CN1036838C - 疫苗的制备方法 - Google Patents

疫苗的制备方法 Download PDF

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CN1036838C
CN1036838C CN89101256A CN89101256A CN1036838C CN 1036838 C CN1036838 C CN 1036838C CN 89101256 A CN89101256 A CN 89101256A CN 89101256 A CN89101256 A CN 89101256A CN 1036838 C CN1036838 C CN 1036838C
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卡拉·克里斯蒂纳·施里尔
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于免疫家禽的活的复合疫苗,其包含至少两种不同的病毒,其中至少一种是表现有自发凝集鸡红血细胞之性质的感染性支气管炎病毒。

Description

疫苗的制备方法
本发明涉及含感染性支气管炎病毒的活组合疫苗。(IBV)是一种感染鸟类,特别是家禽的日冕性病毒。病毒感染可引起以气管罗音、咳嗽、打喷嚏和流鼻涕为特征的急性呼吸道疾病。感染性支气管炎(i.b.)可使患病的鸡大量死亡,并可损伤其肾脏。对生蛋和繁殖母鸡,感染可因损伤生殖道而降低蛋的产量。在许多情况下,产蛋减少是伴随引起腹泻的肠炎发生的。
可通过疫苗接种来预防家禽的IBV感染。另外,期望在鸟类出生后尽早进行保护。这些幼鸡还易受其它病毒如新城疫病毒(NDV)、感染性腔上囊病病毒(IBDV)、Marek氏病病毒(MDV)、其它鸟类疱疹病毒、鸟痘病毒(FPV)、鸟脑脊髓炎病毒(AEV)、网状内皮组织增殖病毒(REV)、鸟类腺病毒和鸟类呼吸道肠道病毒的感染。当然,期望不仅要保护幼鸡免受IBV感染,而且使之免受上述其它病毒的感染。为此目的,已使用了包含得自IBV及至少一种其它病毒之免疫原的复合疫苗对幼鸡进行免疫接种。这些病毒可含有活的或失活的病毒,但原则上最好用活疫苗。使用这些活复合疫苗的一个众所周知的问题是抗原成分的影响,其可导致一种或多种组成成分之能力的降低。有关使用复合IBV/NDV时存在的这一问题,Raggi和Lee(Ayian Disease 8,471-480,1964)、Hanson和Alberts(Am.J.Vet.Res.,March1959,352-356)以及Thornton和Muskett(The  VeterinaryRecord,May 1975,467-468)等已作过报导;Winterfield(PoultryScience 1984,63,182-184)则报导了与之不同的结果。
现已发现,使用本发明的新疫苗可以克服上述已知活的复合病毒疫苗的缺点。该活的复合疫苗特征在于它包含至少一种显示有自发凝集鸡红细胞性质的活的感染性支气管炎病毒与至少一种对家禽有感染性的其它病毒。根据欧洲专利申请0086025号可知,具有自发凝集鸡红细胞性质的IBV也具有良好的疫苗接种性质。另外,在该后来的公开中还发现了这些特殊的IBV在失活的复合疫苗中的应用。然而,在本发明之前并没有认识到这些自发红细胞凝集性IBV特别适于与其它对家禽有感染性的病毒一起用于活的复合疫苗中。
本发明的疫苗至少有一种不同于IBV的其它对家禽有感染性的病毒。
所说的其它病毒,如可选自NDV,IBDV,MDV,其它鸟类疱疹病毒、FPV、鸟类腺病毒及鸟类呼吸道肠道病毒。
特别适用于本发明的IBV病毒株是Ma5病毒株(其工作种子株于1987年12月15日寄存于美国Rockyille的ATCC,寄存号为VR2199,于1989年3月2日寄存于中国典型培养物保藏中心(CCTCC),寄存号为M89018=V89001)、D274、D1466、D580、246G及249G病毒株(寄存于巴黎巴斯德学院的Collection National de Cul-tures de Micro-organismes,寄存号分别为I-216、I-217、I-218、I-215和I-214)。Ma5和246G株属于Massachusetts血清型,D580株属于Connecticut型,而其余的上述IBV病毒株则分别属于其它不同的血清型。
用于制备本发明之疫苗的病毒可生长于任何适于培养鸟类病毒的培养基中。这些病毒特别适于生长于含胚的SPE鸡卵中或细胞培养物,特别是得自鸟类组织的细胞培养物上。
如此生长的病毒可以以所需的比例一起产生,并可将所得混合物分成适于对单个或多个家禽进行疫苗接种的量。
可以以悬液的形式制备活疫苗或者是将悬液冻干。
冻干的疫苗中最好加入一种或多种稳定剂。适用的稳定剂如有SPGA[如Boyarnick(1950)J.Bacteriology 59,509所述)、碳水化合物(如山梨醇、甘露醇、淀粉、蔗糖、葡聚糖、葡萄糖)、蛋白质(如白蛋白或酪蛋白)或其降解产物、含蛋白剂(如牛血清或脱脂奶)及缓冲液(如碱金属磷酸盐)。根据需要,还可加入一种或多种有佐剂活性的化合物。适用的佐剂如有氢氧化铝、磷酸盐或氧化物、矿物油(如BayolF、Marcol 52)及皂角苷。
可对病毒进行减毒处理。可通过将病毒驯化到含胚卵中或细胞培养物(最好是鸡胚胎肾细胞)上并在这些培养物中传代(如10至200代)达到减毒。
本发明的活疫苗可经肌肉、皮下或以卵内注射、滴眼、滴鼻、饮水或喷雾方法给药,并且最好在一日龄至下蛋时(经18周龄)给药。
为了对一日龄的鸡给药,最好使用含有上述Ma5病毒株或由其得到的、也显示自发凝集鸡红细胞之病毒株的疫苗。
可用于活疫苗的各病毒株的剂量范围一般为每只家禽31og E ID50至7log E ID50,最好每只家禽约4log E ID50至51og E ID50。
实施例I
两种活的NDV/IBV复合疫苗与其两者分离的两个别疫苗的比较
实验设计:一目龄SPE鸡分为8组并置于负压隔离器内。
第I组用104 E ID50/家禽的Ma5病毒株(HA+病毒株)经滴眼进行疫苗接种。
第II组用104 E ID50/家禽的IBV-Mildvac-M(由Inter-vet America公司生产的用于一日龄适于煎烤的小鸡的商品疫苗;HA-病毒株)经滴眼进行疫苗接种。
第III组用最小105.8 E ID50/家禽的NDV-B1病毒株(由Intervet America公司生产的Hitchner型NDV病毒株的商品疫苗)经滴眼进行疫苗接种。
第IV和第V组用IBV-Mildvac-M和NDV-B1复合病毒株(与单独使用时的剂量相同)经滴眼进行病毒接种。
第VI和第VII组用Ma5和NDV-B1复合病毒株(与单独使用时的剂量相同)经滴眼进行疫苗接种。
第III组用阴性尿囊液滴眼进行接种作为对照。
疫苗接种后21天用USDA-IBV-M41攻击病毒株(第I、II、IV、VI和III组的一部分)或USDA-NDV-攻击病毒株(第III、V、VII和VIII组的一部分)进行攻击。
攻击后四天内,记录接受USDA-IBV-M41一攻击病毒株攻击之鸡的临床症状;然后,将鸡杀死并切除气管进行病毒回收尝试和观察纤毛运动。攻击后10天内记录接受USDA-NDV-攻击病毒株攻击的鸡的死亡率和临床征象。
结果:表1中给出了根据攻击后四天内的病毒回收率、纤毛固定和临床征象检测的抗USDA-IBV-M41攻击病毒株的百分保护率。
                           表1
            攻击后四天    攻击后四天    攻击后四天
疫  苗       纤毛固定     病毒回收率     临床征象
Ma5            95*           60*           100*
Mildvac-M      85            60            100
Ma5/NDV-B1     85            70            100
Mildvac-M/     70            15            80
NDV-B1
阴性尿囊液     0              0            70
*=按不同标准测得的疫苗接种后3周抗攻击家禽的百分数。
合并给予Ma5(HA+)病毒株和NDV病毒株与单用Mildvac-M(HA-)病毒株对M41-攻击株的攻击具有更大保护作用。对接受NDV攻击的各组的保护作用没观察到明显差异。所有情况下均获得足够的保护:各组中均有90%以上的小鸡得到保护。
实施例II
将一日龄适于煎烤的商品雏鸡分成5组并置于隔离器中。
其中两组联合接种H120/Clone30(一组经粗孔喷雾、另一组经滴眼给药),另外两组联合接种Ma5/Clone30(一组经粗孔喷雾、另一组经滴眼给药);其余一组作为未接种的对照。
Clone 30是购自Intervet的NDV疫苗。
接种疫苗后4和8天,每组取出6只鸡,记录临床症状并检查其气管的纤毛固定情况。
家禽经滴眼接种疫苗后5周用M41攻击病毒株(每只家禽106 E ID50,滴眼)攻击。M41攻击后4天记录临床症状并取出气管做纤毛固定试验。
家禽经粗孔喷雾接种疫苗,接种后5周用NDV攻击(NDVHerts攻击病毒株,每只家禽107 E ID50;肌肉内注射),12天内每天记录临床症状和死亡数。
结果:表2、3、4和5中显示了上述实验的结果。可以看出,合并使用有自发红细胞凝集作用的IB病毒株(Ma5),对于抗N41攻击病毒株和NDV攻击病毒株攻击的保护作用,比联合使用不自发凝集鸡红细胞的IB病毒株(H120)效果好。
                   表2
              疫苗接种后的临床症状—于一日龄时接种疫苗—疫苗接种后(P.V)4和8天时的临床症状(喷嚏、呼吸道水泡音)疫苗接种日效价为HI 2Log;M4176;NDV5.2。
                        具有临床症状之家禽的百分数
   疫    苗              接种后4天     接种后8天H120(HA-)/Clone30滴眼          0            33H120(HA-)/Clone30喷雾          0            17M A5(HA+)/Clone30滴眼          0            17M A5(HA+)/Clone30喷雾          0            0
     无                     0            0
                     表3—于一日龄时接种疫苗—疫苗接种后(P.V)4和8天做纤毛运动停止检验疫苗接种日效价为HI 2Log;M417.6;NDV5.2。
                      纤毛运动停止之家禽的百分数
 疫    苗              接种后4天     接种后8天H120(HA-)/Clone30滴眼        17            33H120(HA-)/Clone30喷雾        0             17
Ma5(HA+)/Clone30滴眼        0         0
Ma5(HA+)/Clone30喷雾        0         17
      无                     0         0
                       表4
               复合疫苗抗NDV攻击的保护作用
                             用NDV攻击病毒株攻击
     疫    苗                被保护动物的百分数
H120(HA-)/Clone30喷雾              83
Ma 5(HA+)/Clone30喷雾              100
       无                            0
                       表5
              复合疫苗抗IBV攻击的保护作用
—于一日龄时接种疫苗
—接种后5周用M41攻击病毒株攻击
                       用M41攻击病毒株攻击后四天
                       攻击后有临床症状  在纤毛固定检验中
  疫    苗             动物的百分数   检知被保护动物的百分数H120(HA-)/Clone30滴眼         30                  58Ma 5(HA+)/Clone30滴眼         0                   100
    无                     83                   0
实施例III
250只一日龄SPF雏鸡(SPAFAS)分成四组各包括50只鸡,置于负压隔离器内。然后用下列病毒株进行疫苗接种:
第I组:Ma5;104 E ID50/动物(滴眼);HA+病毒株
第II组:Mildvac-M(Mass型;B48病毒株。购自IntervetAmerica公司);104 E ID50/动物(滴眼);HA-病毒株。
第III组:IB-Vac-M(Mass型;Connaught病毒株,购自Intervet America公司);104E ID50/动物(滴眼);HA-病毒株。
第IV组:阴性尿囊液;0.1ml/动物(滴眼);
接种后5周,各组均用M41攻击病毒株攻击。攻击后5天,记录每组10只鸡的临床症状,然后将鸡杀死,取出气管进行病毒再分离并观察纤毛活动情况。攻击后7天对各组中其余家禽进行尸体解剖。
结果:
                     表6
               攻击后5天攻击病毒的回收率
疫    苗         病毒回收率   被保护动物的百分数
Ma5                 0/10*            100
Mildvac             2/10             80
IB-vac-M            0/10             100
阴性AAF             10/10            0
*比例表示各组所有鸡中产生病毒的鸡的数目。
                    表7
        攻击后5天临床症状观察疫    苗      疫苗接种后有临床症状鸡的百分数Ma5                       0Mildvac-M                20IB-vac-M                 10阴性AAF                  90
                 表8
        攻击后5天纤毛固定检验结果疫   苗       +/总数     被保护鸡的百分数Ma5            5/5*            100Mildvac-M      4/5             80IB-vac-M       5/5             100阴性AAF        0/5             0*比例表示各组所有鸡中呈现平均纤毛活动性大于2的鸡的数目。
                   表9
                攻击后7天尸检结果疫    苗         空气囊泡炎的鸡的百分数Ma5                      0Mildvac-M                0IB-vac-M                 16.6阴性AAF                  42.8
结论:与属于同一血清型的两个HA-病毒株比较,显示自发红细胞凝集作用的Ma5病毒株有更好的抗攻击作用。再者,通过未在本实施例中显示的实验发现,Ma5病毒株与其它IBV病毒株一起制成的复合疫苗也具有优良的性质。
实施例IV
该实验是为了比较自发红细胞凝集性IBV-Massachusetts病毒株(Ma5)和非红细胞凝集性IBV-Massachusetts病毒株(H120)当与ITL-疫苗联合使用时的免疫原性。
材料和方法
疫苗
实验中使用下列疫苗病毒株:
1.IBV-Ma5
疫苗在胰蛋白
Figure C8910125600121
瞵酸盐培养液中稀释100倍,每只鸡经滴眼给予0.1ml(效价:每只鸡104.6 E ID50的Ma5病毒株)。
2.IBV-H120
疫苗在胰蛋白
Figure C8910125600122
磷酸盐培养液中稀释100倍,每只鸡经滴眼给予0.1ml(效价:每只鸡105.1 E ID50的Ma5病毒株)。
3.ILT疫苗
按制造商的说明书稀释疫苗,每只鸡经滴眼接受单位剂量的稀释的疫苗。
实验设计:
将四周龄S.P.F鸡分成三组,置于负压隔离器内。
一组用单位剂量的Ma5疫苗和单位剂量的ILT疫苗经滴眼接种。第三组留作对照。疫苗接种后四周用IBV-M41攻击病毒株攻击[M41-第八代(Weybridge病毒株);104.8 E ID50/只;滴眼]。
攻击后四天将鸡杀死取其气管,以检查纤毛活动性并进行病毒回收。
结果:表1中显示纤毛固定检验在Ma5-ILT疫苗接种组中有100%的鸡、H120-ILT疫苗接种组中有64%的鸡可对抗M41攻击病毒株的攻击。
用Ma5-ILT复合疫苗接种的鸡中36%可回收到攻击病毒,而用H120-ILT复合疫苗接种的鸡则全部都能回收到攻击病毒。
结论:联合使用自发红细胞凝集性IBV-病毒株Ma5和ILT疫苗所获得的保护作用优于联合使用非红细胞凝集性IBV-病毒株(如H120)和ILT疫苗所获得的保护作用。
                      表10
在四周龄时作疫苗接种、8周龄时用M41-攻击病毒株攻击的SPF鸡中,复合的Ma5-ILT疫苗和复合的H120-ILT疫苗所显示的保护效力。
             经下示方法测得的百分保护
疫    苗    纤毛固定检验    病毒回收
Ma5/ILT         100            64
              (N-11)         (N-11)
H120/ILT        64             0
              (N-11)         (N-11)
对   照         0              0
              (N-7)          (N-7)

Claims (2)

1.一种制备用于免疫家禽以抗感染性支气管炎的疫苗的方法,该方法包括将属于保藏在中国典型培养物保藏中心(CCTCC)、保藏号为M89018=V89001的病毒株Ma5的感染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)制成药物制剂。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于也可将新城疫病病毒或感染性腔上囊病病毒加入到药物制剂中。
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