CN103917573B - 用于环氧树脂的具有芳族氨基的固化剂 - Google Patents
用于环氧树脂的具有芳族氨基的固化剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103917573B CN103917573B CN201280055051.3A CN201280055051A CN103917573B CN 103917573 B CN103917573 B CN 103917573B CN 201280055051 A CN201280055051 A CN 201280055051A CN 103917573 B CN103917573 B CN 103917573B
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- QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylolethane Chemical compound OCC(C)(CO)CO QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- YQKGJRGUAQVYNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(1,2-dichloropropan-2-yl) phosphate Chemical compound ClCC(Cl)(C)OP(=O)(OC(C)(Cl)CCl)OC(C)(Cl)CCl YQKGJRGUAQVYNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- LIPMRGQQBZJCTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(2-propan-2-ylphenyl) phosphate Chemical class CC(C)C1=CC=CC=C1OP(=O)(OC=1C(=CC=CC=1)C(C)C)OC1=CC=CC=C1C(C)C LIPMRGQQBZJCTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BHYQWBKCXBXPKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris[3-bromo-2,2-bis(bromomethyl)propyl] phosphate Chemical class BrCC(CBr)(CBr)COP(=O)(OCC(CBr)(CBr)CBr)OCC(CBr)(CBr)CBr BHYQWBKCXBXPKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XOOUIPVCVHRTMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc stearate Chemical class [Zn+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O XOOUIPVCVHRTMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G59/00—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
- C08G59/18—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
- C08G59/40—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the curing agents used
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- C08G59/18—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
- C08G59/182—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing using pre-adducts of epoxy compounds with curing agents
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- C08G59/00—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
- C08G59/18—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
- C08G59/182—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing using pre-adducts of epoxy compounds with curing agents
- C08G59/184—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing using pre-adducts of epoxy compounds with curing agents with amines
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- C08G59/18—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
- C08G59/40—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the curing agents used
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Abstract
本发明涉及含脂族仲氨基和芳族伯氨基的用于环氧树脂的固化剂。其与环氧树脂一起在湿冷的条件下令人惊讶地快速且没有泛白效应地固化成非常疏水的、高度交联的高硬度膜。其特别适合用于对耐受性具有较高要求的涂层。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及胺作为环氧树脂固化剂的领域,以及含有胺的环氧树脂组合物及其用途,特别是作为涂料的用途。
背景技术
环氧树脂组合物应具有一系列性能以能够用作高品质涂料。其一方面应具有低粘度,从而其在环境温度下可以良好加工并且自流平,并且其应即使在湿冷条件下仍然迅速固化而无所谓的泛白效应。“泛白(Blushing)”表示在固化时通过胺与空气中的二氧化碳(CO2)形成盐而造成的缺陷,例如浑浊、斑点和粗糙或粘性的表面,其中高空气湿度和低温会促进泛白效应的出现。环氧树脂涂料在经固化状态下应具有均匀表面而无浑浊、斑点或凹穴,并且其应具有高硬度和高耐受性。为了达到这些性能,现有技术中通常在环氧树脂涂料中使用稀释剂。这些稀释剂(如苄醇或酚)在固化时不结合入树脂基质中并因此能够导致不期望的排放。
US2009/0163676描述的固化剂组合物包含至少一种苄基化的聚亚烷基多胺和至少一种其他的胺。但是通过苄基化,这些胺的官能度和对于环氧化物的反应性大大降低。
对于其中需要高耐受性的某些应用,例如在腐蚀保护中,需要非常疏水且高度交联的环氧树脂涂料。然而,根据现有技术的高官能度固化剂往往趋向于强烈泛白效果或具有高的粘度。适于作为环氧树脂的固化剂的现有技术中已知的芳族胺仅非常缓慢地与环氧树脂反应,并且在室温下往往是固体,这使得其在室温下施用的材料中的使用显著困难,且通常又导致必需使用溶剂。
发明内容
因此本发明的目的在于提供一种用于环氧树脂的固化剂,其在室温下是液体且不过高粘性,与环氧树脂一起易于加工并即使在湿冷的条件下也可以与其迅速且无泛白地固化成高硬度和高耐受性的涂层。
令人惊讶地发现,根据权利要求1的包含具有至少一个式(I)的氨基的胺的固化剂可以解决此问题。根据权利要求1的固化剂是低气味的,且与环氧树脂良好相容。与现有技术中通常的芳族胺类固化剂如4,4'-亚甲基二苯基二胺或二乙基甲苯二胺相比,它们与环氧树脂令人惊奇地快速固化并同时形成非常疏水且高度交联的材料,其是不粘的、具有较高的光泽且没有混浊和表面缺陷。由此其特别适合于需要高耐受性的应用,特别是在腐蚀防护中。特别有利的事实是,具有至少一个式(I)的氨基的胺可以由市售的脂肪族聚胺和具有硝基苯基的酮或醛出发用简单的方法获得,因为由此避免处理小分子的、通常毒性非常高的芳族胺。
本发明的其他方面为其他独立权利要求的主题。特别优选的本发明的实施方案为从属权利要求的主题。
发明的具体实施方式
本发明的主题是一种适用于固化环氧树脂的固化剂,其包含至少一种具有至少一个式(I)氨基基团的胺,
其中,
R是氢原子或具有1至12个碳原子的烷基,优选为氢原子或甲基,特别是氢原子;
Y是氢原子或者是具有1至12个碳原子的一价烃基或者是具有1至12个碳原子的烷氧基或芳氧基,优选是氢原子或甲基,特别是氢原子;和
b是1或2,优选1。
本文献中分子式中的虚线每种情况下表示取代基和所属的分子残基之间的化合键。
以“聚/多”为首的物质名称如多胺、聚醇或多环氧化物,表示形式上每分子包含两个或更多个在其名称中出现的官能团的物质。
“脂族”表示其氨基键合至脂族、脂环族或芳脂族基团上的胺;相应的,所述基团被称为脂族氨基。“芳族”表示其氨基键合至芳族基团上的胺;相应的,所述基团被称为芳族氨基。
“胺氢”表示伯氨基和仲氨基的氢原子。
“非结合性稀释剂”表示可溶于环氧树脂并且使其粘度降低的物质,所述物质在环氧树脂固化时不共价结合至树脂基质中。
在本文献中术语“粘度”表示通过剪切应力和剪切率(速度梯度)之间的比例定义并且根据DIN EN ISO3219中所述确定的动态粘度或剪切粘度。
优选所述具有至少一个式(I)的氨基的胺具有一个、两个或三个式(I)的氨基,特别优选一个或两个式(I)的氨基。
具有两个式(I)的氨基的胺在与环氧树脂固化时,得到特别疏水、坚硬的和具有非常高交联度的耐用的材料。
仅具有一个式(I)的氨基的胺具有特别低的粘度。优选其额外具有至少一种其它的脂肪族仲氨基,特别是苄氨基,或者其额外具有至少一种脂肪族伯氨基。
优选Y为氢原子,和b为1,并且伯氨基位于间位。这样的式(I)的氨基表示式(Ⅰa)的氨基。
式(Ia)中,R具有前面提到的含义。具有式(Ia)的氨基的胺具有特别低的粘度。
具有至少一个式(I)的氨基的胺优选是式(II)的胺,
其中
A是具有28至5000g/mol的分子量的a价烃基,其任选地具有醚基、氨基、羟基或巯基;
a是1至3的整数,优选为1或2;和
R,Y和b具有前面提到的含义。
优选A表示分子量为28至500g/mol的a价烃基,其任选地具有醚基或仲或伯氨基。
特别优选A是
-具有2至20个碳原子、特别是2至12个碳原子的a价烷基、环烷基或芳烷基;或者是
-具有1至10个、特别是1至7个仲氨基的a价聚亚烷基胺基团,其中作为亚烷基特别存在亚乙基、亚正丙基或六亚甲基;或者是
-具有1至7个醚基的a价聚氧化亚烷基,其中作为亚烷基特别存在亚乙基或亚异丙基;
其中这些基团可以具有1个或2个、优选1个伯或仲脂族氨基。
A特别是在去除了a个脂肪族伯氨基之后的胺的a价烃残基,其中所述胺选自苄胺、3-氨甲基吡啶、1,5-二氨基-2-甲基戊烷(MPMD)、2-丁基-2-乙基-1,5-戊二胺(C11-新二胺)、1,6-己二胺、2,5-二甲基-1,6-己二胺、2,2,4-和2,4,4-三甲基六亚甲基二胺(TMD)、1,12-十二烷二胺、1,4-二氨基环己烷、双-(4-氨基环己基)-甲烷、双-(4-氨基-3-甲基环己基)-甲烷、1-氨基-3-氨基甲基-3,5,5-三甲基环己烷(=异佛尔酮二胺或IPDA)、1,3-双-(氨基甲基)环己烷、2,5(2,6)-双-(氨基甲基)-双环[2.2.1]庚烷(NBDA)、3(4),8(9)-双-(氨基甲基)-三环[5.2.1.02,6]癸烷、1,3-双(氨基甲基)苯、双-六亚甲基三胺(BHMT)、二亚乙基三胺(DETA)、三亚乙基四胺(TETA)、四亚乙基五胺(TEPA)、五亚乙基六胺(PEHA)、具有5至7个亚乙基胺单元的聚亚乙基多胺(所谓的“更高级的亚乙基多胺”,HEPA)、二亚丙基三胺(DPTA)、N-(2-氨基乙基)-1,3-丙二胺(N3-胺)、N,N'-双(3-氨基丙基)乙二胺(N4-胺)和聚氧化亚烷基二胺和具有200至500g/mol分子量的聚氧化亚烷基三胺。
具有优选的烃残基A的式(II)的胺与环氧树脂特别好地相容。
在一个特别优选的实施方案中,A是MPMD或1,6-己二胺或TMD或1,3-双(氨基甲基)苯或1,3-双(氨基甲基)环己烷或双(4-氨基环己基)甲烷或异佛尔酮二胺的烃残基。具有这些残基A的式(II)的胺在与环氧树脂固化时得到高的硬度和耐受性。
在另一个非常特别优选的实施方案中,A为DETA、TETA、TEPA、PEHA、HEPA、DPTA、N3-胺或N4-胺的烃残基。具有这些残基A的式(II)的胺在与环氧树脂固化时得到特别高的交联密度。
在另一个非常特别优选的实施方案中,A是具有分子量200至500g/mol的聚氧化亚烷基二胺或聚氧化亚烷基三胺的烃残基。具有这些残基A的式(II)的胺在与环氧树脂固化时得到特别高的冲击韧性。
在另一个非常特别优选的实施方案中,式(II)中A为苄胺的烃残基。该特别优选的残基A得到具有特别低粘度的式(II)的胺并且在与环氧树脂固化时不形成那么高度交联的且具有冲击韧性的涂层。
最优选A是MPMD或1,3-双(氨基甲基)苯的烃残基。这些优选的基团A得到具有对于环氧基团很高官能度和特别低粘度的式(II)的胺。
所述的具有至少一个式(I)的氨基的胺也可以是式(II)的胺与至少一种化合物的加合物,所述的化合物包含至少一种(优选至少两种)反应性基团,例如特别是环氧基、环硫化物基、氮丙啶基、环碳酸酯基、异氰酸酯基、异硫氰酸酯基、丙烯酰基、甲基丙烯酰基或丙烯酰胺基,优选环氧基。
优选式(II)的胺具有在20℃下测定的介于150至50000mPa·s、特别优选介于150至10000mPa·s且特别是介于150至5000mPa·s的粘度。
此外,本发明涉及一种用于制备如上所述的固化剂的方法,其中具有至少一个式(I)的氨基的胺通过至少一个伯胺与至少一个式(III)的羰基化合物的还原性烷基化获得。
式(III)中,R、Y和b具有前面已提到过的含义。
适合作为式(III)的羰基化合物是醛,特别是2-硝基苯甲醛、3-硝基苯甲醛、4-甲基-3-硝基苯甲醛、4-乙基-3-硝基苯甲醛和4-硝基苯甲醛,以及还有酮类,特别是2'-硝基苯乙酮、3'-硝基苯乙酮、3',5'-二硝基乙酰苯、4'-甲氧基-3'-硝基苯乙酮、3'-硝基-苯丙酮、4'-硝基苯乙酮和4'-硝基-苯丙酮。
特别优选的是2-硝基苯甲醛、3-硝基苯甲醛、4-硝基苯甲醛、2'-硝基苯乙酮、3'-硝基苯乙酮和4'-硝基苯乙酮。
最优选的是3-硝基苯甲醛。
伯胺还可以与由至少一种式(III)的羰基化合物和至少一种其它羰基化合物构成的混合物还原性烷基化,特别是与包括苯甲醛和/或水杨醛和/或吡啶甲醛的混合物。
所述羰基化合物相对于伯氨基优选以化学计量比使用,其中获得具有至少一个式(I)的氨基的胺,其不含脂族伯氨基。
此外,优选羰基化合物可以相对于伯氨基以稍微低于化学计量比的量使用,特别是以0.6至0.95的比例。在使用脂族伯二胺为起始胺用于还原性烷基化时,在此过程中生成由具有两个式(I)的氨基的胺和具有一个式(I)的氨基与一个脂族伯氨的胺构成的混合物。这种混合物是低粘度的,特别与环氧树脂具有反应性且在与环氧树脂一起固化时几乎没有泛白效果。
还原性烷基化反应适宜在氢气存在下和在升高的压力下进行。它可以直接与分子氢或间接通过其它试剂的氢转移进行。优选使用分子氢。在此过程中,不仅脂族伯氨基团被还原性烷基化,而且所存在的硝基被还原或氢化成芳族伯氨基。如此有利的选择条件,一方面脂族伯氨基和硝基尽可能完全反应,另一方面尽可能没有胺和羰基化合物的其他组成部分被氢化或分解。优选在5至100bar的氢气压力和40至120℃的温度下并在合适的催化剂的存在下操作。优选作为催化剂的是炭负载的钯(Pd/C)、炭负载的铂(Pt/C)、Adams-催化剂和雷尼镍,特别是炭负载的钯和炭负载的铂。
已经发现,在上述条件下硝基基本上被还原或氢化,在还原性烷基化后,不能检测到或仅能检测到非常低含量的含硝基化合物。
式(II)的胺可以特别有利地通过式(IV)的胺与至少一种式(III)的羰基化合物的还原烷基化获得。
在式(IV)中,A和a具有前面已提到过的含义。
在第一个实施方式中适合作为式(IV)的胺的是脂肪族伯多胺,其作为环氧树脂的固化剂是已知的,特别是下列这些:
-脂族、脂环族或芳脂族的伯二胺,例如特别是乙二胺、1,2-丙二胺、1,3-丙二胺、2-甲基-1,2-丙二胺、2,2-二甲基-1,3-丙二胺、1,3-丁二胺、1,4-丁二胺、1,3-戊二胺(DAMP)、1,5-戊二胺、1,5-二氨基-2-甲基戊烷(MPMD)、2-丁基-2-乙基-1,5-戊二胺(C11-新二胺)、1,6-己二胺、2,5-二甲基-1,6-己二胺、2,2,4-和2,4,4-三甲基六亚甲基二胺(TMD)、1,7-庚二胺、1,8-辛二胺、1,9-壬二胺、1,10-癸二胺、1,11-十一烷二胺、1,12-十二烷二胺、1,2-、1,3-和1,4-二氨基环己烷、双-(4-氨基环己基)-甲烷、双-(4-氨基-3-甲基环己基)-甲烷、双-(4-氨基-3-乙基环己基)-甲烷、双-(4-氨基-3,5-二甲基环己基)-甲烷、双-(4-氨基-3-乙基-5-甲基环己基)-甲烷(M-MECA)、1-氨基-3-氨基甲基-3,5,5-三甲基环己烷(=异佛尔酮二胺或IPDA)、2-和4-甲基-1,3-二氨基环己烷及其混合物、1,3-和1,4-双-(氨基甲基)环己烷、2,5(2,6)-双-(氨基甲基)-双环[2.2.1]庚烷(NBDA)、3(4),8(9)-双-(氨基甲基)-三环[5.2.1.02,6]癸烷、1,4-二氨基-2,2,6-三甲基环己烷(TMCDA)、1,8-薄荷烷二胺、3,9-双-(3-氨基丙基)-2,4,8,10-四氧杂螺[5.5]十一烷以及1,3-和1,4-双-(氨基甲基)苯;
-脂族、脂环族或芳脂族伯三胺例如4-氨基甲基-1,8-辛二胺、1,3,5-三-(氨基甲基)苯和1,3,5-三-(氨基甲基)环己烷;
-含醚基的脂族伯二胺,例如特别是双-(2-氨基乙基)醚、3,6-二氧杂-1,8-辛二胺、4,7-二氧杂-1,10-癸二胺、4,7-二氧杂-2,9-癸二胺、4,9-二氧杂-1,12-十二烷二胺、5,8-二氧杂-3,10-十二烷二胺、4,7,10-三氧杂-1,13-十三烷二胺和所述二胺的更高级的低聚物、双-(3-氨基丙基)聚四氢呋喃和其它聚四氢呋喃二胺,以及聚氧化亚烷基-二胺。后者通常是通过聚氧化亚烷基二醇的胺化形成的产物并且例如可通过商品名(来自Huntsman)、商品名Polyetheramine(来自BASF)或商品名PC(来自Nitroil)获得。特别合适的聚氧化亚烷基二胺为D-230、D-400、D-2000、D-4000、XTJ-511、ED-600、ED-900、ED-2003、XTJ-568、XTJ-569、XTJ-523、XTJ-536、XTJ-542、XTJ-559、EDR-104、EDR-148、EDR-176;Polyetheramine D230、PolyetheramineD400和Polyetheramine D2000、PCDA250、PCDA400、PCDA650和PCDA2000;
-聚氧化亚烷基-伯三胺,其通常是通过聚氧化亚烷基-三醇的胺化形成的产物并且例如可通过商品名(来自Huntsman)、商品名Polyetheramine(来自BASF)或商品名PC(来自Nitroil)获得,例如特别是T-403、T-3000、T-5000、Polyetheramine T403、PolyetheramineT5000和PCTA403;
-具有两个脂族伯氨基的具有叔氨基的多胺,例如特别是N,N'-双-(氨基丙基)哌嗪、N,N-双-(3-氨基丙基)甲胺、N,N-双-(3-氨基丙基)乙胺、N,N-双-(3-氨基丙基)丙胺、N,N-双-(3-氨基丙基)环己胺、N,N-双-(3-氨基丙基)-2-乙基-己胺,以及通过脂肪胺的双重氰乙基化和随后的还原获得的产物,所述脂肪胺源自天然脂肪酸,例如可以Y12D和YT(来自Akzo Nobel)获得的N,N-双-(3-氨基丙基)十二烷胺和N,N-双-(3-氨基丙基)牛脂烷基胺;
-具有三个脂族伯氨基的具有叔氨基的多胺,例如特别是三-(2-氨基乙基)胺、三-(2-氨基丙基)胺和三-(3-氨基丙基)胺;
-具有两个脂族伯氨基的具有仲氨基的多胺,例如特别是3-(2-氨基乙基)氨基丙胺、双-六亚甲基三胺(BHMT)、二亚乙基三胺(DETA)、三亚乙基四胺(TETA)、四亚乙基戊胺(TEPA)、五亚乙基己胺(PEHA)和线性聚亚乙基胺的更高级的同系物,例如具有5至7个亚乙基胺单元的聚亚乙基多胺(所谓的“更高级的亚乙基多胺”,HEPA),通过具有至少两个伯氨基的伯二胺和伯多胺的氰乙基化或氰丁基化和随后的氢化而获得的产物,例如二亚丙基三胺(DPTA)、N-(2-氨基乙基)-1,3-丙二胺(N3-胺)、N,N'-双(3-氨基丙基)亚乙基二胺(N4-胺)、N,N'-双-(3-氨基丙基)-1,4-二氨基丁烷、N5-(3-氨基丙基)-2-甲基-1,5-戊二胺、N3-(3-氨基戊基)-1,3-戊二胺、N5-(3-氨基-1-乙基丙基)-2-甲基-1,5-戊二胺和N,N'-双-(3-氨基-1-乙基丙基)-2-甲基-1,5-戊二胺。
在另一个实施方式中,适合作为式(IV)的胺是仅具有一个脂族伯氨基的胺,特别是下列物质:
-一元胺,例如特别是苄胺、2-,3-或4-氨基甲基吡啶,环己胺、2-苯基乙胺、2-甲氧基苯基乙胺、4-甲氧基苯基乙胺、3,4-二甲氧基苯基乙胺(Homoveratrylamin)、甲胺、乙胺、丙胺、异丙胺、1-和2-丁胺、异丁胺、叔丁胺、3-甲基-2-丁胺、1-己胺、1-辛胺、2-乙基-1-己胺、2-甲氧基-1-乙胺、2-乙氧基-1-乙胺、3-甲氧基-1-丙胺、3-乙氧基-1-丙胺、3-(2-乙基己氧基)丙胺、3-(2-甲氧基乙氧基)丙胺;
-具有伯氨基和仲氨基的多胺,例如特别是N-甲基-1,2-乙二胺、N-乙基-1,2-乙二胺、N-丁基-1,2-乙二胺、N-己基-1,2-乙二胺、N-(2-乙基己基)-1,2-乙二胺、N-环己基-1,2-乙二胺、4-氨基甲基-哌啶、N-(2-氨基乙基)哌嗪、N-甲基-1,3-丙二胺、N-丁基-1,3-丙二胺、N-(2-乙基己基)-1,3-丙二胺、N-环己基-1,3-丙二胺、3-甲基氨基-1-戊胺、3-乙基氨基-1-戊胺、3-环己基氨基-1-戊胺、脂肪二胺例如N-椰油烷基-1,3-丙二胺,和通过脂族伯二胺与丙烯腈、马来酸二酯或富马酸二酯、柠康酸二酯、丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酰胺和甲基丙烯酰胺和衣康酸二酯以1:1的摩尔比反应的迈克尔型加合反应而获得的产物;
-具有伯氨基和叔氨基的多胺,如特别是3-(二甲基氨基)-1-丙胺;
-氨基醇,例如特别是3-氨基-1-丙醇、2-氨基-1-丁醇、6-氨基-1-己醇、氨基丙基二乙醇胺(APDEA)、4-(2-氨基乙基)-2-羟基乙基苯、3-氨基甲基-3,5,5-三甲基-环己醇、2-(2-氨基乙氧基)乙醇、2-(2-(2-氨基乙氧基)乙氧基)乙醇、3-(2-羟基乙氧基)丙胺和3-(2-(2-羟基乙氧基)-乙氧基)-丙胺;
-氨基硫醇,例如特别是2-氨基乙硫醇(巯基乙胺)、3-氨基丙硫醇、4-氨基-1-丁硫醇和6-氨基-1-己硫醇。
作为式(IV)的胺优选的是具有最高达500g/mol分子量的胺,其任选地具有醚基。
特别优选的式(IV)的胺选自苄胺、3-氨基甲基吡啶、MPMD、C11-新二胺、1,6-己二胺、2,5-二甲基-1,6-己二胺、TMD、1,12-十二烷二胺、1,4-二氨基环己烷、双(4-氨基环己基)-甲烷、双-(4-氨基-3-甲基环己基)甲烷、异佛尔酮二胺、1,3-双(氨甲基)环己烷、NBDA、3(4),8(9)-双(氨甲基)三环[5.2.1.02,6]癸烷、1,3-双(氨基甲基)苯、BHMT、DETA、TETA、TEPA、PEHA、HEPA、DPTA、N3-胺、N4-胺、具有200至500g/mol分子量的聚氧化亚烷基二胺和聚氧化亚烷基三胺,特别是商业类型的D-230、D-400和T-403(来自Huntsman)。
通过还原性烷基化以所述的方法制备具有至少一个式(Ⅰ)的氨基的胺,对于用作为环氧树脂的固化剂而言是特别有利的,因为高选择性地烷基化脂族伯氨基团,而脂族仲氨基团几乎没有被进一步烷基化。因此,由所述制备过程得到的产物,可以在还原性烷基化后不经进一步处理以所述方式用于环氧树脂的固化。此外,在以所述方法进行制备时有利的情况是,在此过程中不需要处理小分子的,通常有毒性的芳族胺,由此制造者没有暴露于危险中并且固化剂中也不可能残留这些物质。
本发明的另一个目的是所述固化剂用于固化至少一种环氧树脂的用途。对此,将所述的固化剂与环氧树脂以合适的方式混合。
所述固化剂具有特别有利的性质。其为极低挥发性的和低气味的,并且具有相对于CO2的足够低的反应性使得其(不同于通过现有技术已知的多种固化剂)在空气中既不趋于形成硬皮也不趋于沉淀或粘度升高。所述固化剂与常见的市售环氧树脂良好相容并且可操作,并且在环境温度下出人意料地迅速固化形成具有出人意料高的硬度和卓越耐受性的、非常疏水且高度交联的组合物而无干扰性的泛白效应。相比于现有技术的芳族胺类固化剂,如4,4'-亚甲基二苯基二胺或二乙基甲苯二胺,所述固化剂与环氧树脂令人惊讶地快速固化。与现有技术中由伯氨基烷基化得到的具有仲氨基的已知固化剂相比,根据本发明的固化剂具有许多优点。通过烷基化例如伯二胺,其对于环氧基团的官能度由4降至2。因此可以获得具有以重量份计相对较高含量固化剂和仅具有较低交联密度的经固化的环氧树脂。但是如果例如伯二胺通过此处描述的方法转化成具有两个式(I)的氨基的胺,则其官能度由4增加至6。因此经固化的环氧树脂具有很高的交联密度和以重量份计的固化剂的含量相对较低。由于存在至少一种具有至少一个式(I)的氨基的胺,所述的固化剂特别适用于配制低排放、快速固化的且在室温下可施用的环氧树脂组合物,其在固化状态下具有高硬度、高交联度、高疏水性和耐受性。
优选具有至少一个式(I)的氨基的胺不是氨基苄胺。
所述的固化剂除了具有至少一个式(I)的氨基的胺之外还可以含有其他适用于环氧树脂固化的化合物,特别是下列物质:
-上述的式(IV)的胺;
-脂族仲多胺,例如特别是上述式(IV)的胺与其它羰基化合物,特别是与苯甲醛和/或水杨醛和/或3-吡啶甲醛和/或4-二甲氨基苯甲醛的还原性烷基化的产物;此外还有N,N'-二丁基-乙二胺,N,N'-二叔丁基-乙二胺,N,N'-二乙基-1,6-己二胺,1-(1-甲基乙基-氨基)-3-(1-甲基乙基-氨基甲基)-3,5,5-三甲基环己烷(来自Huntsman的754),N4-环己基-2-甲基-N2-(2-甲基丙基)-2,4-戊二胺,N,N'-二烷基-1,3-双-(氨基甲基)苯,特别是N,N'-二苄基-1,3-双-(氨基甲基)苯、双-(4-(N-3-丁基氨基)-环己基)甲烷(来自UOP的1000),二烷基化的DETA或TETA或TEPA或PEHA或N3-胺或N4-胺,特别是二苄基化的任选具有酚基的类型,还有苯乙烯化的多胺,例如以240(来自Mitsubishi Gas Chemical)市售获得的苯乙烯化的1,3-双-(氨基甲基)苯、N-烷基化的聚醚胺,例如-型SD-231、SD-401、ST-404和SD-2001(来自Huntsman),以及脂族伯多胺与迈克尔受体例如马来酸二酯、富马酸二酯、柠康酸二酯、丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯、肉桂酸酯、衣康酸二酯、乙烯基膦酸二酯、乙烯基磺酸芳基酯、乙烯基砜、乙烯基腈、硝基亚烷基的迈克尔型加合反应而获得的产物,或诺文葛耳缩合产物例如来自丙二酸二酯和醛(例如甲醛、乙醛或苯甲醛)的那些;
-芳族多胺,例如特别是间-和对-苯二胺、4,4'-、2,4'-和2,2'-二氨基二苯甲烷、3,3'-二氯-4,4'-二氨基二苯甲烷(MOCA)、2,4-和2,6-甲苯二胺、3,5-二甲基硫代-2,4-和-2,6-甲苯二胺的混合物(可作为300获自Albemarle)、3,5-二乙基-2,4-和-2,6-甲苯二胺的混合物(DETDA)、3,3',5,5'-四乙基-4,4'-二氨基二苯甲烷(M-DEA)、3,3',5,5'-四乙基-2,2'-二氯-4,4'-二氨基二苯甲烷(M-CDEA)、3,3'-二异丙基-5,5'-二甲基-4,4'-二氨基二苯甲烷(M-MIPA)、3,3',5,5'-四异丙基-4,4'-二氨基二苯甲烷(M-DIPA)、4,4'-二氨基二苯砜(DDS)、4-氨基-N-(4-氨基苯基)苯磺酰胺、5,5'-亚甲基二氨茴酸、二甲基-5,5'-亚甲基二氨茴酸酯、1,3-亚丙基-双-(4-氨基苯甲酸酯)、1,4-亚丁基-双-(4-氨基苯甲酸酯)、聚氧亚丁基-双-(4-氨基苯甲酸酯)(可作为获自AirProducts)、1,2-双-(2-氨基苯基硫代)乙烷、2-甲基丙基-(4-氯-3,5-二氨基苯甲酸酯)和叔丁基-(4-氯-3,5-二氨基苯甲酸酯);
-胺/环氧化物-加合物,特别是所述胺与二环氧化物以至少2/1的摩尔比,特别是2/1至6/1的摩尔比的加合物,或与单环氧化物以至少1/1的摩尔比的加合物,以及胺和表氯醇的反应产物,特别是1,3-双-(氨基甲基)苯的反应产物,可作为328市售获得(来自Mitsubishi Gas Chemical);
-聚酰胺基胺,所述聚酰胺基胺是一价或多价羧酸或其酯或酸酐,特别是二聚脂肪酸,和化学计量比过量使用的脂族、脂环族或芳族多胺,特别是聚亚烷基胺例如DETA或TETA的反应产物,特别是可市售获得的聚酰胺基胺100、125、140和150(来自Cognis),223、250和848(来自Huntsman),3607和530(来自Huntsman)和EH651、EH654、EH655、EH661和EH663(来自Cytec);
-曼尼希碱,有时也被称为非那明(Phenalkamine),其是酚,特别是腰果酚、壬基酚或叔丁基酚与醛,特别是甲醛,和多胺的曼尼希反应的反应产物,特别是可市售获得的曼尼希碱NC-541、NC-557、NC-558、NC-566、Lite2001和Lite2002(来自Cardolite),3440、3441、3442和3460(来自Huntsman),Accelerator2950(来自Huntsman)和EH614、EH621、EH624、EH628和EH629(来自Cytec);
-硫醇封端的液体聚硫化物聚合物,其以商标名(来自MortonThiokol;例如可获自SPI Supplies,或来自Toray Fine Chemicals)已知,特别是LP-3、LP-33、LP-980、LP-23、LP-55、LP-56、LP-12、LP-31、LP-32和LP-2型;以及还以商标名(来自Akzo Nobel)已知,特别是G10、G112、G131、G1、G12、G21、G22、G44和G4型;
-硫醇封端的聚氧化亚烷基醚,其例如可通过聚氧化亚烷基二醇和聚氧化亚烷基三醇与表氯醇或与环氧烷然后与硫氢化钠的反应获得;
-以聚氧化亚烷基衍生物形式的硫醇封端的化合物,其以商标名(来自Cognis)已知,特别是WR-8、LOF和3-800型;
-硫代羧酸的聚酯,例如季戊四醇四巯基乙酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷三巯基乙酸酯、乙二醇二巯基乙酸酯、季戊四醇四-(3-巯基丙酸酯)、三羟甲基丙烷三-(3-巯基丙酸酯)和乙二醇二-(3-巯基丙酸酯),以及聚氧化亚烷基二醇和聚氧化亚烷基三醇、乙氧基化的三羟甲基丙烷和聚酯二醇与硫代羧酸例如硫代乙醇酸和2-或3-巯基丙酸的酯化产物;
-其它具有巯基的化合物,例如特别是2,4,6-三巯基-1,3,5-三嗪、2,2'-(亚乙基二氧基)-二乙烷硫醇(三乙二醇-二硫醇)和乙二硫醇。
其中优选的是DAMP、MPMD、C11-新二胺、1,6-己二胺、2,5-二甲基-1,6-己二胺、TMD、1,12-十二烷二胺、1,4-二氨基环己烷、双(4-氨基环己基)甲烷、双-(4-氨基-3-甲基环己基)甲烷、IPDA、3(4),8(9)-双(氨甲基)-三环[5.2.1.02,6]癸烷、1,3-双(氨基甲基)苯、N,N'-二苄基-1,3-双(氨基甲基)苯、1,3-双(氨甲基)环己烷、240、NBDA、二苄基化DETA、二苄基化TETA、二苄基化N3-胺和二苄基化N4-胺,其中这些二苄基化胺任选地具有酚基团,具有200至500g/mol范围内分子量的聚氧化亚烷基二胺和三胺,特别是类型D-230、D-400和T-403,还有胺/环氧化物加合物,特别是328,以及曼尼希碱。
根据本发明的固化剂还可以包含至少一种促进剂。适合作为促进剂的是这样的物质,所述物质促进氨基和环氧基团之间的反应,特别为酸或可水解成酸的化合物,特别是有机羧酸例如乙酸、苯甲酸、水杨酸、2-硝基苯甲酸、乳酸,有机磺酸例如甲磺酸、对甲苯磺酸或4-十二烷基苯磺酸,磺酸酯,其它有机或无机酸例如特别是磷酸,或上述酸和酸酯的混合物;还有叔胺例如特别是1,4-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷、苄基二甲胺、α-甲基苄基二甲胺、三乙醇胺、二甲基氨基丙基胺,咪唑类例如特别是N-甲基咪唑、N-乙烯基咪唑或1,2-二甲基咪唑,所述叔胺的盐,季铵盐,例如特别是苄基三甲基氯化铵,脒例如特别是1,8-二氮杂双环[5.4.0]-7-十一碳烯,胍例如特别是1,1,3,3-四甲基胍,酚,特别是双酚,酚树脂和曼尼希碱例如特别是2-(二甲基氨基甲基)苯酚、2,4,6-三-(二甲基氨基甲基)苯酚和由苯酚、甲醛和N,N-二甲基-1,3-丙二胺形成的聚合物,亚磷酸酯例如特别是二-和三苯基亚磷酸酯,以及例如上文所述的具有巯基的化合物。
根据本发明的固化剂还可以包含至少一种非结合性稀释剂,例如特别是二甲苯、2-甲氧基乙醇、二甲氧基乙醇、2-乙氧基乙醇、2-丙氧基乙醇、2-异丙氧基乙醇、2-丁氧基乙醇、2-苯氧基乙醇、2-苄氧基乙醇、苄醇、乙二醇、乙二醇二甲醚、乙二醇二乙醚、乙二醇二丁醚、乙二醇二苯醚、二乙二醇、二乙二醇-单甲醚、二乙二醇-单乙醚、二乙二醇-单正丁醚、二乙二醇二甲醚、二乙二醇二乙醚、二乙二醇二正丁醚、丙二醇丁醚、丙二醇苯醚、二丙二醇、二丙二醇单甲醚、二丙二醇二甲醚、二丙二醇二正丁醚、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、二苯甲烷、二异丙基萘,石油馏分例如-型(来自Exxon),烷基酚例如叔丁基酚、壬基酚、十二烷基酚和8,11,14-十五碳三烯基酚(来自腰果壳油的腰果酚,例如以Cardolite NC-700获自Cardolite Corp.,USA)、苯乙烯化的酚、双酚,芳族烃树脂,特别是含酚基型,己二酸酯、癸二酸酯、邻苯二甲酸酯、苯甲酸酯、有机磷酸酯和磺酸酯和磺酰胺。优选的是苯甲醇、十二烷基酚、叔丁基酚、苯乙烯化的酚和含酚基的芳族烃树脂,特别是-型LS500、LX200、LA300和LA700(来自Rütgers)。
所述固化剂优选不包含或仅包含少量的,特别优选小于25重量%,特别是小于15重量%和最优选小于5重量%的非结合性稀释剂。特别地,在所述固化剂中不加入非结合性稀释剂。
本发明的另一个目的是环氧树脂组合物,其包含至少一种环氧树脂和如前所述的至少一种固化剂。
常见的工业环氧树脂适合作为环氧树脂。其以已知的方法和方式获得,例如通过相应烯烃的氧化或者通过表氯醇与相应多元醇、多酚或胺的反应获得。
特别适合作为环氧树脂的是所谓的多环氧化物液体树脂,下文中称为“液体树脂”。不同于所谓的固体树脂,液体树脂具有低于25℃的玻璃化转变温度,而所述固体树脂具有高于25℃的玻璃化转变温度并且能够被粉碎成在25℃下能自由流动的粉末。
在一个实施方案中,液体树脂是一种芳族聚环氧化物。适合于此的例如是式(V)的液体树脂,
其中R'和R″彼此独立地各自表示氢原子或甲基,并且s平均表示0至1的值。优选这样的式(V)的液体树脂,其中指数s平均表示小于0.2的值。
式(V)的液体树脂为双酚-A、双酚-F和双酚-A/F的二缩水甘油醚,其中A表示丙酮和F表示甲醛,其充当用于制备所述双酚的反应物。在双酚-F的情况下也可以存在特别是源自2,4'-和2,2'-羟基苯基甲烷的位置异构体。
其它合适的芳族液体树脂为如下物质的缩水甘油基化产物:
-二羟基苯衍生物例如间苯二酚、对苯二酚和邻苯二酚;
-其它双酚或多酚例如双-(4-羟基-3-甲基苯基)-甲烷、2,2-双-(4-羟基-3-甲基苯基)-丙烷(双酚-C)、双-(3,5-二甲基-4-羟基苯基)-甲烷、2,2-双-(3,5-二甲基-4-羟基苯基)-丙烷、2,2-双-(3,5-二溴-4-羟基苯基)-丙烷、2,2-双-(4-羟基-3-叔丁基苯基)-丙烷、2,2-双-(4-羟基苯基)-丁烷(双酚-B)、3,3-双-(4-羟基苯基)-戊烷、3,4-双-(4-羟基苯基)-己烷、4,4-双-(4-羟基苯基)-庚烷、2,4-双-(4-羟基苯基)-2-甲基丁烷、2,4-双-(3,5-二甲基-4-羟基苯基)-2-甲基丁烷、1,1-双-(4-羟基苯基)-环己烷(双酚-Z)、1,1-双-(4-羟基苯基)-3,3,5-三甲基环己烷(双酚-TMC)、1,1-双-(4-羟基苯基)-1-苯基乙烷、1,4-双[2-(4-羟基苯基)-2-丙基]苯)(双酚-P)、1,3-双-[2-(4-羟基苯基)-2-丙基]苯)(双酚-M)、4,4'-二羟基联苯(DOD)、4,4'-二羟基苯甲酮、双-(2-羟基萘-1-基)-甲烷、双-(4-羟基萘-1-基)-甲烷、1,5-二羟基萘、三-(4-羟基苯基)-甲烷、1,1,2,2-四-(4-羟基苯基)-乙烷、双-(4-羟基苯基)-醚、双-(4-羟基苯基)砜;
-酚与甲醛的在酸性条件下获得的缩合产物,例如酚-线性酚醛清漆或甲酚-线性酚醛清漆,也被称为双酚-F-线性酚醛清漆;
-芳族胺,例如苯胺、对甲苯胺、4-氨基酚、4,4'-亚甲基二苯基二胺、4,4'-亚甲基二苯基二-(N-甲基)-胺、4,4'-[1,4-亚苯基-双-(1-甲基亚乙基)]-二苯胺(二苯胺-P)、4,4'-[1,3-亚苯基-双-(1-甲基亚乙基)]-二苯胺(二苯胺-M)。
适合作为环氧树脂的还有脂族或脂环族的多环氧化物,例如
-饱和或不饱和、支化或非支化、环状或开链的C2-至C30-二醇(例如乙二醇、丙二醇、丁二醇、己二醇、辛二醇、聚丙二醇、二羟甲基环己烷、新戊二醇或二溴新戊二醇)的缩水甘油醚;
-三官能或四官能、饱和或不饱和、支化或非支化、环状或开链的多元醇(例如蓖麻油、三羟甲基丙烷、三羟甲基乙烷、季戊四醇、山梨醇或甘油,以及烷氧基化甘油或烷氧基化三羟甲基丙烷)的缩水甘油醚;
-氢化的双酚-A-、-F-或-A/F-液体树脂,或氢化的双酚-A-、-F-或-A/F的缩水甘油基化产物;
-酰胺或杂环含氮碱的N-缩水甘油基衍生物,例如三缩水甘油基氰脲酸酯和三缩水甘油基异氰脲酸酯,以及表氯醇和乙内酰脲的反应产物。
还有可能作为环氧树脂的是双酚-A-、-F-或-A/F-固体树脂,其具有与已经提及的式(V)的液体树脂相似的结构,但是代替所述指数s而具有2至12的值,并且具有高于25℃的玻璃化转变温度。
最后,适合作为环氧树脂的还有通过烯烃的氧化,例如通过乙烯基环己烯、二环戊二烯、环己二烯、环十二碳二烯、环十二碳三烯、异戊二烯、1,5-己二烯、丁二烯、聚丁二烯或二乙烯基苯的氧化获得的环氧树脂。
优选作为环氧树脂的为例如从Dow、Huntsman和Hexion市售获得的基于双酚,特别是基于双酚-A、双酚-F-或双酚-A/F的液体树脂。这些液体树脂具有对于环氧树脂来说较低的粘度并且在固化状态下具有作为涂料的良好性质。其可以任选与双酚A-固体树脂或双酚-F-线性酚醛清漆-环氧树脂组合存在。
环氧树脂可以包含反应性稀释剂,特别是具有至少一个环氧基团的反应性稀释剂。适合作为反应性稀释剂的是例如一价或多价酚和脂族或脂环族醇的缩水甘油醚,例如特别是已经提及的二醇或多元醇的聚缩水甘油醚,以及特别还有苯基缩水甘油醚、甲苯基缩水甘油醚、苯甲基缩水甘油醚、对-正丁基-苯基缩水甘油醚、对-叔丁基-苯基缩水甘油醚、壬基苯基缩水甘油醚、烯丙基缩水甘油醚、丁基缩水甘油醚、己基缩水甘油醚、2-乙基己基缩水甘油醚,以及天然醇的缩水甘油醚,例如C8-至C10-烷基缩水甘油醚或C12-至C14-烷基缩水甘油醚。向环氧树脂中加入反应性稀释剂造成粘度降低,以及(在环氧树脂组合物的固化状态下)玻璃化转变温度和机械值的降低。
环氧树脂组合物任选包含其它成分,特别是在环氧树脂组合物中常规使用的助剂和添加剂,例如如下物质:
-溶剂、稀释剂、成膜助剂或增量剂,例如特别是已经提及的非结合性稀释剂;
-反应性稀释剂,特别是具有环氧基团的反应性稀释剂,例如上文提到的那些,环氧化豆油或亚麻籽油,具有乙酰乙酸酯基团的化合物,特别是乙酰乙酸酯化的多元醇,丁内酯,碳酸酯,醛,以及还有异氰酸酯和具有反应性基团的硅酮;
-聚合物,例如聚酰胺、聚硫化物、聚乙烯醇缩甲醛(PVF)、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、聚氨酯(PUR)、具有羧基的聚合物、聚酰胺、丁二烯-丙烯腈-共聚物、苯乙烯-丙烯腈-共聚物、丁二烯-苯乙烯-共聚物、不饱和单体(特别选自乙烯、丙烯、丁烯、异丁烯、异戊二烯、乙酸乙烯酯和(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯)的均聚物或共聚物,特别是氯磺化的聚乙烯和含氟聚合物、磺酰胺改性的三聚氰胺和纯化的褐煤蜡;
-无机和有机填料,例如任选涂布有脂肪酸、特别是硬脂酸酯的研磨碳酸钙或沉淀碳酸钙,重晶石(沉晶石),滑石,石英粉,石英砂,云母铁矿,白云石,硅灰石,高岭土,云母(钾-铝-硅酸盐),分子筛,氧化铝,氢氧化铝,氢氧化镁,二氧化硅,水泥,石膏,飞灰,炭黑,石墨,金属粉末例如铝、铜、铁、锌、银或钢,PVC-粉末或空心球;
-纤维,特别是玻璃纤维、碳纤维、金属纤维、陶瓷纤维或塑料纤维,例如聚酰胺纤维或聚乙烯纤维;
-颜料,特别是二氧化钛和氧化铁;
-上述促进剂;
-流变学改性剂,例如特别是增稠剂,例如层状硅酸盐如膨润土、蓖麻油衍生物、氢化蓖麻油、聚酰胺、聚氨酯、脲化合物、热解二氧化硅、纤维素醚和疏水改性的聚氧乙烯;
-粘附改进剂,例如有机烷氧基硅烷如氨基硅烷、巯基硅烷、环氧基硅烷、乙烯基硅烷、(甲基)丙烯酰基硅烷、异氰酸基硅烷、氨基甲酸基硅烷、烷基硅烷、S-(烷基羰基)-巯基硅烷和醛亚氨基硅烷,以及这些硅烷的低聚形式,特别是3-缩水甘油氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷、3-氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、N-(2-氨基乙基)-3-氨基丙基-三甲氧基硅烷、N-(2-氨基乙基)-N'-[3-(三甲氧基甲硅烷基)丙基]乙二胺、3-巯基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、3-异氰酸基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、3-脲基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、3-氯丙基三甲氧基硅烷、乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷,或相应的具有乙氧基代替甲氧基的有机硅烷;
-抵抗氧化、热、光和紫外线的稳定剂;
-阻燃物质,特别是如下化合物:氢氧化铝(Al(OH)3;对于“三水合铝”也被称为ATH)、氢氧化镁(Mg(OH)2;对于“二水合镁”也被称为MDH)、硫酸铵((NH4)2SO4)、硼酸(B(OH)3)、硼酸锌、磷酸锌、硼酸三聚氰胺和氰脲酸三聚氰胺;含磷化合物例如磷酸铵((NH4)3PO4)、多磷酸铵、磷酸三聚氰胺、焦磷酸三聚氰胺、磷酸三苯酯、磷酸二苯基甲苯基酯、磷酸三甲苯基酯、磷酸三乙酯、三-(2-乙基己基)磷酸酯、磷酸三辛酯、单-、双-和三-(异丙基苯基)磷酸酯、间苯二酚-双(磷酸二苯酯)、间苯二酚-二磷酸酯-低聚物、四苯基-间苯二酚-二亚磷酸酯、乙二胺-二磷酸酯和双酚-A-双(磷酸二苯酯);含卤素化合物例如氯烷基磷酸酯,特别是三-(氯乙基)磷酸酯、三-(氯丙基)磷酸酯和三-(二氯异丙基)磷酸酯、多溴化二苯醚、特别是十溴二苯醚、多溴二苯基氧化物、三-[3-溴-2,2-双(溴甲基)丙基]磷酸酯、四溴-双酚-A、双酚-A的双-(2,3-二溴丙基醚)、溴化环氧树脂、亚乙基-双(四溴邻苯二甲酰亚胺)、亚乙基-双(二溴降莰烷二甲酰亚胺)、1,2-双-(三溴苯氧基)乙烷、三-(2,3-二溴丙基)异氰脲酸酯、三溴酚、六溴环十二烷、双-(六氯环戊二烯基)环辛烷和氯化石蜡;以及含卤素化合物和三氧化锑(Sb2O3)或五氧化锑(Sb2O5)的组合;
-表面活性物质,特别是润湿剂、流动控制剂、脱气剂和消泡剂;
-杀生物剂,例如杀藻剂、杀真菌剂或菌类生长抑制物质。
环氧树脂组合物优选包含其它助剂和添加剂,特别是润湿剂、流动控制剂、消泡剂、稳定剂、颜料和催化剂,特别是水杨酸或2,4,6-三-(二甲基氨基甲基)酚。
环氧树脂组合物优选不包含或仅包含少量的,特别优选小于10重量%、特别是小于5重量%和最优选小于2重量%的非结合性稀释剂。
在环氧树脂组合物中,对环氧基团有反应性的基团的数量与环氧基团的数量的比例在0.5至1.5,优选0.7至1.2的范围内。
环氧树脂组合物中存在的胺氢和任选存在的其它对环氧基团有反应性的基团通过其开环(加成反应)与环氧基团反应。所述反应的结果是所述组合物聚合并且最终固化。本领域技术人员已知,伯氨基对于环氧基团来说是双官能的,因此伯氨基算作是两个对环氧基团有反应性的基团。
特别地,环氧树脂组合物为由树脂组分和固化剂组分组成的双组分组合物,其中环氧树脂是树脂组分的成分并且所述固化剂是固化剂组分的成分。
双组分组合物的组分分别储存在各自的容器中。双组分环氧树脂组合物的其它成分可以作为树脂组分或固化剂组分的成分存在,其中对环氧基团有反应性的其它成分优选为固化剂组分的成分。用于储存树脂组分或固化剂组分的合适的容器特别是桶、瓶、袋、斗、罐、料盒或管。组分是可储存的,亦即其在使用之前可以保存数月至一年和更久,而不会在与其使用相关的程度上改变其各自性质。为了使用双组分环氧树脂组合物,在紧接着施用之前或施用过程中使树脂组分和固化剂组分彼此混合。两种组分之间的混合比例优选这样选择,使得固化剂组分的对环氧基团有反应性的基团以与树脂组分的环氧基团合适的比例存在,如上文所述。以重量份计,树脂组分和固化剂组分之间的混合比例通常在1:10至10:1的范围内。
两种组分的混合通过合适方法进行;其可以连续或间歇式进行。在施用之前进行混合的情况下,必须注意在组分的混合和施用之间不能停留过多的时间,因为这样会造成干扰,例如在基材上延缓地或不完全地构建起粘附力。混合特别在环境温度下进行,所述环境温度通常为约5至50℃,优选约10至30℃。
随着两种组分的混合开始通过化学反应而固化,如上文所述。固化特别在环境温度下进行。固化通常持续数天至数周,直至其在给定条件下基本结束。持续时间主要取决于温度、成分的反应性及其化学计量比以及促进剂的存在。
因此本发明的另一个目的还在于由如本文所述的环氧树脂组合物的固化得到的经固化的组合物。
环氧树脂组合物的施用在至少一种基材上进行,其中如下物质是特别合适的:
-玻璃、玻璃陶瓷、混凝土、砂浆、砖、瓦、石膏和天然石材例如花岗石或大理石;
-金属和合金,例如铝、铁、钢和有色金属,以及经表面处理的金属和合金,例如镀锌或镀铬的金属;
-皮革、织物、纸、木材、与树脂(例如酚树脂、三聚氰胺树脂或环氧树脂)结合的木质材料、树脂-织物-复合材料和其它所谓的聚合物-复合材料;
-塑料,例如聚氯乙烯(硬质和软质PVC)、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯-共聚物(ABS)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚酰胺(PA)、聚酯、聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)(PMMA)、聚酯、环氧树脂、聚氨酯(PUR)、聚甲醛(POM)、聚烯烃(PO)、聚乙烯(PE)或聚丙烯(PP)、乙烯/丙烯-共聚物(EPM)和乙烯/丙烯/二烯-三元聚合物(EPDM),其中所述塑料优选可以通过等离子体、电晕或火焰进行表面处理;
-纤维增强的塑料,例如碳纤维增强的塑料(CFK)、玻璃纤维增强的塑料(GFK)和片状模塑复合物(SMC);
-经涂布的基材,例如经粉末涂布的金属或合金;
-染料和漆,特别是汽车面漆。
基材可以在需要的情况下在施用环氧树脂组合物之前进行预处理。这种预处理包括特别是物理和/或化学清洁方法,例如打磨、喷砂、喷丸、刷等,其中有利地吸走由此产生的粉尘,以及还有用清洁剂或溶剂处理,或施加增粘剂、增粘剂溶液或底漆。
所述环氧树脂组合物可以有利地用作纤维复合材料(复合物)、浇铸材料、密封剂、粘合剂、覆层、涂料、刷抹料、漆、密封料、底涂剂或底漆。其特别可用作浇铸材料、密封剂和粘合剂,例如用作电浇铸料(Elektrovergussmasse)、密封料、车身粘合剂、夹心元件粘合剂、轴瓦粘合剂(例如用于风力发电站的转子叶片)、桥接元件粘合剂或锚固粘合剂;以及还作为用于建筑应用和工业应用的覆层、涂料、刷抹料、漆、密封料、底涂剂和底漆,例如特别是作为用于室内(如办公室、工业车间、健身房或冷藏室)或室外(用于阳台、露台、停车场顶(Parkdecks)、桥梁或屋顶)的地面覆层和地面涂料,作为用于混凝土、水泥、金属、塑料或木材的保护涂料,例如用于木材结构、车辆、装料区、水槽、筒仓、竖井、管道、管线、机器或钢制结构,例如船舶、码头、海上平台、水闸、水力发电机、水利工程、游泳池、风力发电站、桥梁、烟囱、起吊设备或板桩墙的表面密封,其中所述涂料特别防护各个基材抵抗腐蚀、磨损、湿度、水影响和/或盐影响或化学试剂;以及还用作预涂剂、粘附刷涂剂、防腐蚀底漆或用于使表面疏水化。所述组合物还特别适合在水中和水上,特别是在海水中和海水上作为用于所谓的防重度腐蚀的涂层。特别地,当其用作涂料、覆层或刷抹料时,可以在完全或部分固化的环氧树脂组合物上施用另一涂料、另一覆层或另一刷抹料,其中所述另一层同样可以是环氧树脂组合物,但是也可以是其它材料,特别是聚氨酯涂料或聚脲涂料。
特别有利地,所述环氧树脂组合物可用作涂料。在此,涂料被理解为任何种类的平面施涂的覆层,特别是如上文所述的刷抹料、漆、密封料、底涂剂和底漆。特别有利地,所述环氧树脂组合物可用于应当具有特别是对于机械负荷、湿度、水影响和/或盐影响、粪便、化学试剂或食品的特别高的耐受性的涂料。
作为涂料,环氧树脂组合物有利地用于涂布方法中,其中所述环氧树脂组合物具有液体稠度和低粘度及良好的流平性能,并且特别可以作为自流平涂料在基本平坦的表面上施用或者作为刷抹料施用。环氧树脂组合物在其施用时优选在混合树脂组分和固化剂组分之后立即具有在20℃下测得的在300至4000mPa·s范围内、优选在300至3000mPa·s范围内、特别是在300至2000mPa·s范围内的粘度。通常在环境温度下,在操作时间内将经混合的组合物以层厚度通常为约50μm至约5mm的薄膜的形式平面地施用至基材。例如通过浇注到待涂布的基材上进行施用。在此,例如借助于刮刀或抹刀使液体状态下的组合物均匀分布。此外可以通过钉辊(Stachelwalze)使经分布的组合物拉平和脱气。但是施用也可以通过刷子或辊子手动进行或者以喷涂形式进行,例如作为钢材上的防腐蚀涂层。在固化中通常形成具有高硬度和良好耐受性的基本透明、有光泽且无粘性的膜,所述膜对于不同基材具有良好粘附性。通过所述固化剂可得环氧树脂涂料,所述环氧树脂涂料即使在不利的(亦即促进泛白的)反应条件下,特别是在5至10℃的低固化温度和高空气湿度下,仍然固化形成高品质的膜。
本发明的另一目的是含有通过上述的环氧树脂组合物固化获得的经固化组合物的制品。此处,所述经固化的组合物特别以涂层的形式存在。
所述环氧树脂组合物的特征在于有利的性质。其仅具有极少气味并且在室温下即使在没有非结合性稀释剂情况下也是液态的并且可良好加工。其在环境温度下、特别是即使在湿冷条件下仍然出人意料地迅速固化,而无干扰性泛白效应。在此过程中形成非常疏水的、高度交联且具有高硬度和卓越耐受性的组合物。利用所述的环氧树脂组合物可以得到特别低排放的、快速固化且在环境温度下可施用的涂层,其在经固化的状态下具有高硬度、高交联度、高疏水性和非常高的耐受性。
实施例
下文描述实施例,所述实施例更详细地解释本发明。本发明当然不限于所描述的实施例。
1.测量方法说明
胺含量(即制备的化合物中的氨基的总含量)通过滴定法确定(使用于冰醋酸中的0.1N HClO4,以结晶紫为指示剂)并且始终以mmol N/g表示。
红外光谱(FT-IR)在Perkin-Elmer的配备有具有ZnSe-晶体的水平ATR-测量单元的FT-IR设备1600上以未稀释膜的形式进行测量;吸收谱带以波数(cm-1)表示(测量窗口:4000-650cm-1)。
粘度在恒温锥板式粘度计Rheotec RC30(锥直径50mm,锥角1°,锥头至板的距离0.05mm,剪切速度10-100s-1)上进行测量。
质谱(FIMS)在Thermo Scientific LTQ Orbitrap XL型的高分辨率质谱仪上,通过以10μl/min的注射速率和以400μl/min的载体(0.1%甲酸的甲醇溶液)流速直接将500μl在甲醇中溶解的样品(100μg/ml)注射到质谱仪中而进行测量;通过电喷雾离子化(ESI+)进行检测。
2.所使用的物质
3.固化剂的制备
还原烷基化的一般制备规程
在圆底烧瓶中在氮气氛下将醛和胺溶解在足量异丙醇中。溶液在室温下搅拌30分钟,然后在80bar的氢压、80℃的温度和3ml/min的流速下在具有Pd/C-固体床催化剂的连续操作的氢化装置上进行氢化。为了控制反应,通过红外光谱检测亚胺谱带是否在约1665cm-1处消失。之后在真空中在80℃下浓缩所述溶液。
固化剂H1:1,3-双-(3'-氨基苄基-氨基苄基)苯
根据还原性烷基化的一般制备规程,将30.2g的3-硝基苯甲醛与13.6g的MXDA进行反应。获得澄清的黄色油,其具有在20℃下41100mPa·s的粘度和11.32mmol N/g的胺含量。
FT-IR:3336,3198,3025,2829,1601,1457,1290,1162,993,862,772,689
FIMS:m/z=347.22369(100,[MH+];C22H27N4 +的理论质量:347.22302)
固化剂H2:
根据还原性烷基化的一般制备规程,将21.2g的3-硝基苯甲醛和13.6g的MXDA进行反应。获得澄清的黄色油,其具有20℃下11890mPa·s的粘度和12.25mmol N/g的胺含量。
FT-IR:3326,3198,3022,2839,1602,1457,1288,1162,992,862,772,689
固化剂H3:
根据还原性烷基化的一般制备规程,将15.1g的3-硝基苯甲醛和10.7g的3-吡啶甲醛的混合物与13.6g的MXDA进行反应。获得澄清的黄色油,其具有在20℃下11790mPa·s的粘度和11.07mmol N/g的胺含量。
FT-IR:3319,3191,3025,2900,2810,1723,1601,1459,1421,1288,1098,777,694
固化剂H4:N,N'-二(3'-氨基苄基)-1,5-二氨基-2-甲基戊烷
根据还原性烷基化的一般制备规程,将30.2g的3-硝基苯甲醛和11.6g的1,5-二氨基-2-甲基戊烷进行反应。获得澄清的、微黄色的油,其具有在20℃下6600mPa·s的粘度和12.29mmolN/g的胺含量。
FT-IR:3340,3200,3032,2842,2811,1601,1489,1457,1293,1164,993,867,776,693
固化剂H5:N,N'-二-(3'-氨基苄基)-1-氨基-3-氨甲基-3,5,5-三甲基环己烷
根据还原性烷基化的一般制备规程,将30.2g的3-硝基苯甲醛和17.0g的IPDA进行反应。获得澄清的深黄色的油,其具有在60℃下3060mPa·s的粘度和7.79mmol N/g的胺含量。
FT-IR:3350,2948,2909,2865,2840,1643,1616,1602,1527,1492,1461,1382,1348,1313,1295,1162,1093,995,948,927,865,828,807,775,735,690,676
固化剂H6:N,N'-二-(3'-氨基苄基)聚丙二醇二胺
根据还原性烷基化的一般制备规程,将30.2g的3-硝基苯甲醛和24.0g的D-230进行反应。获得澄清的深黄色的油,其具有在20℃下23600mPa·s的粘度和8.60mmol N/g的胺含量。
FT-IR:3352,3213,3034,2967,2927,2866,1603,1590,1491,1461,1373,1332,1295,1092,994,864,774,693
固化剂H7:
根据还原性烷基化的一般制备规程,将30.2g的3-硝基苯甲醛和18.4.0g的TETA进行反应。获得澄清的深黄色的油,其具有在20℃下61100mPa·s或60℃下660mPa·s的粘度和16.47mmol N/g的胺含量。
FT-IR:3212,3195,3032,2930,2885,2812,1602,1588,1490,1459,1354,1293,1162,1111,994,864,773,693
固化剂H8:N-(3'-氨基苄基)-1-(吡啶-3-基)甲烷胺
根据还原性烷基化的一般制备规程,将15.1g的3-硝基苯甲醛和10.8g的3-氨基甲基吡啶进行反应。获得澄清的黄色油,其具有20℃下5140mPa·s的粘度和13.61mmol N/g的胺含量。
FT-IR:3329,3205,3032,2825,1601,1495,1455,1421,1312,1298,1164,1105,1024,776,691
固化剂H9:N-(3'-氨基苄基)苄基胺
根据还原性烷基化的一般制备规程,将15.1g的3-硝基苯甲醛和10.7g的苄胺进行反应。获得澄清的黄色油,其具有20℃下320mPa·s的粘度和9.10mmol N/g的胺含量。
FT-IR:3361,3202,3025,2815,1601,1490,1452,1290,1164,1090,995,870,790,740,691
4.环氧树脂组合物的制备
对于每个实施例,通过离心混合机(SpeedMixerTM DAC150,FlackTek Inc.)以给出的量(重量份)混合表1中给出的成分。混合之后10分钟在20℃下确定各个组合物的粘度(“粘度(10')”)。此外,分别以500μm的层厚度在玻璃板上施涂第一层膜,并且在23℃和50%相对湿度(=标准气候,下文缩写为“NK”)下保存或固化。4周之后评估膜的外观(表中用“外观(NK)”表示)。“好”表示清澈、有可能淡黄色且具有光泽和非粘性表面而无结构的硬膜。“结构”在此表示表面上任何形式的标记或图案。此外,在2天之后(“硬度(NK)(2d)”)或4天之后(“硬度(NK)(4d)”)或7天之后(“硬度(NK)(7d)”)或4周之后(“硬度(NK)(4w)”)确定膜的硬度(摆撞硬度,根据DIN ENISO1522测量)。此外,分别以500μm的层厚度在玻璃板上施涂第二层膜,并且紧接着施用之后在8℃和80%相对湿度下放置或固化7天然后在NK下放置或固化4周。然后以与对于外观(NK)所述的相同方式评估膜的外观(在表中用“外观(8°/80%)”表示)。同样地,分别在8℃和80%相对湿度下在7天之后(“(8°/80%)(7d冷)”),然后在NK下再过2天之后(“(8°/80%)(+2d NK)”)或在NK下再过4天之后(“(8°/80%)(+4dNK)”)或在NK下再过7天之后(“(8°/80%)(+7d NK)”)或在NK下再过4周之后(“(8°/80%)(+4w NK)”)确定经如此固化的膜的硬度。
结果列于表1中。
表1:组合物Z1至Z12以及对比组合物ZV1的组成和性质
“Vgl.”为“对比实施例”;为“硬度”;“n.m.”为“无法测量”(太粘);“n.b.”为“未测定”
表1(续):
Claims (12)
1.包含至少一种环氧树脂和至少一种适于固化环氧树脂的固化剂的环氧树脂组合物,所述固化剂包含至少一种式(II)的胺,
其中
A是具有28至5000g/mol分子量的a价烃基,其任选地具有醚基、氨基或巯基,并且A是具有2-20个碳原子的a价烷基、环烷基或芳烷基,或者是具有1-10个仲氨基的a价聚亚烷基胺基团,或者是具有1-7个醚基的a价聚氧化亚烷基,其中这些基团可以具有一个或两个脂族的伯或仲氨基;以及
a是1至3的整数;
R是氢原子或具有1至12个碳原子的烷基;
Y是氢原子或者是具有1至12个碳原子的一价烃基或者是具有1至12个碳原子的烷氧基或芳氧基;和
b是1或2。
2.根据权利要求1所述的环氧树脂组合物,其特征在于,A是具有28至500g/mol分子量的a价烃基,其任选地具有醚基或伯或仲氨基。
3.根据权利要求1或2的环氧树脂组合物,其特征在于,R是氢原子或甲基。
4.根据权利要求1或2的环氧树脂组合物,其特征在于,b为1。
5.根据权利要求1或2的环氧树脂组合物,其特征在于,Y是氢原子或甲基。
6.根据权利要求1或2的环氧树脂组合物,其特征在于,Y是氢原子和b是1,以及伯氨基位于间位。
7.如下所述的方法制得的不经进一步处理的产物:制备适于固化包含至少一种具有至少一个式(I)的氨基的胺的固化剂的方法,其中所述具有至少一个式(I)的氨基的胺通过至少一种伯胺与至少一种式(III)的羰基化合物的还原性烷基化获得,
其中
R是氢原子或具有1至12个碳原子的烷基;
Y是氢原子或者是具有1至12个碳原子的一价烃基或者是具有1至12个碳原子的烷氧基或芳氧基;和
b是1或2。
8.根据权利要求1至6之一中定义的固化剂或根据权利要求7的产物的用途,用于固化至少一种环氧树脂。
9.包含至少一种环氧树脂和根据权利要求7的产物的环氧树脂组合物。
10.根据权利要求1或9的环氧树脂组合物,其特征在于,所述的环氧树脂组合物是由树脂组分和固化剂组分构成的双组分组合物,其中环氧树脂是树脂组分的成分和固化剂是固化剂组分的成分。
11.经固化的组合物,其由根据权利要求1、9或10的环氧树脂组合物的固化而得到。
12.含有根据权利要求11的经固化的组合物的制品。
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