CN103600181A - Low-hydrogen electrode for root welding on pipelines - Google Patents
Low-hydrogen electrode for root welding on pipelines Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN103600181A CN103600181A CN201310603142.2A CN201310603142A CN103600181A CN 103600181 A CN103600181 A CN 103600181A CN 201310603142 A CN201310603142 A CN 201310603142A CN 103600181 A CN103600181 A CN 103600181A
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- Prior art keywords
- low
- welding
- hydrogen electrode
- electrode
- hydrogen
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- Granted
Links
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 title abstract description 72
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium difluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Ca+2] WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000010436 fluorite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910000616 Ferromanganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- DALUDRGQOYMVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron manganese Chemical compound [Mn].[Fe] DALUDRGQOYMVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910000519 Ferrosilicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910021532 Calcite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 ferrotianium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 abstract description 16
- 239000004579 marble Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910001200 Ferrotitanium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 21
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- XWHPIFXRKKHEKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron silicon Chemical compound [Si].[Fe] XWHPIFXRKKHEKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910004261 CaF 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000023556 desulfurization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012958 reprocessing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
- B23K35/365—Selection of non-metallic compositions of coating materials either alone or conjoint with selection of soldering or welding materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
- B23K35/3601—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest with inorganic compounds as principal constituents
- B23K35/3602—Carbonates, basic oxides or hydroxides
Abstract
The invention provides a low-hydrogen electrode for root welding on pipelines. The low-hydrogen electrode is characterized in that a core wire of the low-hydrogen electrode is made of H08A steel, and a coating of the low-hydrogen electrode comprises marble, fluorite, quartz, rutile, ferrotitanium, ferrosilicon, ferromanganese, magnesia and sodium carbonate. The low-hydrogen electrode has the advantages that raw materials of the coating are reasonably proportioned, so that the electrode is excellent in mechanical property and welding technological property; during welding, the low-hydrogen electrode is high in electric arc blow force, and electric arcs are concentrated and are good in stability, so that the electrode is high in weld penetration depth during welding; a single-side welding and double-side forming effect can be easily realized when root welding is performed on the pipelines, formed weld joints are attractive, and the low-hydrogen electrode is good in slag detachability; the low-hydrogen electrode is low in deposited metal impurity element content and excellent in strength, ductility and toughness; the content of diffusible hydrogen meets low-hydrogen standards, and the electrode is excellent in crack resistance and porosity resistance; when the low-hydrogen electrode is used for welding the pipelines during actual production, chip roots of weld on the backs of the pipelines can be prevented, and backing weld on the pipelines can be omitted, and accordingly the work efficiency can be improved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to welding technology field, be specifically related to a kind of hydrogen controlled electrode for pipeline root bead.
Background technology
In Construction of Long-distance Pipelines, pipeline welding operation is most important, and the quality of mouth of pipe welding quality is directly connected to the security of pipeline performance.In pipeline construction process, for reprocessing or connecting first-class irregular welding position, adopt welding rod welding both convenient, convenient operation, be easy to control quality again.
Root bead also claims backing welding, refers to that at the scene mouth of pipe first in welding bears the weld seam of connection, only has together, and feature is requirement single face welding and double face shaping (except the mechanization root bead having).
While using traditional hydrogen controlled electrode to carry out pipeline root bead, if realize the one side welding with back formation welder's of depending on operation techniques more, because welding rod arc blows power deficiency, at root gap, hour be difficult for blowing through weldment, easily produce depression, slag inclusion and the defect such as fusion not.Due to molten pool metal Action of Gravity Field, back of weld shaping width and reinforcement are wayward simultaneously.
For obtaining high-quality welding point, in part pipeline construction, require welding must select low hydrogen wlding, to guarantee good crack resistance and outstanding welding joint mechanical property.Hydrogen controlled electrode has good desulfurization, dephosphorization and dehydrogenation ability, and crack resistance and comprehensive mechanical property are outstanding, but its welding technological properties is poor, and welding arc stablility is poor, it is large to splash, operating characteristics is poor.Therefore be necessary to develop the more excellent hydrogen controlled electrode of a kind of welding performance, make welding procedure be easier to control and guarantee that welding point has better mechanical property simultaneously.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is intended to for above-mentioned existing problems, and a kind of hydrogen controlled electrode for pipeline root bead is provided.By make it when guaranteeing outstanding mechanical property to the improvement of welding rod compositions of surfacing metal, there is good welding technological properties.
For realizing above technical purpose, the present invention by the following technical solutions,
For a hydrogen controlled electrode for pipeline root bead, by core wire and coating two parts, formed, the raw materials of described coating is comprised of calcite and fluorite, quartz, rutile, ferrotianium, ferrosilicon, ferromanganese, magnesia, sodium carbonate; Its formula is marble 48～57%, fluorite 9～14%, quartz 8～15%, rutile 5～12%, ferrotianium 3～7%, ferrosilicon 3～7%, ferromanganese 5～8%, magnesia 3～5%, sodium carbonate 1～2%; To above-mentioned formula, more preferably it is filled a prescription as marble 53%, fluorite 11%, quartz 9%, rutile 9%, ferrotianium 4%, ferrosilicon 5%, ferromanganese 4%, magnesia 4%, sodium carbonate 1%.
In above technical scheme, the material of described core wire is H08A steel, and so-called H08A steel is with reference to standard GB/T/T3429-2002.
Welding rod of the present invention adopts CaO-SiO
2-TiO
2-CaF
2basic slag system, adopts ferrotianium, ferrosilicon, ferromanganese combined deoxidation.
Marble is as main gas making, slag former, blow force of arc when a large amount of gases that pyrolytic produces have guaranteed welding.But when marble is too much, sleeve shortens, and the power of blowing weakens, the increase of simultaneously splashing, appearance of weld is bad, and welding rod of the present invention is chosen to be 48～57% by marble content.
Fluorite is slag former, dehydrogenation reaction occurs in molten pool metal simultaneously and generate the HF that is insoluble to metal H is taken away, and reduces the diffusible hydrogen content in deposited metal.In hydrogen controlled electrode, improve marble and fluorite ratio, can reduce droplet size, marble and fluorite ratio are greater than at 4.7 o'clock, and welding rod can be realized graininess spray transfer, and then can effectively improve arc stability.It is 9～14% that fluorite of the present invention is set content.
Quartzy Main Function is slag making, and SiO2 can form low melting point compound to adjust viscosity coefficient of dross with the basic anhydride such as CaO, MgO.The present invention is set as 8～15%, and within the scope of this, viscosity coefficient of dross is moderate, and good fluidity can guarantee the operating characteristics that welding rod is good.
When rutile addition is 5%～12%, can form short slag, be conducive to the all-position welding of welding rod.Simultaneously can in slag, form needle-like and alabastrine crystalline phase, be conducive to improve the removability of slag, but can cause welding rod mechanical property to reduce during too high levels.
Ferrotianium, ferromanganese, ferrosilicon Main Function are deoxidier, and to transition Si, Mn element in weld seam, guarantee that weld seam has good mechanical property.According to alloying element content in deoxidation effect and weld seam, setting content is: ferrotianium 3～7%, ferrosilicon 3～7%, ferromanganese 5～8%.
Magnesia is gas making, slag former, simultaneously for adjusting slag setting temperature, guarantees appearance of weld.Too much easily cause slag excessively sticky, impact weldering speed.It is 3～5% that the present invention controls content.
The Na that contains low ionization potential in sodium carbonate
+, be conducive to improve arc stability, be conducive to welding rod extrusion simultaneously, consumption too much easily causes welding rod to get damp, and in the present invention, content is 1～2%.
In above technical scheme, electrode coating is prepared and raw materials usedly all from market, is buied.
Utilize welding rod prepared by the present invention to there is good mechanical property and welding technological properties.During welding, blow force of arc is large, and electric arc is concentrated and good stability, has larger fusion penetration while having guaranteed welding rod welding; When pipeline root bead, be easy to realize one side welding with back formation, appearance of weld is attractive in appearance simultaneously, and the removability of slag is good; Deposited metal impurity content is few, and intensity and plasticity and toughness are outstanding; Diffusible hydrogen content reaches low hydrogen standard, and welding rod has good crack resistance and anti-gas porosity.In actual production, utilize the present invention to weld and can remove back side back chipping and back welding from, increase work efficiency.
The specific embodiment
Embodiment 1
Get marble dust, fluorite powder, quartz powder, rutile powder, ferrotianium powder, silicon iron powder, ferromanganese powder, magnesia powder, powdered sodium carbonate, with following mass fraction proportioning, mix:
Above blending constituent is mixed to the raw material as electrode coating, stand-by;
Get wire rod appropriate diameter, that material is H08A, block into suitable length as the core wire of welding rod, stand-by;
Above raw material is made to welding rod finished product according to the known preparation method of welding rod, obtain the hydrogen controlled electrode for pipeline root bead.
This welding rod is carried out to the operation of pipeline root bead, and welding rod has good welding technological properties, and welding process has realized one side welding with back formation, and appearance of weld is attractive in appearance simultaneously, and the removability of slag is good.Detect its diffusible hydrogen content and reach low hydrogen standard.
Embodiment 2
Get marble dust, fluorite powder, quartz powder, rutile powder, ferrotianium powder, silicon iron powder, ferromanganese powder, magnesia powder, powdered sodium carbonate, with following mass fraction proportioning, mix:
Above blending constituent is mixed to the raw material as electrode coating, stand-by;
Get wire rod appropriate diameter, that material is H08A, block into suitable length as the core wire of welding rod, stand-by;
Above raw material is made to welding rod finished product according to the known preparation method of welding rod, obtain the hydrogen controlled electrode for pipeline root bead.
This welding rod is carried out to the operation of pipeline root bead, and welding rod has good welding technological properties, and welding process has realized one side welding with back formation, and appearance of weld is attractive in appearance simultaneously, and the removability of slag is good.Detect its diffusible hydrogen content and reach low hydrogen standard.
Embodiment 3
Get marble dust, fluorite powder, quartz powder, rutile powder, ferrotianium powder, silicon iron powder, ferromanganese powder, magnesia powder, powdered sodium carbonate, with following mass fraction proportioning, mix:
Above blending constituent is mixed to the raw material as electrode coating, stand-by;
Get wire rod appropriate diameter, that material is H08A, block into suitable length as the core wire of welding rod, stand-by;
Above raw material is made to welding rod finished product according to the known preparation method of welding rod, obtain the hydrogen controlled electrode for pipeline root bead.
This welding rod finished product is carried out to molten metals detection, and its mass content is carbon 0.082%, manganese 1.03%, silicon 0.48%, sulphur 0.008%, phosphorus 0.014%, and surplus is iron.
This welding rod is carried out to the operation of pipeline root bead, and welding rod has good welding technological properties, and welding process has realized one side welding with back formation, and appearance of weld is attractive in appearance simultaneously, and the removability of slag is good.Detect its diffusible hydrogen content and reach low hydrogen standard.
Above embodiments of the invention are had been described in detail, but described content is only preferred embodiment of the present invention, not in order to limit the present invention.All any modifications of making in application range of the present invention, be equal to and replace and improvement etc., within all should being included in protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. for a hydrogen controlled electrode for pipeline root bead, by core wire and coating two parts, formed, it is characterized in that the raw materials of described coating is comprised of calcite and fluorite, quartz, rutile, ferrotianium, ferrosilicon, ferromanganese, magnesia, sodium carbonate.
2. a kind of hydrogen controlled electrode for pipeline root bead according to claim 1, is characterized in that the mass fraction of described raw materials is:
3. a kind of hydrogen controlled electrode for pipeline root bead according to claim 1 and 2, is characterized in that the mass fraction of described raw materials is:
4. a kind of hydrogen controlled electrode for pipeline root bead according to claim 1 and 2, the material that it is characterized in that described core wire is H08A steel.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310603142.2A CN103600181B (en) | 2013-11-22 | 2013-11-22 | A kind of low hydrogen type electrode for pipeline root bead |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310603142.2A CN103600181B (en) | 2013-11-22 | 2013-11-22 | A kind of low hydrogen type electrode for pipeline root bead |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN103600181A true CN103600181A (en) | 2014-02-26 |
| CN103600181B CN103600181B (en) | 2016-06-08 |
Family
ID=50118477
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310603142.2A Active CN103600181B (en) | 2013-11-22 | 2013-11-22 | A kind of low hydrogen type electrode for pipeline root bead |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN103600181B (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104191110A (en) * | 2014-08-28 | 2014-12-10 | 北京金威焊材有限公司 | One-face welding and two-face forming welding wire with back face argon-filling-free protection |
| CN105057924A (en) * | 2015-08-25 | 2015-11-18 | 中科院广州能源所盱眙凹土研发中心 | Welding electrode coating |
| CN112247398A (en) * | 2020-11-02 | 2021-01-22 | 郑州大学 | Low-hydrogen easy-to-weld alkaline flux-cored wire for structural steel prepared from steel slag |
| CN116586823A (en) * | 2023-07-17 | 2023-08-15 | 成都先进金属材料产业技术研究院股份有限公司 | Welding wire molten steel and welding wire for welding medium-pressure hydrogen transmission pipeline and preparation method thereof |
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| CN103008923A (en) * | 2012-12-21 | 2013-04-03 | 西安理工大学 | Low-hydrogen basic welding rod for welding 1Ni9 steel and preparation method thereof |
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Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104191110A (en) * | 2014-08-28 | 2014-12-10 | 北京金威焊材有限公司 | One-face welding and two-face forming welding wire with back face argon-filling-free protection |
| CN104191110B (en) * | 2014-08-28 | 2016-02-24 | 北京金威焊材有限公司 | The welding wire of applying argon gas protection is exempted from the single face welding and double face shaping back side |
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| CN112247398A (en) * | 2020-11-02 | 2021-01-22 | 郑州大学 | Low-hydrogen easy-to-weld alkaline flux-cored wire for structural steel prepared from steel slag |
| CN112247398B (en) * | 2020-11-02 | 2022-04-12 | 郑州大学 | Low-hydrogen easy-to-weld alkaline flux-cored wire for structural steel prepared from steel slag |
| CN116586823A (en) * | 2023-07-17 | 2023-08-15 | 成都先进金属材料产业技术研究院股份有限公司 | Welding wire molten steel and welding wire for welding medium-pressure hydrogen transmission pipeline and preparation method thereof |
| CN116586823B (en) * | 2023-07-17 | 2023-10-13 | 成都先进金属材料产业技术研究院股份有限公司 | Welding wire molten steel and welding wire for welding medium-pressure hydrogen transmission pipeline and preparation method thereof |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN103600181B (en) | 2016-06-08 |
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