CN103649023A - 形成乙烯 - Google Patents

形成乙烯 Download PDF

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CN103649023A
CN103649023A CN201280035122.3A CN201280035122A CN103649023A CN 103649023 A CN103649023 A CN 103649023A CN 201280035122 A CN201280035122 A CN 201280035122A CN 103649023 A CN103649023 A CN 103649023A
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methane
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elemental sulfur
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T.J.马克斯
朱庆军
S.韦根尔
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Abstract

通过如下所述的方法形成乙烯,所述方法包括:蒸发单质硫、提供金属硫化物催化剂、和使甲烷和所蒸发的单质硫的混合物与金属硫化物催化剂接触。所述混合物具有的甲烷与硫的摩尔比大于1.2:1.0。

Description

形成乙烯
本申请涉及形成乙烯的方法,尤其涉及由甲烷形成乙烯的方法。
乙烯是在化学工业中用作基础材料(building block)的日用化学品。使用乙烯制造的产品包括但不限于食品包装、眼镜、汽车、医疗设备、润滑剂、发动机冷却液和液晶显示器。
乙烯形成的一种通用方法为使用氧气作为氧化剂氧化偶联甲烷(oxidative methane coupling)。在该氧化偶联甲烷的方法中,在催化剂的表面上非均相活化甲烷,并且通常认为甲烷形成甲基自由基,然后该甲基自由基在气相中偶联形成乙烷。随后乙烷进行脱氢作用形成乙烯。然而,使用氧气作为氧化剂氧化偶联甲烷,已表现出对乙烯形成的差选择性以及会不期望的过氧化形成二氧化碳。
本申请提供了形成乙烯的方法,其包括蒸发单质硫(elemental sulfur)、提供金属硫化物催化剂、和使甲烷和所蒸发的单质硫的混合物与金属硫化物催化剂接触以形成乙烯。所述混合物具有的甲烷与硫的摩尔比大于1.2:1.0。将蒸发的单质硫用作氧化偶联甲烷形成乙烯的氧化剂。有利地,该方法提供了期望的乙烯选择性和甲烷转化率。
“单质硫”指硫的同素异形体形式。单质硫可主要由冠形S8分子组成。然而,已知硫的其它形式和/或同素异形体,并且认为它们是单质硫。例如,通过处理,可以形成含有S6、S7、S9、S10、S11、S12、或至多S18的环构型、线性构型和/或支化构型的单质硫。单质硫可以是结晶的或无定形的。
所述方法包括蒸发单质硫。方法条件包括等于或大于200摄氏度(℃)的单质硫蒸发温度。例如,单质硫蒸发温度可以为200℃至1000℃。优选的单质硫蒸发温度为200℃至650℃。
所述方法包括提供金属硫化物催化剂。金属硫化物催化剂的实例包括但不限于钯硫化物、钯碱式硫化物(palladium subsulfides)、钼硫化物、钛硫化物、钌硫化物、钽硫化物、和它们的组合。“硫化物”指包括在硫的最低氧化态-2的硫的化合物。“碱式硫化物”指包括在除了-2之外的氧化态的硫的化合物。钯碱式硫化物的实例包括但不限于Pd4S、Pd3S和Pd16S7。这些催化剂可以以纯净(neat)形式使用或以它们分散在载体(如氧化铝、二氧化硅等)上的形式使用。
所述方法包括使甲烷和蒸发的单质硫的混合物与所述金属硫化物催化剂接触,以形成乙烯。甲烷和蒸发的单质硫的混合物具有的甲烷与硫的摩尔比可以大于1.2:1.0。例如,甲烷和蒸发的单质硫的混合物具有的甲烷与硫的摩尔比可以为大于1.2:1.0至8.5:1.0。混合物中优选的甲烷与硫的摩尔比为大于1.2:1.0至5.8:1.0。
该方法条件包括反应温度,如甲烷和蒸发的单质硫的混合物与金属硫化物催化剂接触时所在的温度。反应温度可以为200℃至2000℃。优选的反应温度为825℃至1325℃。
所述方法可以包括提供惰性气体以将甲烷和蒸发的单质硫的混合物传送给金属硫化物催化剂。惰性气体的实例包括但不限于氩气、氦气、氮气、和它们的组合。
该反应条件包括重时空速(WHSV),其定义为对于每单位质量的催化剂而言的进料的质量流动速率。例如,WHSV可以计算为以克每小时为单位的甲烷的质量除以以克为单位的金属硫化物催化剂的质量。WHSV为6000毫升每克的倒数小时的倒数(mL·g-1·h-1)至30000mL·g-1·h-1
实施例
材料包括甲烷(Airgas,Inc.);氩气(Airgas,Inc.);单质硫金属硫化物催化剂:二硫化钼
Figure BDA0000457146370000022
二硫化钛二硫化钌
Figure BDA0000457146370000024
二硫化钽硫化钯(palladiumsulphide)
Figure BDA0000457146370000026
仪器包括具有蒸气发生器、反应器预热器、和管式反应器的非均相催化反应器系统(Altamira Instruments)。
实施例(Ex)1
将钯硫化物催化剂(100毫克(mg))装入管式反应器(4毫米内径)中,将单质硫(50克(g))装入蒸气发生器中。采用氩气(25毫升每分钟(mL/min))吹扫反应器系统1小时。保持进入反应器系统的氩气流(25mL/min),将反应器系统组分以10℃/min加热至所需温度:将蒸气发生器加热至208℃,以蒸发单质硫;将反应器预热器加热至650℃;将管式反应器加热至800℃。蒸气发生器提供了氩气和硫蒸气的混合物,所述混合物具有0.85摩尔%的硫。将甲烷(25.0mL/min)和氩气的混合物(10摩尔%的甲烷)与氩气和硫蒸气的混合物合并,形成甲烷和蒸发的单质硫的混合物,将其进料至管式反应器以使其接触钯硫化物催化剂,形成乙烯。甲烷和蒸发的单质硫的混合物具有的甲烷与硫的摩尔比为5.8:1.0。WHSV为30000mL·g-1·h-1。保持条件3小时以确保稳态。使反应器产物通过硫冷凝器以除去硫,随后采用包括火焰离子化检测器、热导检测器、和火焰光度检测器的Agilent7890气相色谱系统来分离和分析产物。分析表明形成了乙烯、二硫化碳和硫化氢。
实施例2-5
重复实施例1,但变化在于:将管式反应器各自加热至850℃、900℃、950℃和1000℃。
实施例6
重复实施例1,但变化在于:将二硫化钼催化剂(100mg)代替钯硫化物催化剂装入管式反应器中。
实施例7-10
重复实施例6,但变化在于:将管式反应器各自加热至850℃、900℃、950℃和1000℃。
实施例11
重复实施例1,但变化在于:将二硫化钌催化剂(100mg)代替钯硫化物催化剂装入管式反应器中。
实施例12-15
重复实施例11,但变化在于:将管式反应器各自加热至850℃、900℃、950℃和1000℃。
实施例16
重复实施例1,但变化在于:将二硫化钛催化剂(100mg)代替钯硫化物催化剂装入管式反应器中。
实施例17-20
重复实施例16,但变化在于:将管式反应器各自加热至850℃、900℃、950℃和1000℃。
实施例21
重复实施例1,但变化在于:将二硫化钽催化剂(100mg)代替钯硫化物催化剂装入管式反应器中。
实施例22-23
重复实施例21,但变化在于:将管式反应器各自加热至900℃和1000℃。
对比例(Com Ex)A
重复实施例1,但变化在于:使管式反应器空置,而非装入钯硫化物催化剂。
对比例B-E
重复对比例A,但变化在于:将管式反应器各自加热至850℃、900℃、950℃和1000℃。
乙烯选择性通过下式进行计算:
Figure BDA0000457146370000041
甲烷转化率通过下式进行计算:
Figure BDA0000457146370000042
表1
Figure BDA0000457146370000043
Figure BDA0000457146370000051
表2
Figure BDA0000457146370000052
表1中的数据表明本申请所述的方法形成了乙烯。表1中的数据表明甲烷转化率和乙烯选择性二者均随着温度的增加而增加。
实施例24-25
重复实施例1,但变化在于:将200mg和500mg的钯硫化物催化剂各自装入管式反应器,而不是100mg。WHSV分别是15000mL·g-1·h-1和6000mL·g-1·h-1
实施例26-27
重复实施例6,但变化在于:将200mg和500mg的二硫化钼催化剂各自装入管式反应器,而不是100mg。WHSV分别是15000mL·g-1·h-1和6000mL·g-1·h-1
实施例28-29
重复实施例11,但变化在于:将200mg和500mg的二硫化钌催化剂各自装入管式反应器,而不是100mg。WHSV分别是15000mL·g-1·h-1和6000mL·g-1·h-1
实施例30-31
重复实施例16,但变化在于:将200mg和500mg的二硫化钛催化剂各自装入管式反应器,而不是100mg。WHSV分别是15000mL·g-1·h-1和6000mL·g-1·h-1
表3
Figure BDA0000457146370000061
表3中的数据表明甲烷转化率随着WHSV的增加而降低,乙烯选择性通常随着WHSV的增加而增加。尽管不希望受特定理论的约束,但是认为乙烯选择性的增加可归咎于通过蒸发的单质硫(如S2)的存在而使过氧化产物CS2受到的抑制。
实施例32-34
重复实施例1,但变化在于:将甲烷流速从实施例1的25.0mL/min甲烷流速各自降至20mL/min、15mL/min、10mL/min、和5.0mL/min,以提供各自的甲烷与硫的比例为4.6:1.0、3.5:1.0、和2.3:1.0。采用氩气平衡气体保持总的甲烷/氩气流速为25mL/min。
实施例35-37
重复实施例6,但变化在于:将甲烷流速从实施例6的25.0mL/min甲烷流速各自降至20mL/min、15mL/min、10mL/min、和5.0mL/min,以提供各自的甲烷与硫的比例为4.6:1.0、3.5:1.0、和2.3:1.0。采用氩气平衡气体保持总的甲烷/氩气流速为25mL/min。
实施例38-40
重复实施例11,但变化在于:将甲烷流速从实施例11的25.0mL/min甲烷流速各自降至20mL/min、15mL/min、10mL/min、和5.0mL/min,以提供各自的甲烷与硫的比例为4.6:1.0、3.5:1.0、和2.3:1.0。采用氩气平衡气体保持总的甲烷/氩气流速为25mL/min。
实施例41-43
重复实施例16,但变化在于:将甲烷流速从实施例16的25.0mL/min甲烷流速各自降至20mL/min、15mL/min、10mL/min、和5.0mL/min,以提供各自的甲烷与硫的比例为4.6:1.0、3.5:1.0、和2.3:1.0。采用氩气平衡气体保持总的甲烷/氩气流速为25mL/min。
对比例F-I
重复对比例A,但变化在于:将甲烷流速从对比例A的25.0mL/min甲烷流速各自降至20mL/min、15mL/min、10mL/min、和5.0mL/min,以提供各自的甲烷与硫的比例为4.6:1.0、3.5:1.0、2.3:1.0和1.2:1.0。采用氩气平衡气体保持总的甲烷/氩气流速为25mL/min。
对比例J
重复实施例1,但变化在于:将甲烷流速从实施例1的25.0mL/min甲烷流速降至5.0mL/min,以提供甲烷与硫的比例为1.2:1.0。采用氩气平衡气体保持总的甲烷/氩气流速为25mL/min。
对比例K
重复实施例6,但变化在于:将甲烷流速从实施例1的25.0mL/min甲烷流速降至5.0mL/min,以提供甲烷与硫的比例为1.2:1.0。采用氩气平衡气体保持总的甲烷/氩气流速为25mL/min。
对比例L
重复实施例11,但变化在于:将甲烷流速从实施例1的25.0mL/min甲烷流速降至5.0mL/min,以提供甲烷与硫的比例为1.2:1.0。采用氩气平衡气体保持总的甲烷/氩气流速为25mL/min。
对比例M
重复实施例16,但变化在于:将甲烷流速从实施例1的25.0mL/min甲烷流速降至5.0mL/min,以提供甲烷与硫的比例为1.2:1.0。采用氩气平衡气体保持总的甲烷/氩气流速为25mL/min。
表4
Figure BDA0000457146370000081
Figure BDA0000457146370000091
表5
表4中的数据表明,通过乙烯选择性的增加可见,随着甲烷与硫的比例的增加,形成不期望的产物的过氧化受到抑制。对应于对比例A、和F-I的表5中的数据表明,没有金属硫化物催化剂的存在导致了当甲烷与硫的比例增加时,该过程具有相对较低的甲烷转化率。此外,对应于对比例J-M的表5中的数据表明在甲烷与硫的比例为1.2:1.0时乙烯选择性为0.0%。

Claims (8)

1.形成乙烯的方法,其包含:
蒸发单质硫;
提供金属硫化物催化剂;和
使甲烷和所述蒸发的单质硫的混合物与所述金属硫化物催化剂接触,以形成乙烯,其中所述混合物具有的甲烷与硫的摩尔比大于1.2:1.0。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述金属硫化物催化剂选自钯硫化物、钯碱式硫化物、钼硫化物、钛硫化物、钌硫化物、钽硫化物、或它们的组合。
3.前述权利要求的任一项的方法,其中甲烷和所述蒸发的单质硫的混合物具有的甲烷与硫的摩尔比为大于1.2:1.0至8.5:1.0。
4.前述权利要求的任一项的方法,其中甲烷和所述蒸发的单质硫的混合物具有的甲烷与硫的摩尔比为大于1.2:1.0至5.8:1.0。
5.前述权利要求的任一项的方法,其中甲烷和所述蒸发的单质硫的混合物与所述金属硫化物催化剂的接触在200℃至2000℃的温度发生。
6.前述权利要求的任一项的方法,其中甲烷和所述蒸发的单质硫的混合物与所述金属硫化物催化剂的接触在825℃至1325℃的温度发生。
7.前述权利要求的任一项的方法,其还包括提供惰性气体以将所述混合物传送给所述金属硫化物催化剂。
8.权利要求7的方法,其中以克每小时为单位的甲烷的质量除以以克为单位的所述金属硫化物催化剂的质量所得的值为6000mL·g-1·h-1至30000mL·g-1·h-1
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