CN103596449A - 生物利用度提高的碘分子 - Google Patents
生物利用度提高的碘分子 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN103596449A CN103596449A CN201280011401.6A CN201280011401A CN103596449A CN 103596449 A CN103596449 A CN 103596449A CN 201280011401 A CN201280011401 A CN 201280011401A CN 103596449 A CN103596449 A CN 103596449A
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- Prior art keywords
- iodine
- amino acid
- zinc
- metal
- manganese
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Abstract
本发明涉及以生物利用度提高的方式向驯养动物(家畜和家禽)的饮食补充碘,也就是说,与使用常规来源的碘(如碘酸钙)相比,所述碘更易被动物利用。所述补充化合物为α-氨基酸金属碘化物络合物。
Description
发明背景
本发明涉及以生物利用度提高的方式向驯养动物(家畜和家禽)的饮食补充碘,也就是说,与使用常规来源的碘(如碘酸钙)相比,所述碘更易被动物利用。所述补充化合物为α-氨基酸金属碘化物络合物。
众所周知,为了健康的动物营养,驯养动物(家畜和家禽)需要生物可利用的金属或矿物质补充剂、必需氨基酸,并且还需要碘。
碘是由甲状腺产生的激素的关键成分。甲状腺负责生长、脑发育和动物能量消耗的速率。用于动物营养并因此用于补充动物饮食的最常见的两种碘源是碘酸钙(CaIO3)和乙二胺二氢碘化物(ethylenediamine dihydriodide,EDDI)。动物对所述碘源的有效代谢效率的一个测试为测量营养物质摄入后的血清碘水平。
在动物饲料产业中,已知动物对碘的利用度不足可导致诸如甲状腺肿、繁殖障碍(reproductive failure)、后代弱(weak offspring)、产奶量减少、乳腺炎、呼吸异常、生长速率降低、甚至无毛后代的病症。动物中传统的碘的毒性症状是食欲缺乏、唾液分泌过多、鼻或眼分泌物、流产、肺炎和骨/肌腱畸形。此外,已知过度饲喂乙二胺二氢碘化物(EDDI)干扰维生素A的代谢。高膳食硝酸钙、硫氰酸盐、葡萄糖异硫氰酸盐、高氯酸盐、铷和钴干扰碘的代谢,并且会增加碘的需求。用于营养品用途的金属铁确实降低碘的毒性,但也会增加对于碘的需求。
因此可以看出,现在动物饲料中使用的常规碘源如无机碘盐或胺盐均有其独特的问题。因此,持续需要研发提供对于动物具有更高利用度(即,在不简单添加更多碘的情况下具有更高的血清水平)的独特碘源。本发明的主要目的是通过提供碘的有机微量矿物金属络合物,特别是与氨基酸的金属络合物,最特别是与天然存在的氨基酸和/或必需氨基酸的金属络合物来满足上述需求。
赖氨酸是哺乳动物饮食中的必需氨基酸。即,赖氨酸不能被哺乳动物以足以满足代谢要求的速度合成,因此其必须在饮食中提供。众所周知,玉米中的赖氨酸低,如果对动物使用单一谷物日粮(grain tation),则需要补充赖氨酸以同时维持动物健康和实现经济动物生长。受保护的赖氨酸分子是美国专利7,704,521和7,846,471共同拥有的主题。如下所述,本发明的优选化合物通过每分子提供二个碘离子而使碘的生物利用度提高,并且所述化合物是由赖氨酸与诸如锌的化合物反应而制备的赖氨酸锌二碘化物(1ysine zinc diiodide)(下文结构I)。
从本发明的详细描述中,会明确实现上述主要目的及其它目的的方法。应当理解,本发明不限于其主要目的,并且本发明的其它优点如合成效率、碘的更低成本、血清碘水平的提高(即生物利用度)以及营养补充的成本效益也都能实现。
发明概述
在本发明中,制备了金属氨基酸碘化物分子,优选具有一个与金属原子结合的碘基团和另一个与胺盐结合的碘基团的金属赖氨酸二碘化物(metal lysine diiodide),其用于通过提高所得的血清碘水平,从而提供对动物(家畜和家禽)的生物利用度提高的碘补充。
优选实施方案详述
在反刍动物中,摄入的饲料首先进入瘤胃,在瘤胃中通过细菌发酵,所述饲料部分分解。在瘤胃发酵期间,瘤胃微生物利用它们已降解的氮化合物中的氮以形成微生物蛋白质。瘤胃微生物的氮源包括瘤胃可降解蛋白质和肽、游离氨基酸以及尿素。微生物蛋白质和未降解的饲料蛋白质传到皱胃和小肠,在那里盐酸和哺乳动物酶将微生物蛋白质和未降解的饲料蛋白质降解为游离氨基酸和短肽。所述氨基酸和短肽在肠内被吸收,并且反刍动物利用氨基酸合成蛋白质来维持生命、生长、繁殖和产生乳汁。
在动物用来合成蛋白质的二十个或更多的氨基酸中,9个被认为是必需的。必需氨基酸的实例包括亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸、甲硫氨酸、苏氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸、苯丙氨酸和色氨酸。必需氨基酸是需求量超过动物的生产量,并且必须由微生物蛋白质或瘤胃未降解蛋白质供给的那些氨基酸。过量供给的氨基酸被动物降解并以尿素的形式排泄。由氨合成尿素的过程是需要从动物输入能量的过程。如果没有以足够的量提供某种必需氨基酸,则动物会在其能产生的蛋白质的量和种类上受限,从而限制动物的效能(animal performance)。因此,供给适量的必需氨基酸使动物的效能最大化,同时提高动物的能源利用效率。
当饲喂玉米系日粮时,赖氨酸和甲硫氨酸是两种最有限制性的必需氨基酸。研究结果还表明,乳蛋白含量是生产变量(奶、乳脂校正乳(fat-corrected milk)、乳蛋白、乳脂的产量,以及乳脂和蛋白质的含量)中对十二指肠食糜(digesta)中的氨基酸含量变化最敏感的。通过向泌乳奶牛的十二指肠中注入增量的所述限制氨基酸,研究人员已经确定,为了最高的乳蛋白含量,所需要的赖氨酸和甲硫氨酸的百分比(contribution)分别占十二指肠食糜中总的必需氨基酸的约15%和5.2%。
本发明涉及向动物(家畜或家禽)提供补充的特定的碘络合物,其既提供必需氨基酸补充、碘补充的机会,也提供痕量矿物质。根据申请人目前的了解,以前没有在同一化合物中提供所有这些补充的化合物。这是很重要的,因为通常动物饲料混合物中空间是一个问题;并且本发明用一个分子满足三种营养需求,其与碘的常规来源(如EDDI和碘酸钙)相比,具有提高血清中碘的生物利用度的净结果。
最优选用于本发明的氨基酸是赖氨酸,以提供例如下式的锌赖氨酸二碘化物(zinc lysine diiodide)的化合物:
从结构I中可以看出,该化合物在两个来源提供碘,第一个与锌原子结合,而第二个为碘胺盐的形式。从而,此化合物具有“双重提高”的机会。换言之,此结构同时具有碘胺盐和与碘形成的金属盐。可用表示金属离子的M替换锌原子来概括赖氨酸二碘化物的结构I。对于本发明,在通式为下式的情况下,合适的金属离子可为锰和铁:
如在此前提到的,赖氨酸是优选的氨基酸,但并非本发明中可使用的唯一的氨基酸。M可为锌、锰或铁。实际上,本发明可如下概括至其他天然存在的氨基酸:
在上式的结构III中,M表示金属离子,并且可以是锌、锰或铁。R表示天然存在的氨基酸的任意剩余部分,并且可选自源于必需氨基酸的基团,所述必需氨基酸包括亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸、甲硫氨酸、苏氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸、苯丙氨酸和色氨酸。所述氨基酸也可以是动物用于合成蛋白质的其他20个或更多个氨基酸中的一个,并且还可以是多种氨基酸的混合物,从而得到氨基酸碘金属盐的混合物(参见以下实施例II)。
应当注意,在结构(III)中,氨基可被羟基替换,以形成具有碘的羟酸金属络合物。用另一种方式来概括,结构(III)的氨基可用“X”替换,并且“X”可为氨基或羟基。其它可能性包括:R为CH3、R为H、R为C2H5和R为C2H4SCH3,在这种情况下,所述酸分别为乳酸、乙醇酸、羟基丁酸和羟基-甲硫基-丁酸(参见实施例III)。
所述氨基酸金属碘化物盐(amino acid metal iodide salt)的制备方法是直接的,简单地将等摩尔量的氨基酸与金属离子源(例如,当金属离子为锌时,所述金属离子源为碘化锌)在水性介质中混合。将其搅拌并加热,持续足以使反应发生的时间,优选在约100℃下进行30-40分钟。随后冷却至室温,干燥以得到固体,如果所述固体不是粉状的,则将其研磨以得到粉末物质。可通过喷雾干燥或旋转蒸发干燥等干燥。为了成本效益而提供的效率之一是简单的制备方法。
如上制备的化合物(特别是那些作为优选化合物列出的)是容易加工的。它们可单纯作为补充添加剂售卖,或可将它们与载体混合以改善包装、加工性和味道。优选的载体是例如显著改善反刍动物摄取相同物质时的味道的糖粉。例如,苯甲醛衍生物具有杏仁味,其可用糖粉来掩盖。
所述化合物也可用作对于动物的全部微量矿物质补充的一部分。
尽管优选在无额外载体或填料的情况下添加本发明的化合物,但如此前提到的调味剂可用作载体或与载体一起使用。如果使用载体,则所述载体可以是诸如酒糟(distillers)发酵可溶物(fermentation solubles)、饲料谷物(feed grains)、玉米芯粉(corn cob flour)、乳清或其他纤维素载体材料的合适载体。它们也可同时添加或与其它微量矿物质制剂一起添加。
当然,添加到饲料日粮中的补充剂的量会取决于使用的是纯组合物还是带有载体的组合物而变化。基本上所述补充剂会简单地与售卖的饲料日粮混合。
通常应以提供对于动物效能水平和日常营养需求而言足够的必需碘的水平添加所述化合物,即,对于效能水平而言,约25mg/头/天至约50mg/头动物/天;并且对于营养水平而言,5-10mg/天。因此,根据目标,添加的整个范围是5mg-50mg/头/天。
给出下列实施例以进一步说明但并非限制本发明的化合物,并且证明它们在血清水平有效提高家畜或家禽中的碘补充的用途。
实施例I
赖氨酸锌二碘化物(结构I)的合成
将赖氨酸(4.24克,0.029摩尔)溶解于水(200毫升)中。向此溶液中加入ZnI2(9.26克,0.29摩尔)。搅拌该混合物并加热至100℃,持续35分钟。将该溶液冷却至室温,并将所得溶液通过旋转蒸发干燥得到灰白色固体。分析该物质的锌含量和碘含量。锌占12.8%且碘占50.5%。
实施例II
(氨基酸)锌碘化物(zinc(Amino Acid)iodide)的合成(带有混合氨基酸并且M=Z的结构III)
通过混合下述氨基酸来制备氨基酸混合物:
总氨基酸 80.26克
该氨基酸混合物的平均分子量为130.57。
将10.2克(0.078摩尔)该氨基酸混合物分散于250毫升水中,并且加入ZnI2(24.9克,0.078摩尔)。将此混合物加热直至其为溶液。然后将该溶液加热至100℃,保持28分钟。将混合物冷却至室温,并通过旋转蒸发移除水。所得产物含有13.9%的锌和53.2%的碘。
实施例III
羟基-甲硫基-丁酸锌碘化物(zinc hydroxy-methylthio-butyric acid iodide)(结构III,M=Z并且R源自甲硫氨酸)
将羟基甲硫基丁酸(88%溶液)(35.7克,0.21摩尔)溶解于350毫升水中。向此混合物中加入ZnI2(67克,0.21摩尔)。搅拌该混合物,并且通过滴加10N NaOH将pH调节至pH=3。将所述混合物在100℃下加热1.5小时,将所得的混合物冷却,然后通过旋转蒸发干燥至固体。分析该固体,锌占11.9%且碘占30%。
实施例Ⅳ
甘氨酸锌碘化物(zinc glycine iodide)(结构III,M=Zn并且R来自甘氨酸)
将甘氨酸(28.6克,0.381摩尔)溶解在150毫升水中。向此混合物中加入ZnI2(121.6克,0.381摩尔),并且将整个溶液搅拌并加热至100℃,保持45分钟。将混合物冷却至室温,并通过旋转蒸发移除溶剂。分析该固体的锌和碘。分析干燥产物,锌占14.3%且碘占40%。
实施例V
赖氨酸铁二碘化物(iron Lysine diiodide)的合成
将赖氨酸(4.76克,0.0326摩尔)溶解于水(100毫升)中。向此溶液中加入FeI2(10.1克,0.0326摩尔)。搅拌该混合物并加热至100℃,保持35分钟。将溶液冷却至室温,并将所得溶液通过旋转蒸发干燥,得到棕色固体。分析该物质的铁含量和碘含量。铁的百分比为11.7%,且碘的百分比为53.4%。
实施例Ⅵ
赖氨酸锰二碘化物(manganese Lysine diiodide)的合成
将赖氨酸(4.7克,0.0323摩尔)溶解在水(100毫升)中。向此溶液中加入MnI2(10.1克,0.0323摩尔)。搅拌该混合物并加热至100℃,保持35分钟。将此溶液冷却至室温,并将所得溶液通过旋转蒸发干燥,得到灰白色固体。分析该物质的锰含量和碘含量。锰的百分比为11.6%并且碘的百分比为52.1%。
实施例Ⅶ
该实施例说明提高的碘血清水平,证明了相对于常规来源的优越性。
EDDI=乙二胺二氢碘化物
CaIO3=碘酸钙
指定安格斯西门塔尔牛(Angus Simmental,非泌乳,怀孕的肉用母牛,体重为1200-1700磅),用完全随机区组设计(completely randomized blockdesign)研究,以测定与EDDI和CaIO3相比新的碘化合物对血清碘浓度的效应。实验开始前7天控制奶牛体重。从第0天到第10天,给奶牛饲喂来自多种来源的含有60毫克碘的大丸剂(bolus)。测定血清碘,并以第2-14天的平均值和第10天的峰值形式报告。与CaIO3或EDDI相比,化合物1和2显示更高的血液碘水平。
60毫克碘/天,持续10天
实施例Ⅷ
在另一个药效试验中,指定安格斯西门塔尔牛(非泌乳,怀孕的肉用母牛,体重为1200-1700磅),用完全随机区组设计研究,以测定与EDDI和CaIO3相比新的碘化合物对血清碘浓度的效应。试验开始前7天控制奶牛体重。
60毫克碘/天,持续10天
从以上实施例可以看出,与标准品(EDDI、CaIO3)相比,所述结合金属氨基酸的碘产生更高的血清碘水平,表明碘的生物利用度水平提高。
当所述金属是锰或铁时,以及当单独或联合使用其他天然存在的氨基酸时,获得类似的结果。
权利要求书(按照条约第19条的修改)
1.从碘营养源提高家畜和家禽的碘生物利用度的方法,其包括:
向动物饲喂营养补充有效量的下式的金属必需氨基酸碘化物:
其中M是选自锌、锰和铁的金属离子,并且
R是为向需要补充碘的动物提供天然存在的氨基酸的主链而选择的基团。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述饮食补充有效量是足以提供约5毫克碘/头/天至约50毫克碘/头/天的水平的量。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述补充剂与无毒载体一起添加。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述无毒载体选自糖、发酵可溶物、饲料谷物、玉米芯粉、乳清和其他纤维素载体材料。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述氨基酸是选自亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸、甲硫氨酸、苏氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸、苯丙氨酸和色氨酸的必需氨基酸。
6.从碘营养源提高家畜和家禽的碘生物利用度的方法,其包括:
向动物饲喂营养补充有效量的下式的金属赖氨酸二碘化物:
其中M是选自锌、锰和铁的金属离子。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述饮食补充有效量是足以提供约5毫克碘/头/天至约50毫克碘/头/天的水平的量。
8.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述补充剂与无毒载体一起添加。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述无毒载体选自糖、发酵可溶物、饲料谷物、玉米芯粉、乳清和其他纤维素载体材料。
10.下式的赖氨酸二碘化物化合物:
其中M是选自锌、锰和铁的金属离子。
11.如权利要求10所述的化合物,其中M是锌。
12.如权利要求10所述的化合物,其中M是锰。
13.如权利要求10所述的化合物,其中M是铁。
14.下式的具有碘的羟酸金属络合物:
其中M是选自锌、锰和铁的金属,并且
R选自氢、甲基、乙基和2-(甲硫基)乙基。
15.如权利要求14所述的金属络合物,其中R是2-(甲硫基)乙基。
16.提高家畜和家禽的碘生物利用度的方法,其包括:
向动物饲喂营养补充有效量的下式的具有碘的羟酸金属络合物:
其中M是选自锌、锰和铁的金属,并且
R选自氢、甲基、乙基和2-(甲硫基)乙基。
17.如权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述饮食补充有效量是足以提供约5毫克碘/头/天至约50毫克碘/头/天的水平的量。
18.如权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述补充剂与无毒载体一起添加。
19.如权利要求18所述的方法,其中所述无毒载体选自糖、发酵可溶物、饲料谷物、玉米芯粉、乳清和其他纤维素载体材料。
Claims (20)
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述饮食补充有效量是足以提供约5毫克碘/头/天至约50毫克碘/头/天的水平的量。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述补充剂与无毒载体一起添加。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述无毒载体选自糖、发酵可溶物、饲料谷物、玉米芯粉、乳清和其他纤维素载体材料。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述氨基酸是选自亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸、甲硫氨酸、苏氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸、苯丙氨酸和色氨酸的必需氨基酸。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述饮食补充有效量是足以提供约5毫克碘/头/天至约50毫克碘/头/天的水平的量。
8.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述补充剂与无毒载体一起添加。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述无毒载体选自糖、发酵可溶物、饲料谷物、玉米芯粉、乳清和其他纤维素载体材料。
10.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述氨基酸是选自亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸、甲硫氨酸、苏氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸、苯丙氨酸和色氨酸的必需氨基酸。
12.如权利要求11所述的化合物,其中M是锌。
13.如权利要求11所述的化合物,其中M是锰。
14.如权利要求11所述的化合物,其中M是铁。
16.如权利要求15所述的金属络合物,其中R是2-(甲硫基)乙基。
18.如权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述饮食补充有效量是足以提供约5毫克碘/头/天至约50毫克碘/头/天的水平的量。
19.如权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述补充剂与无毒载体一起添加。
20.如权利要求19所述的方法,其中所述无毒载体选自糖、发酵可溶物、饲料谷物、玉米芯粉、乳清和其他纤维素载体材料。
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US13/037,716 US9149057B2 (en) | 2011-03-01 | 2011-03-01 | Enhanced bioavailable iodine molecules |
PCT/US2012/026246 WO2012118688A2 (en) | 2011-03-01 | 2012-02-23 | Enhanced bioavailable iodine molecules |
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CN108077605A (zh) * | 2017-11-17 | 2018-05-29 | 龙岩台迈三略制药有限公司 | 一种乙二胺二氢碘的制备方法及其用于饲料添加剂的应用 |
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US9126909B2 (en) * | 2012-12-06 | 2015-09-08 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture | Heavy metal remediation via sulfur-modified bio-oils |
EP2934449B1 (en) * | 2012-12-19 | 2018-01-10 | Colgate-Palmolive Company | Two component compositions containing tetrabasic zinc-amino acid halide complexes and cysteine |
ES2955166T3 (es) | 2018-12-18 | 2023-11-29 | Phytobiotics Futterzusatzstoffe Gmbh | Producción de un compuesto de lisinato a partir de una solución acuosa de lisina |
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