CN103819492B - 一种小分子电化学探针及其合成方法和用途 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种可用于生物医学及生命科学领域检测巯基化合物的小分子电化学探针及其合成方法和用途。本发明小分子电化学探针的名称为:[1,3]二硫杂环戊二烯[4,5-f]-2,1,3-苯并硒二唑-6-硫酮。该小分子电化学探针的特点是:在其结构中含有灵敏的巯基反应集团,该活性集团不但具有灵敏的电化学信号,而且还能够与巯基化合物发生特异性反应。因此,利用该类型的探针物质,能够实现对巯基化合物的高灵敏、高选择性检测。本发明的小分子探针结构简单,合成简便,稳定性好,电化学信号灵敏,对巯基物响应迅速灵敏,同时,不被其它常见干扰分子影响,具有优良的选择性,可应用于生物体系巯基化合物的电化学检测。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物医学及生命科学技术领域,具体涉及一种检测巯基化合物的小分子电化学探针及其合成方法和用途。
背景技术
具有生物活性的巯基化合物如L-半胱氨酸(L-Cys)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)和谷胱甘肽(GSH),广泛存在于生物体内各种组织、细胞及体液中。对于维持和发挥机体正常的生理功能具有重要的作用。其中,作为细胞内含量最丰富的非蛋白巯基物—还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH),自1921年被Hopkins首此发现以来,其在人体组织及细胞中的含量以及与各种疾病的关系备受关注,得到广泛的研究。研究发现,生理性谷胱甘肽浓度的变化与多种疾病密切相关,如老年痴呆症、帕金森综合征、糖尿病、酒精肝中毒、白内障、心血管疾病、动脉粥样硬化、关节炎、癫痫、衰老以及多种类型的癌症等。因此,以谷胱甘肽为代表的巯基化合物成为一类重要的疾病标志物,快速、灵敏、高选择地检测谷胱甘肽等相关巯基物对于疾病的早期诊断、预防及有效治疗具有重要的意义。
巯基化合物的检测经历了数十年的发展,现已开发出多种检测技术,普遍存在操作复杂、费时、步骤繁琐等问题,如紫外/可见分光光度法、荧光法、质谱法、电化学法、高效液相色谱法等多种方法。每种方法在灵敏度、选择性、稳定性、检测时间、仪器等方面都各有优缺点。由于电化学法不但具有灵敏、快捷、低成本、便于微型化、便携等显著特点,而且,在生物活体、在线检测方面独具优势,因此,成为极具潜力的生物硫醇分析检测方法。
迄今为止,已经有多种直接的、间接的电化学法见诸报道,然而,这些方法存在诸如高的过电位、毒性、需要电极修饰、缺乏选择性等问题,限制了电化学法的广泛应用。因此,寻找一种既快速、稳定、特异,又十分灵敏、经济的电化学测定方法用于GSH的检测迫在眉睫。
发明内容
为了克服现有技术存在的不足,同时,也为了更加有效地利用电化学法的显著优点,针对适用于电化学检测的小分子探针少有报道,因此,本发明的第一目的:构建并合成一种新型的小分子电化学探针,该探针不但具有灵敏的电化学活性,而且能够与巯基化合物发生特异灵敏的快速反应;本发明的第二目的:提供一种该小分子电化学探针的制备方法,该制备方法操作简单、成本低廉并且环境友好。本发明的第三目的:提供一种该小分子电化学探针的用途。将本发明的小分子电化学探针用于巯基化合物的电化学检测,有效克服了现有技术操作复杂、繁琐、需要电极修饰等不足,实现了巯基化合物高选择性、高灵敏度、方便、低成本的快速检测。
本发明的小分子电化学探针名称为:[1,3]二硫杂环戊二烯[4,5-f]-2,1,3-苯并硒二唑-6-硫酮,结构式如下:
本发明小分子电化学探针的合成方法包括以下步骤:
a.在容器中加入3.0-5.0g邻苯二胺、11.0-20.0g硫氰酸钾、150-400mL甲醇,在干冰丙酮低温浴条件下加入溴的甲醇溶液,反应完毕后,室温搅拌1.5-3h,抽滤,将滤液倒入300-500mL水中,抽滤后在滤液中加入25-40mL氨水,抽滤、水洗、干燥,得到中间体(I):4,5-双(异硫氰基)-1,2-邻苯二胺,其结构式如下:
所述的溴的甲醇溶液为3~5mLBr2溶解于50~80mL甲醇;
b.称取上述中间体(I)3.0~4.0g、硫化钠5.5~7.5g,加入150~200mL水,70℃油浴加热0.5~1h,冰水浴条件下加入1.5~2.5mL的二硫化碳,反应完成后,50℃油浴加热1~2h,冷却至室温,将固体物分离并干燥,采用硅胶柱层析分离纯化,以乙酸乙酯和二氯甲烷的混合溶剂作为洗脱剂进行洗脱,得到中间体(II):5,6-二氨基-1,3-苯并二硫杂环戊二烯-2-硫酮,其结构式如下:
所述的洗脱剂采用乙酸乙酯:二氯甲烷=2:1~4:1;
c.取上述中间体(II)适量于研钵中,按1:1~1:1.5计量比加入二氧化硒,室温,研磨1~2h,可加入适量环己烷,采用硅胶柱层析分离纯化,以二氯甲烷和己烷的混合溶剂作为洗脱剂进行洗脱,得到橘红色电化学探针分子纯品,即[1,3]二硫杂环戊二烯[4,5-f]-2,1,3-苯并硒二唑-6-硫酮,其结构式如下:
所述的洗脱剂采用二氯甲烷:己烷=2:1~4:1。
合成路线如下所示:
本发明的小分子电化学探针可用于生物体系中谷胱甘肽及相应巯基化合物的检测,生物组织和细胞内的谷胱甘肽及相应巯基化合物的检测,以及临床医学中涉及疾病的早期诊断及治疗的谷胱甘肽及相应巯基化合物的检测。
本发明的有益效果:本发明的小分子电化学探针结构中含有灵敏的巯基反应集团,该活性集团不但具有灵敏的电化学信号,而且还能够与巯基化合物发生特异性反应,对谷胱甘肽等生物活性巯基化合物具有很好的选择性。利用该小分子电化学探针分子,能够实现对巯基化合物高灵敏、高选择性的检测。本发明的小分子探针结构简单,合成简便,稳定性好,电化学信号灵敏,对巯基物响应迅速灵敏,同时,不被其它常见干扰分子影响,具有优良的选择性,可应用于生物体系巯基化合物的电化学检测。探针溶液的电化学信号与谷胱甘肽的浓度在1.0×10-10M~9.0×10-10M范围内呈线性关系,表现出小分子探针优良的性能,在生物医学、生命科学等领域具有广阔的应用前景。
附图说明
图1.小分子电化学探针(15μM)(a),小分子电化学探针(15μM)+不同浓度GSH(5.0×10-10;1.0×10-9;5.0×10-9M)在0.2MBR缓冲溶液中(pH2.0)反应20min后的循环伏安曲线(b→d)。
图2.小分子电化学探针对于不同干扰物质在0.2MBR缓冲溶液(pH2.0)中的电化学响应。黑色的柱状图表示只加入各干扰物质:Fe3+,Na+,Mg2+,Cu2+,K+,Dopamine,H2O2(2.5μΜ),VC(1.5μΜ);GSH(5.0nM)。灰色的柱状图表示相应的干扰物质中加入GSH(5.0nM),所有反应均在25℃下反应20min。
图3.小分子电化学探针检测谷胱甘肽浓度的线性关系图(相关系数R=0.9920)。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例具体地说明本发明,但本发明不受下述实施例的限定。
实施例1:小分子电化学探针的合成路线:
a.在容器中加入3.5g邻苯二胺、13.0g硫氰酸钾、200mL甲醇,在干冰丙酮低温浴条件下加入溴的甲醇溶液,反应完毕后,室温搅拌1.5h,抽滤,将滤液倒入400mL水中,抽滤后在滤液中加入25mL氨水,抽滤、水洗、干燥,得到黄色中间体(I):4,5-双(异硫氰基)-1,2-邻苯二胺,其结构式如下:
所述的溴的甲醇溶液为3mLBr2溶解于50mL甲醇。
b.称取上述中间体(I)3.0g、硫化钠5.5g,加入150mL水,70℃油浴加热0.5h,冰水浴条件下加入1.5mL的二硫化碳,反应完成后,50℃油浴加热1h,冷却至室温,将固体物分离并干燥,采用硅胶柱层析分离纯化,以乙酸乙酯和二氯甲烷的混合溶剂作为洗脱剂进行洗脱,得到橘黄色中间体(II):5,6-二氨基-1,3-苯并二硫杂环戊二烯-2-硫酮,其结构式如下:
所述的洗脱剂采用乙酸乙酯:二氯甲烷=2:1。
c.取上述中间体(II)适量于研钵中,按1:1.2计量比加入二氧化硒,室温,研磨2h,可加入适量环己烷,采用硅胶柱层析分离纯化,以二氯甲烷和己烷的混合溶剂作为洗脱剂进行洗脱,得到橘红色电化学探针分子纯品,即[1,3]二硫杂环戊二烯[4,5-f]-2,1,3-苯并硒二唑-6-硫酮,其结构式如下:
所述的洗脱剂采用二氯甲烷:己烷=2:1。
小分子电化学探针的基本数据:
橘红色粒状晶体,m.p.282-283℃;
IR(KBr):
1HNMR(300MHz,DMSO):d=8.40(s)ppm;
13CNMR(300MHz,DMSO):231.8,157.4,143.1,115.3ppm;
HRMS(ESI:C7H3N2S3Se:):m/z,计算值:289.8618;测定值:289.8633(M+1);
元素分析(C7H2N2S3Se,%):计算值:C29.07,H0.70,N9.68;测定值:C29.11,H0.70,N9.19.
实施例2:小分子电化学探针的化学性能
仪器与试剂
CHI832B电化学分析仪(上海辰华仪器厂);所有电化学实验均使用三电极系统,以铂丝为辅助电极,Ag/AgCl(饱和KCl)电极为参比电极,裸金电极为工作电极(直径:2.0mm)。微分脉冲伏安实验在室温下传统电化学池中进行。实验前,裸金电极首先在硫酸和双氧水的混合溶液(H2SO4:H2O2=7:3)中浸泡10-20min,然后充分研磨,再经乙醇和二次蒸馏水超声1-2min,最后用0.1mol/L的硫酸溶液扫描CV(0.1-0.5V),重复多次,直至出现稳定的CV图像,取出,用蒸馏水冲洗,依次使用1.0μm、0.3μm和0.05μm的α-Al2O3抛光粉抛光,蒸馏水冲洗干净,擦干备用。采用PHS-3DpH酸度计(复合饱和甘汞电极,上海雷磁仪器厂)检测溶液pH值。MP-2型溶出分析仪(山东电讯七厂)。
GSH溶液的配制:准确称取3.07mgGSH于烧杯中,用少量水溶解后转移到10mL容量管中,用二次水定容,得到1.0×10-3MGSH溶液。
小分子电化学探针溶液的配制:准确称取2.17mg小分子电化学探针于烧杯中,用少量丙酮溶解后转移到50mL容量瓶中,用丙酮和水定容,得到1.5×10-4M的小分子电化学探针溶液。
循环伏安实验:在电位范围0.5V~-0.4V,首先测定了15μM小分子电化学探针溶液的循环伏安曲线(图1,曲线a),随后测定了加入不同浓度GSH(0;5.0×10-10;1.0×10-9;5.0×10-9M)在0.2MBR缓冲溶液中(pH2.0)反应20min后的循环伏安图(图1,曲线b→d),扫速:100mV/s。由图1可以看出:在-0.1V电位附近出现一个峰型良好的电化学信号(曲线a),该信号为本发明所述的小分子电化学探针的电极还原峰。当加入GSH后,该小分子电化学探针的电化学信号显著降低,且随GSH浓度的增加,电化学信号逐渐降低。实验结果表明,本发明所述的小分子电化学探针具有电化学活性,能够产生灵敏的电化学信号,当加入谷胱甘肽后,该小分子电化学探针的电化学信号显著降低,且随GSH浓度的增加,电化学信号逐渐降低,说明小分子电化学探针与谷胱甘肽发生了特异性反应,根据这一现象,可以实现谷胱甘肽的检测。
干扰实验:采用示差脉冲伏安法(DPV)测定了小分子电化学探针对于不同干扰物质在0.2MBR缓冲溶液(pH2.0)中的电化学响应。加入的各干扰物质分别为:Fe3+,Na+,Mg2+,Cu2+,K+,Dopamine,H2O2(2.5μΜ),VC(1.5μΜ);GSH(5.0nM)。DPV的起始电位和终止电位分别是0.3V和-0.4V,扫速为100mV/s,反应20min。由图2可以看出,各个干扰物对谷胱甘肽的检测影响非常小,基本可以忽略,表明小分子电化学探针具有高的选择性。
检测GSH:采用DPV法测定了小分子电化学探针与不同浓度的GSH(0;0.1;0.3;0.45;0.6;0.75;0.9nM)反应前后阴极示差脉冲伏安峰电流差值(ΔiP)随着GSH浓度的变化情况,结果见图3所示。由图3可以看出,小分子电化学探针的电化学信号与GSH的浓度在1.0×10-10M~9.0×10-10M范围内呈线性关系,表明小分子电化学探针能够实现对谷胱甘肽的高灵敏检测。
Claims (7)
1.一种小分子电化学探针,其特征在于:该小分子电化学探针的结构式为:
。
2.根据权利要求1所述的小分子电化学探针的合成方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
(1)在容器中加入3.0~5.0g邻苯二胺、11.0~20.0g硫氰酸钾、150~400mL甲醇,在干冰丙酮低温浴条件下加入溴的甲醇溶液,反应完毕后,室温搅拌1.5~3h,抽滤,将滤液倒入300~500mL水中,抽滤后在滤液中加入25~40mL氨水,抽滤、水洗、干燥,得到中间体(I):4,5-双(异硫氰基)-1,2-邻苯二胺;
(2)称取上述中间体(I)3.0~4.0g、硫化钠5.5~7.5g,加入150~200mL水,70℃油浴加热0.5~1h,冰水浴条件下加入1.5~2.5mL二硫化碳,反应完成后,50℃油浴加热1~2h,冷却至室温,将固体物分离并干燥,采用硅胶柱层析分离纯化,以乙酸乙酯和二氯甲烷的混合溶剂作为洗脱剂进行洗脱,得到中间体(II):5,6-二氨基-1,3-苯并二硫杂环戊二烯-2-硫酮;
(3)取上述中间体(II)适量于研钵中,按1:1~1:1.5计量比加入二氧化硒,室温,研磨1~2h,可加入适量环己烷,采用硅胶柱层析分离纯化,以二氯甲烷和己烷的混合溶剂作为洗脱剂进行洗脱,得到橘红色电化学探针分子纯品[1,3]二硫杂环戊二烯[4,5-f]-2,1,3-苯并硒二唑-6-硫酮。
3.根据权利要求2所述的小分子电化学探针的合成方法,其特征在于步骤(1)中所述的溴的甲醇溶液为3~5mLBr2溶解于50~80mL甲醇。
4.根据权利要求2所述的小分子电化学探针的合成方法,其特征在于步骤(2)中所述的洗脱剂采用乙酸乙酯:二氯甲烷=2:1~4:1。
5.根据权利要求2所述的小分子电化学探针的合成方法,其特征在于:步骤(3)中所述的洗脱剂采用二氯甲烷:己烷=2:1~4:1。
6.一种根据权利要求1所述的小分子电化学探针的用途,其特征在于:所述的小分子电化学探针用于生物体系中巯基化合物的检测。
7.一种根据权利要求1所述的小分子电化学探针的用途,其特征在于:所述的小分子电化学探针用于生物体系中谷胱甘肽的检测。
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