reactor 7, adsorption unit 8 are all set in turn in housing or on flat-bed trailer.
Preferably, also comprise micro-grid, described micro-grid is arranged at the front of the feed-water end of electric air floating device 1.
The function of above-mentioned each cell arrangement is as following table:
。
The main applicating example of a kind of mobile emergency water treating equipment of the present embodiment has:
1. field accident sewage emergency processing: transport harmful influence car accident; near damming behind river course; first polluted water body is caused pool, hole, mountain nearby to collect; river course is entered again to after the emergency processing of collection waste water, protection downstream Drinking Water for Residents safety with a kind of mobile emergency water treating equipment of the present embodiment.Enterprise wastewater station is leaked, intercepting sewer and near after river gushes, polluted water body is caused an interim rubber cofferdam, more just can enter water channel or river is gushed afterwards with a kind of mobile emergency water treating equipment process of the present embodiment is extremely up to standard.
2. enterprise wastewater station emergency processing: on-the-spot for the transformation of enterprise wastewater station, can guarantee that improvement project and waste water station qualified discharge are neglected neither, for newly-built small scale wastewater treatment, can realize San Tong method fast, can move together with enterprise.
3. disaster scene emergency processing: disaster scene yards up sanitary wastewater a little temporarily, can qualified discharge or for breakdown lorry, ground flushing water, prevents disaster area pestilence diffusion after process.
4. the on-the-spot emergency processing of field work: the drilling mud water in building site, the oil recovery water of oil drilling, after a kind of mobile emergency water treating equipment process of the present embodiment, can be back to probing and oil well reinjected water again; The sanitary wastewater of operating personnel on building site, after a kind of mobile emergency water treating equipment process of the present embodiment, can qualified discharge or be back to construction machinery, ground flushing water.
5. large-scale environment-friendly engineering process certification: to kiloton day above complex industrial waste water, formula design manual designs and constructs by rule of thumb, risk of failure is very high, with a kind of mobile emergency water treating equipment field pilot test of the present embodiment, each technique unit usefulness and combination difference can be verified, realize optimization design.
Unaccounted feature in the present embodiment, adopts the explanation in embodiment 1, no longer repeats at this.
embodiment 4.
As shown in Figure 4, the difference of the present embodiment and embodiment 3 is: a kind of mobile emergency water treating equipment described in the present embodiment, and it also comprises the rear that RO reactor 9, RO reactor 9 is arranged at the water side of adsorption unit 8, and RO reactor 9 is provided with RO film.
Add the mobile emergency water treating equipment of RO reactor 9, by RO reverse osmosis technology, can be large-scale building site, exploration, drilling well oil field, army's military exercise, operating personnel supplies drinking water immediately; Disaster scene emergency processing can also be applied to: contaminated rivers and creeks water, the water intaking of mountain mineral water in disaster scene, reverse osmosis system is connected after a kind of mobile emergency water treating equipment process of the present embodiment, namely can be rescue personnel, the disaster-stricken people supply drinking water, without the need to air transport mineral water.
Unaccounted feature in the present embodiment, adopts the explanation in embodiment 3, no longer repeats at this.
The above is only preferred embodiment of the present invention, therefore all equivalences done according to structure, feature and the principle described in patent claim of the present invention change or modify, and are included in patent claim of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. an emergent water technology, is characterized in that: it comprises following processing step: (a) polluted source is intake; The process of (b) electro-flotation; C () Fenton reacts; (d) Fe
0reaction; (e) neutralization flocculation; The process of (f) microfiltration membrane; G () UV-light is reacted; The process of (h) ozone activity carbon; (i) adsorb; (j) water outlet; Described step (c) Fenton reaction is specially: added by hydrogen peroxide in Fenton reactor, the iron ion brought into electro-flotation reacts, and produces hydroxyl radical free radical [OH], decomposes the organism in polluted source, reduces the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of polluted source; Described step (d) Fe
0reaction is loading nanometer Fe
0gac and polluted source in organic pollutant carry out reduction reaction, decompose further undecomposed organic pollutant in Fenton reaction; Described step (g) UV-light reaction is specially: under the catalysis of UV light, ozone generation hydroxyl radical free radical [OH], hydroxyl radical free radical [OH] makes the molecular rupture of the pollutent in polluted source, and pollutent is progressively degraded.
2. one according to claim 1 is met an urgent need water technology, it is characterized in that: the process of described step (h) ozone activity carbon is specially: in polluted source, unreacted ozone and pollutent are tightly held by activated carbon, continue reaction degraded at gac pore surface.
3. one according to claim 1 is met an urgent need water technology, it is characterized in that: after described step is (i) adsorbed, before described step (j) water outlet, also comprises step (k1) RO and react.
4. be applied to a kind of mobile emergency water treating equipment of the emergent water technology described in claim 1-3 any one, it is characterized in that: it comprises running gear and is set in turn in the electric air floating device of running gear, Fenton reactor, Fe
0reactor, in and flocculation plant, microfiltration membrane device, ultraviolet reactor, ozone activity carbon reactor, adsorption unit; It also comprises RO reactor, and RO reactor is arranged at the rear of the water side of adsorption unit; Described electric air floating device built-in Ti-Fe-Al compound electrode, rectifier and gas-solid-liquid triphase separator.
5. a kind of mobile emergency water treating equipment according to claim 4, is characterized in that: described adsorption unit is built-in containing diatomaceous sorbent material.
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| CN104926015B (en) * | 2015-05-07 | 2018-06-22 | 中国环境科学研究院 | A kind of small-sized assembled packaged type waste water processing station |
| CN107285503B (en) * | 2016-04-11 | 2020-02-18 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Method for discharging high-sulfur-content wastewater of oil and gas field after injection reduction and reaching standards |
| CN107285505B (en) * | 2016-04-11 | 2020-02-18 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Method for emission of high-sulfur-content wastewater of oil and gas field by reducing injection and reaching standard |
| CN107285504B (en) * | 2016-04-11 | 2020-02-18 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Method for treating high-sulfur-content wastewater in oil and gas field by reducing injection and reaching standard |
| CN106396211A (en) * | 2016-12-16 | 2017-02-15 | 中国人民解放军后勤工程学院 | Electrocoagulation and ceramic micro-filtration membrane coupling device for purifying micro-polluted source water as well as process |
| US10526227B2 (en) * | 2017-05-10 | 2020-01-07 | Creative Water Solutions, Llc | Wastewater treatment and solids reclamation system |
| CN109956593A (en) * | 2019-04-29 | 2019-07-02 | 苏州无为环境科技有限公司 | A kind of emergency wastewater treatment method |
| CN111499032A (en) * | 2020-03-23 | 2020-08-07 | 中国人民解放军陆军防化学院 | Sewage treatment method and sewage treatment agent |
| CN113336377A (en) * | 2021-07-12 | 2021-09-03 | 国润(广东)生物科技有限公司 | Rapid-dismounting mobile fire-fighting and disaster-relief wastewater treatment system and application method |
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| CN101481186A (en) * | 2009-02-16 | 2009-07-15 | 中国石化集团石油工程西南有限公司油田工程服务分公司 | Process and apparatus for treating oil-gas field wastewater |
| CN203845903U (en) * | 2014-05-16 | 2014-09-24 | 东莞市珠江海咸水淡化研究所 | Mobile type emergency water treatment equipment |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN101481186A (en) * | 2009-02-16 | 2009-07-15 | 中国石化集团石油工程西南有限公司油田工程服务分公司 | Process and apparatus for treating oil-gas field wastewater |
| CN203845903U (en) * | 2014-05-16 | 2014-09-24 | 东莞市珠江海咸水淡化研究所 | Mobile type emergency water treatment equipment |
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