CN103578566A - Memory storage apparatus and restoration method thereof - Google Patents
Memory storage apparatus and restoration method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN103578566A CN103578566A CN201210256371.7A CN201210256371A CN103578566A CN 103578566 A CN103578566 A CN 103578566A CN 201210256371 A CN201210256371 A CN 201210256371A CN 103578566 A CN103578566 A CN 103578566A
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Abstract
A memory storage apparatus and a restoration method thereof are disclosed. the memory storage apparatus comprises a rewritable nonvolatile memory module comprising multiple physical units, and the multiple physical units comprise at least one backup physical unit which is designed to be accessible only by a special instruction set and to store at least one group of customized data. The restoration method comprises: when the storage apparatus can recessive and process instruction from a host system, the storage apparatus recessives a special read instruction intending to read the backup physical unit and belonging to the special instruction set from the host system, and transfers customized data in the special instruction set to the host system; when the host system recessives a write-in instruction intending to write the customized data, and writes the customized data in the corresponding physical unit, so that the memory storage apparatus is recovered to original state.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of restorative procedure of memory storage apparatus, and be particularly related to a kind of method and the memory storage apparatus that uses the method that can memory storage apparatus be returned in client to former factory state.
Background technology
Because flash memory (Flash Memory) has non-volatile, power saving, volume is little and the characteristic such as inner machinery-free structure, be therefore widely used in various electronic installations.Have more and more as the portable memories such as storage card or portable disk be to using flash memory as storage medium wherein.
Yet, user use portable memory during, often may be because of the human factors such as improper use or various not expected former thereby to cause portable memory to occur abnormal.Portable memory occurs extremely gently to cause partial data to lose, heavy may have the situation of the access of cannot starting shooting.To this, because user cannot repair mostly voluntarily, therefore can only select to send portable memory back to original manufacturer and process.
Because the maintaining unit of manufacturer must be processed from various places and send the commodity of repairing, and may be in default of commodity the relevant manufacturing information when producing, therefore be also difficult to be returned to rapidly the former factory state conforming to customer demand.With regard to user's angle, after problematic device is sent repairing, the expense that not only needs cost to repair, more often must wait for quite long servicing time.Base this, be in fact necessary to research and develop a set of mechanism that can allow user voluntarily memory storage be repaired.
Summary of the invention
In view of this, the invention provides a kind of memory storage apparatus and restorative procedure thereof, can expediently memory storage apparatus be returned to former factory state.
The present invention proposes a kind of restorative procedure of memory storage apparatus, for thering is the memory storage apparatus of duplicative non-volatile memory module, this duplicative non-volatile memory module comprises a plurality of physical locations, these physical locations comprise at least one backup physical location, and above-mentioned backup physical location is set for and can only be carried out access by special instruction set, and above-mentioned backup physical location stores at least one customization data.When the method is included in the state of memory storage apparatus in receiving and process from the instruction of host computer system, receive the special reading command of wanting to read above-mentioned backup physical location from host computer system, this special reading command belongs to special instruction set.The method also comprises the customization data in above-mentioned backup physical location is sent to host computer system.The method also comprise when from host computer system, receive want to write customize data write instruction time, all customization data from host computer system are write to corresponding physical location, so that memory storage apparatus returns to former factory state.
From another viewpoint, the present invention proposes a kind of memory storage apparatus, comprises duplicative non-volatile memory module, connector and Memory Controller.Memory Controller is electrically connected to duplicative non-volatile memory module and connector.Wherein, duplicative non-volatile memory module comprises a plurality of physical locations, above-mentioned physical location comprises at least one backup physical location, and above-mentioned backup physical location system sets for and can only carry out access by special instruction set, and stores at least one customization data.Memory Controller is in order to be electrically connected host computer system at memory storage apparatus by connector, and during the state in receiving and process from the instruction of host computer system, Memory Controller receives the special reading command of wanting to read above-mentioned backup physical location from host computer system, and the customization data in above-mentioned backup physical location are sent to host computer system, wherein special reading command belongs to special instruction set.Memory Controller in order to from host computer system, receive want to write customize data write instruction time, all customization data from host computer system are write to corresponding physical location, so that memory storage apparatus returns to former factory state.
From another viewpoint, the present invention proposes a kind of restorative procedure of memory storage apparatus, wherein memory storage apparatus has duplicative non-volatile memory module and boot rom (Boot ROM), and duplicative non-volatile memory module comprises a plurality of physical locations, above-mentioned physical location comprises at least one backup physical location, and above-mentioned backup physical location system sets for and can only carry out access by special instruction set.When the method is included in memory storage apparatus and is electrically connected to host computer system and only can carries out the driving code segment in boot rom, from host computer system, receive the special reading command of wanting to read above-mentioned backup physical location, wherein special reading command belongs to special instruction set.The method also comprises the customization data in above-mentioned backup physical location is sent to host computer system.The method also comprise when from host computer system, receive want to write customize data write instruction time, the customization data from host computer system are write to corresponding physical location, so that memory storage apparatus returns to former factory state.
From a viewpoint again, the present invention proposes a kind of memory storage apparatus, comprises duplicative non-volatile memory module, connector and Memory Controller.Memory Controller is electrically connected to duplicative non-volatile memory module and connector.Wherein, duplicative non-volatile memory module comprises a plurality of physical locations, above-mentioned physical location comprises at least one backup physical location, and above-mentioned backup physical location system sets for and can only carry out access by special instruction set, and wherein special instruction set comprises special reading command.At memory storage apparatus, by connector, be electrically connected to host computer system, and Memory Controller is only can carry out the driving code segment in boot rom time, if received from host computer system and in order to read the special reading command of backup physical location by connector, Memory Controller is in order to transmit customization data in backup physical location to host computer system.Memory Controller in order to from host computer system, receive belong to want to write customize data write instruction time, the customization data from host computer system are write to corresponding physical location, so that memory storage apparatus returns to former factory state.
Based on above-mentioned, the present invention is being subject to the backup physical location of high limited-access by the customization data extra storage relevant to production information and Schema information.After device memory storage to be stored dispatches from the factory, if client host system by the above-mentioned backup physical location of special instruction set access, memory storage apparatus can by previously backed up in backup physical location customization data be backfilling into corresponding memory address.Accordingly, memory storage apparatus is returned to the former factory state that meets its production information and Schema information.
For above-mentioned feature and advantage of the present invention can be become apparent, special embodiment below, and coordinate accompanying drawing to be described in detail below.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Figure 1A is the schematic diagram of the host computer system of the use memory storage apparatus that one exemplary embodiment illustrates according to the present invention.
Figure 1B is the schematic diagram of exemplary embodiment illustrates according to the present invention computing machine, input/output device and memory storage apparatus.
Fig. 1 C is another exemplary embodiment illustrates according to the present invention host computer system and the schematic diagram of memory storage apparatus.
Fig. 2 is the summary calcspar that illustrates the memory storage apparatus shown in Figure 1A.
Fig. 3 is the summary calcspar of the Memory Controller that one exemplary embodiment illustrates according to the present invention.
Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram of the managing physical unit that illustrates according to one example of the present invention embodiment.
Fig. 5 is the schematic diagram of the reduction structural table that illustrates according to one example of the present invention embodiment.
Fig. 6 is the process flow diagram of the restorative procedure of the memory storage apparatus that illustrates of the first exemplary embodiment according to the present invention.
Fig. 7 be the first exemplary embodiment according to the present invention illustrate by customizing data, write and use district so that memory storage apparatus returns to the process flow diagram of former factory state.
Fig. 8 is the process flow diagram of the restorative procedure of the memory storage apparatus that illustrates of the second exemplary embodiment according to the present invention.
Fig. 9 be the second exemplary embodiment according to the present invention illustrate by customizing data, write and use district so that memory storage apparatus returns to the process flow diagram of former factory state.
[main element symbol description]
1000: host computer system
1100: computing machine
1102: microprocessor
1104: random access memory
1106: input/output device
1108: system bus
1110: data transmission interface
1112: main storage means
1202: mouse
1204: keyboard
1206: display
1208: printer
1212: portable disk
1214: storage card
1216: solid state hard disc
1310: digital camera
1312:SD card
1314:MMC card
1316: memory stick
1318:CF card
1320: embedded memory storage
100: memory storage apparatus
102: connector
104: Memory Controller
106: duplicative non-volatile memory module
1041: host system interface
1043: memory management circuitry
1045: memory interface
1047: storage unit
1047-1: boot rom
1047-3: random access memory
3002: bug check and correcting circuit
3006: electric power management circuit
1061: backup area
1063: use district
405 (1) ~ 405 (B): backup physical location
410 (0) ~ 410 (N): physical location
502: data field
504: idle district
506: system region
508: replace district
610 (0) ~ 610 (L): logical block
50: reduction structural table
53: customize data name field
55: logical address field
S610～S660: each step of the restorative procedure of the memory storage apparatus described in the first embodiment of the present invention
S710～S730: customization data are write and use district so that memory storage apparatus returns to each step of former factory state described in the first embodiment of the present invention
S810～S860: each step of the restorative procedure of the memory storage apparatus described in the second embodiment of the present invention
S910～S960: customization data are write and use district so that memory storage apparatus returns to each step of former factory state described in the second embodiment of the present invention
Embodiment
[the first exemplary embodiment]
Generally speaking, memory storage apparatus (also claiming storage system) comprises duplicative non-volatile memory module and controller (also claiming control circuit).Conventionally memory storage apparatus is to use together with host computer system, so that host computer system can write to data memory storage apparatus or reading out data from memory storage apparatus.
Figure 1A is the schematic diagram of the host computer system of the use memory storage apparatus that one exemplary embodiment illustrates according to the present invention.
In exemplary embodiment of the present invention, memory storage apparatus 100 is to be electrically connected by data transmission interface 1110 and other elements of host computer system 1000.By the running of microprocessor 1102, random access memory 1104 and input/output device 1106, host computer system 1000 can write to data memory storage apparatus 100, or from memory storage apparatus 100 reading out data.For example, memory storage apparatus 100 can be storage card 1214, portable disk 1212 or solid state hard disc (Solid State Drive, SSD) 1216 as shown in Figure 1B.
Generally speaking, host computer system 1000 is for storing any system of data.Although host computer system 1000 is to explain with computer system in this exemplary embodiment, yet, in another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, host computer system 1000 can be also the systems such as mobile phone, digital camera, video camera, communicator, audio player or video player.For example, when host computer system is digital camera 1310, memory storage apparatus is its secure digital using (Secure Digital, SD) block 1312, multimedia memory (Multimedia Card, MMC) block 1314, memory stick (Memory Stick) 1316, compact flash (Compact Flash, CF) block 1318 or embedded memory storage 1320(as shown in Figure 1 C).Embedded memory storage 1320 comprises embedded multi-media card (Embedded MMC, eMMC).It is worth mentioning that, embedded multi-media card is to be directly electrically connected on the substrate of host computer system.
Fig. 2 is the calcspar that illustrates the memory storage apparatus 100 shown in Figure 1A.Please refer to Fig. 2, memory storage apparatus 100 comprises connector 102, Memory Controller 104 and duplicative non-volatile memory module 106.
Connector 102 is electrically connected to Memory Controller 104, and in order to be electrically connected host computer system 1000.In this exemplary embodiment, the transmission interface kind that connector 102 is supported is universal serial bus (Universal Serial Bus, USB) interface.Yet in other exemplary embodiment, the transmission interface kind of connector 102 can be also advanced annex (the Serial Advanced Technology Attachment of sequence, SATA) interface, multimedia storage card (Multimedia Card, MMC) interface, parallel advanced annex (Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment, PATA) interface, Institute of Electrical and Electric Engineers (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, IEEE) 1394 interfaces, high-speed peripheral assembly connecting interface (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express, PCI Express) interface, secure digital (Secure Digital, SD) interface, memory stick (Memory Stick, MS) interface, compact flash (Compact Flash, CF) interface, or integration drives electronics (Integrated Drive Electronics, IDE) any applicable interface such as interface, at this, do not limited.
Memory Controller 104 can be carried out a plurality of logic gates or the steering order with example, in hardware or form of firmware implementation, and according to the instruction of host computer system 1000, in duplicative non-volatile memory module 106, carries out the runnings such as writing, read and wipe of data.Wherein, Memory Controller 104 is more especially in order to according to the restorative procedure of this exemplary embodiment, the backup significant data relevant to production and Schema information before memory storage apparatus 100 dispatches from the factory, then, when obtaining host computer system 1000 and assign the instruction that belongs to special instruction set, utilize the data of previously backup that memory storage apparatus 100 is returned to former factory state.
Duplicative non-volatile memory module 106 is electrically connected to Memory Controller 104.Duplicative non-volatile memory module 106 comprises a plurality of physical locations.In an exemplary embodiment, each physical location is comprised of a physical blocks (physical blocks comprises a plurality of physical pages), yet the present invention is not limited thereto.In other exemplary embodiment, each physical location also can be comprised of several physical blocks, at this, the composition of physical location is not limited.For instance, duplicative non-volatile memory module 106 is multistage memory cell (Multi Level Cell, MLC) NAND flash memory module, but the invention is not restricted to this, duplicative non-volatile memory module 106 can be also single-order memory cell (Single Level Cell, SLC) NAND flash memory module, other flash memory module or any memory module with identical characteristics.
Fig. 3 is the summary calcspar of the Memory Controller that one exemplary embodiment illustrates according to the present invention.Please refer to Fig. 3, Memory Controller 104 comprises host system interface 1041, memory management circuitry 1043, memory interface 1045, and storage unit 1047.
In this exemplary embodiment, the steering order of memory management circuitry 1043 is (also to claim with form of program code, firmware code) be for example stored in, in the specific region (, being exclusively used in the system region of storage system data in duplicative non-volatile memory module 106) of duplicative non-volatile memory module 106.In addition, memory management circuitry 1043 has microprocessor unit (not illustrating).When Memory Controller 104 is enabled, the driving code segment that microprocessor unit can first be carried out in boot rom 1047-1 is loaded into the steering order being stored in duplicative non-volatile memory module 106 in random access memory 1047-3.Afterwards, microprocessor unit can turn round above-mentioned steering order with response host computer system 1000 instruction carry out access duplicative non-volatile memory module 106.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the steering order of memory management circuitry 1043 also can form of firmware be carried out implementation.For example, memory management circuitry 1043 has microprocessor unit (not illustrating) and ROM (read-only memory) (not illustrating), and above-mentioned steering order by burning in ROM (read-only memory).When memory storage apparatus 100 running, the instruction that above-mentioned steering order can carry out to respond host computer system 1000 by microprocessor unit carrys out access duplicative non-volatile memory module 106.
In addition,, in another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the steering order of memory management circuitry 1043 also can an example, in hardware be carried out implementation.For instance, memory management circuitry 1043 comprises microcontroller, Memory Management Unit, storer writing unit, storer reading unit, memory erase unit and data processing unit.Memory Management Unit, storer writing unit, storer reading unit, memory erase unit and data processing unit are to be electrically connected to microcontroller.Wherein, Memory Management Unit is in order to manage the physical location of duplicative non-volatile memory module 106.Storer writing unit writes instruction so that data are write in duplicative non-volatile memory module 106 in order to duplicative non-volatile memory module 106 is assigned.Storer reading unit is in order to assign reading command with reading out data from duplicative non-volatile memory module 106 to duplicative non-volatile memory module 106.Memory erase unit is in order to assign erasing instruction so that data are wiped from duplicative non-volatile memory module 106 to duplicative non-volatile memory module 106.And data processing unit wants to write to the data of duplicative non-volatile memory module 106 and the data that read from duplicative non-volatile memory module 106 in order to process.
In another example of the present invention embodiment, Memory Controller 104 also comprises bug check and correcting circuit 3002.Bug check and correcting circuit 3002 are electrically connected to memory management circuitry 1043, in order to execution error inspection and correction program to guarantee the correctness of data.Particularly, when memory management circuitry 1043 receive from host computer system 1000 write instruction time, bug check can produce corresponding bug check and correcting code (Error Checking and Correcting Code for the corresponding data that this writes instruction with correcting circuit 3002, ECC Code), and memory management circuitry 1043 corresponding these data that write instruction can be write to duplicative non-volatile memory module 106 with corresponding bug check and correcting code.Afterwards when memory management circuitry 1043 is from duplicative non-volatile memory module 1 06 during reading out data, can read bug check corresponding to these data and correcting code simultaneously, and whether bug check and correcting circuit 3002 can, according to this bug check and correcting code to read data execution error inspection and correction program, there is error bit to identify these data.
In the another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, Memory Controller 104 also comprises electric power management circuit 3006.Electric power management circuit 3006 is electrically connected to memory management circuitry 1043, in order to the power supply of control store memory storage 100.
Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram of the physical location of the management duplicative non-volatile memory module that illustrates according to one example of the present invention embodiment.When the running of the following physical location of describing duplicative non-volatile memory module 106, with words such as " extraction ", " exchange ", " grouping ", " rotating ", coming operating physical unit is concept in logic.That is to say, the physical location of the physical location of duplicative non-volatile memory module 106 is not changed, but in logic the physical location of duplicative non-volatile memory module 106 is carried out to aforesaid operations.
Please refer to Fig. 4, Memory Controller 104 is just at least divided into all physical locations of duplicative non-volatile memory module 106 backup area 1061 and uses district 1063 at the production period (that is, before dispatching from the factory) of memory storage apparatus 100.Wherein, backup area 1061 comprises backup physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B), and B is positive integer.Backup physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B) is set for and can only be carried out access by special instruction set.Special instruction set comprises several manufacturer's instructions (vendor command), for example special reading command, special instruction and the special erasing instruction of writing.Unless obtain the instruction that belongs to special instruction set, otherwise Memory Controller 104 will can not carry out to backup area 1061 runnings such as writing, read and wipe of data.
Belonging in logic data field 502 is in order to storage, to come from the data of host computer system 1000 with the physical location in idle district 504.Specifically, the physical location of data field 502 is the physical locations that are regarded as storing data, and the physical location in idle district 504 is the physical locations that write new data.In other words, the physical location in idle district 504 is empty or spendable physical location (no record data or be labeled as invalid data useless).When receiving the data that write instruction and want to write from host computer system 1000, memory management circuitry 1043 is understood extracts physical unit from idle district 504, and data is write to the physical location in extracted physical location Zhong，Yi replacement data district 502.Or when needs are during to a logical block executing data consolidation procedure, memory management circuitry 1043 can and write data wherein from idle 504 extracts physical unit, district, to replace the physical location of original this logical block of mapping.
The physical location that belongs in logic system region 506 is in order to register system data.For instance, system data comprises firmware code, manufacturer and model, the physical blocks number of duplicative non-volatile memory module 106, the information such as physical page number of each physical blocks about duplicative non-volatile memory module 106.Must specify, though in Fig. 4, be that backup area 1061 is independently plotted in and is used outside district 1063, in fact, the backup physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B) in backup area 1061 is the physical location that belongs to system region 506.The mode that illustrates of Fig. 4 is only for the ease of clearly demonstrating.
While belonging in logic the physical location that replaces district 508 and be in order to physical location damage in data field 502,504Huo system region, idle district 506, replacing damaged physical location.Particularly, during memory storage apparatus 100 runnings, if while replacing the physical location damage that still has normal physical location and data field 502 in district 508, memory management circuitry 1043 can be extracted normal physical location and change the physical location damaging in data field 502 from replace district 508.Also therefore,, in the operation of memory storage apparatus 100, data field 502,504, system region, idle district 506 can dynamically change with the physical location that replaces district 508.For example, the physical location in order to the storage data of rotating can belong to data field 502 or idle district 504 with changing.
In order to allow host computer system 1000 carry out access to duplicative non-volatile memory module 106, memory management circuitry 1043 can configure several logical blocks 610 (0) ~ 610 (L) with the physical location 410 (0) ~ 410 (F-1) in mapping (enum) data district 502.Specifically, memory management circuitry 1043 offers host computer system 1000 by configured logical block 610 (0) ~ 610 (L), and service logic unit-physical location mapping table (logical unit-physical unit mapping table) is to record the mapping relations of logical block 610 (0) ~ 610 (L) and physical location 410 (0) ~ 410 (F-1).Therefore,, when host computer system 1000 is wanted access one logical address, memory management circuitry 1043 can find the physical location that logical address is shone upon to carry out access according to logical block-physical location mapping table.
In this exemplary embodiment, before memory storage apparatus 100 dispatches from the factory, manufacturer can carry out the card program of holding to duplicative non-volatile memory module 106.Specifically, manufacturer is used volume production instrument (Mass Production tool, MP tool) to come 104 pairs of command memory controllers to use the physical location 410 (0) ~ 410 (N) in district 1063 to carry out initialization action.For example, Memory Controller 104 can be 0 * FF data by the data erase of each page address in physical location 410 (0) ~ 410 (N), and (for example carry out disk scanning, do readwrite tests) to identify the physical location of normal physical location and damage, and the production information to memory storage apparatus 100 and the relevant customization data of Schema information are for example write to use district 1063(, write the system region 506 that is exclusively used in storage system data).Wherein, customize data and comprise main start record (Master Boot Record, MBR), start magnetic region (Boot Sector), file configuration table (File Allocation Table), root directory (root directory), device specification information (for example, the speed of memory storage apparatus 100, capacity, pattern, name of product etc.), customize application program, burn recording software (burner) and firmware code at least one of them.Furthermore, to customize data be in the process being used at memory storage apparatus 100 to part, can respond user read-write operation and by the data of indirect access.For example, when user will be by writing data into memory memory storage 100, maybe to delete, while revising the data in memory storage apparatus 100, though user directly file configuration table is modified, yet the content of file configuration table also can be changed by correspondence thereupon.The customization data of another part are the data relevant with the main running of maintaining memory storage apparatus 100, and caing be compared to similarly is burn recording software and firmware code, and the customization data of this type cannot be revised its content directly or indirectly by user.For example, and still the customization data of some are the additional functions (customizing application program) about memory storage apparatus 100, the customization data of this type can be increased newly or be deleted by special instruction or instrument.
In addition, volume production instrument can be held execution to set up and write during card program by special instruction set command memory controller 104 and use all customization data in district 1063 additionally to write the backup physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B) in backup area 1061.For instance, volume production instrument is first assigned the special erasing instruction in special instruction set, will back up the data erase in physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B) by Memory Controller 104.Then, volume production instrument is assigned the special instruction that writes again, above-mentioned customization data are write to backup physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B) by Memory Controller 104.Should be noted that, the customization data Yong district 1063 of some kind utilizes a complete physical location to store, yet its actual data volume is but less than the design capacity of a physical location.And in this exemplary embodiment, Memory Controller 104 is when writing backup area 1061 by various customization data, it is whole and to backing up physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B) according to each for the large young pathbreaker that can customize data.That is to say, use the quantity that may be greater than backup physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B) in district 1063 in order to store the physical location sum of all customization data.For instance, suppose that each physical location is a physical blocks, in this exemplary embodiment, though device specification information only takies two physical pages, but Memory Controller 104 can be used a whole physical blocks to be used as the storage space of device specification information in using district 1063, yet when device specification information is write to backup area 1061,104 of Memory Controllers are such as being that other customize data and write same backup physical blocks by device specification information and file configuration table etc., that is device specification information can not take alone a backup physical location.
In addition, open card program the term of execution, volume production instrument also can be assigned and specially write instruction and at each backup physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B), set up a reduction structural table with command memory controller 104, and in this reduction structural table the corresponding relation that respectively customizes data and a logical address that records of backup physical location under record.Wherein, each logical address is that indivedual mappings respectively customize the corresponding physical location of data, that is respectively customizes the physical location that data are written into use district 1063.Fig. 5 is the schematic diagram of the reduction structural table that illustrates according to one example of the present invention embodiment.Refer to Fig. 5, reduction structural table 50 comprises customization data name field 53 and logical address field 55.Wherein, it is that LBA (40), logical address corresponding to device specification information are LBA (50) that the logical address that corresponding logical address is LBA (10), logical address corresponding to start magnetic region is LBA (20), logical address corresponding to file configuration table is LBA (30), root directory is corresponding is recorded in main start, and customize logical address corresponding to application program, is LBA (100).
In another exemplary embodiment, Memory Controller 104 also can respectively customize the corresponding verification of data and (checksum) by record in reduction structural table, for example, in the reduction structural table 50 shown in Fig. 5 a newly-increased field with record respectively customize data verification and.In addition, the quantity of supposing backup physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B) is greater than 1, the structural table that respectively reduces also can record the physical address of next backup physical location, for example, the last newly-increased column data at the reduction structural table 50 shown in Fig. 5 backs up the physical address of physical location to record the next one.
As mentioned above, before memory storage apparatus 100 not yet dispatches from the factory, Memory Controller 104 can only mark off especially in all physical locations of duplicative non-volatile memory module 106 can be carried out by special instruction set the backup area 1061 of access, and the term of execution various customization data that produce opening card program are additionally backed up to the backup physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B) in backup area 1061.
After memory storage apparatus 100 dispatches from the factory and is sold to user, if user finds memory storage apparatus 100 in use, have unusual condition, the site for service that can provide by host computer system 1000 connection manufacturers is to be downloaded to main storage means 1112 by a repairing applications.Or if repairing applications is be stored in CD and sell in the lump to user with memory storage apparatus 100, user also can be installed on main storage means 1112 by the repairing applications in CD.Memory storage apparatus 100 is being connected to after host computer system 1000, user is as long as carry out repairing applications in host computer system 1000, and the Memory Controller 104 in memory storage apparatus 100 just can return to former factory state by memory storage apparatus 100 according to the instruction of repairing applications.That is to say, user can utilize repairing applications to complete voluntarily the reposition routine of memory storage apparatus 100 at user's end.
Specifically, when memory storage apparatus 100 connects host computer system 1000, if memory storage apparatus 100 in receiving and the state of processing from the instruction of host computer system 1000, represents the instruction that Memory Controller 104 can be assigned according to host computer system 1000 duplicative non-volatile memory module 106 is carried out to access.Now, once user starts repairing applications in host computer system 1000, repairing applications just can be assigned the special reading command of wanting to read backup physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B) to memory storage apparatus 100.And Memory Controller 104 is when obtaining above-mentioned special reading command, all customization data in backup physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B) and reduction structural table can be back to host computer system 1000 in the lump.For instance, for each, customize data, Memory Controller 104 can first autoreduction structural table obtain its verification and, and utilize for example cyclic redundancy check (CRC) (Cyclic Redundancy Check, CRC) program confirms that this customizes the correctness of data, and examine is sent to host computer system 1000 after errorless again.
After host computer system 1000 is received the reduction structural table of memory storage apparatus 100 passbacks and is customized data, repairing applications can send several instructions that write with reference to the content of reduction structural table, so that each is customized to the use district 1063 that data write duplicative non-volatile memory module 106.Wherein, respectively writing logical address that instruction wants to write is the logical address being recorded in reduction structural table corresponding to the customization data of wanting to write.In this exemplary embodiment, repairing applications can for example, customize by each use district 1063 that data write duplicative non-volatile memory module 106 according to a particular order (, the importance of data).
When Memory Controller 104 receive by host computer system 1000 assign and want to write customize data write instruction time, Memory Controller 104 just can be for respectively writing instruction, by writing customization data that instruction wants to write, is backfilled to use and in district 1063, is mapped in the physical location that writes the logical address that instruction wants to write.Use behind district 1063 all customization data are write, just can make memory storage apparatus 100 return to meet the former factory state of production information and Schema information.
In an exemplary embodiment, when memory storage apparatus 100 is electrically connected to host computer system 1000 by connector 102, if host computer system 1000 is to memory storage apparatus 100 its device characteristics of inquiry, but receive that memory storage apparatus 100 sends a storage medium and do not have (no media) message, repairing applications can first be assigned pre-formatting instruction and notifies 104 pairs of memory storage apparatus of Memory Controller 100 to carry out pre-formatting (pre-format) program.Specifically, Memory Controller 104 is after obtaining pre-formatting instruction, to wipe and use the data in all physical locations 410 (0) ~ 410 (N) in district 1063, and to using all physical locations 410 (0) ~ 410 (N) in district 1063 to carry out disk scanning, can therefrom identify accordingly the physical location of normal physical location and damage.For example, and if the installed capacity that the normal corresponding active volume of physical location does not meet memory storage apparatus 100 (, active volume does not reach installed capacity), 104 of Memory Controllers can be returned this message to host computer system 1000, and repairing applications is after obtaining above-mentioned message, installed capacity (for example can be updated to active volume, size field in updating file allocation list), and control store memory storage 100 again check.Now, because installed capacity conforms to active volume, device memory storage 100 to be stored responds the inquiry of host computer systems 1000 and recovers after its device characteristic, and repairing applications just can continue to assign and write instruction the customization data that previously received are write back to the part physical location using in district 1063.That is, in this exemplary embodiment, before the customization data from host computer system 1000 are backfilled to corresponding physical location, Memory Controller 104 has the ability to receive and the instruction of identification pre-formatting, and can receive that pre-formatting instruction judges whether to carry out pre-formatting program to memory storage apparatus 100 according to having or not.Having need to carry out pre-formatting program in the situation that, first carry out pre-formatting program, then by backfill, customize the mode of data and memory storage apparatus 100 is returned to former factory state again.
Fig. 6 is the process flow diagram of the restorative procedure of the memory storage apparatus that illustrates of the first exemplary embodiment according to the present invention.
Refer to Fig. 6, first as shown in step S610, before memory storage apparatus 100 dispatches from the factory, Memory Controller 104 is divided into physical locations all in duplicative non-volatile memory module 106 backup area 1061 and uses district 1063, wherein backup area 1061 comprises more than one backup physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B), and backup physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B) can only carry out access by special instruction set.
Then in step S620 Zhong， manufacturer, use volume production instrument to carry out to memory storage apparatus 100 the card program of opening.And as shown in step S630, Memory Controller 104 is by special instruction set, execution opened to set up and write during card program and use the various customization data in district 1063 additionally to write backup physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B).
After device memory storage 100 to be stored dispatches from the factory, as shown in step S640, when memory storage apparatus 100 connects host computer systems 1000 state in receiving and process from the instruction of host computer system 1000, Memory Controller 104 receives the special reading command of wanting to read backup physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B) from host computer system 1000, this special reading command belongs to special instruction set.
In step S650, Memory Controller 104 is sent to host computer system 1000 by the customization data that back up in physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B).
As shown in step S660, Memory Controller 104 from host computer system 1000, receive want to write customize data write instruction time, customization data from host computer system 1000 are write to corresponding physical location, make according to this memory storage apparatus 100 return to former factory state.
Below by the detailed process of the step S660 with Fig. 7 key diagram 6.
Refer to Fig. 7, first, in step S710, Memory Controller 104 judges whether to carry out pre-formatting program to memory storage apparatus 100.That is, judge whether to obtain the pre-formatting instruction that host computer system 1000 is assigned.
If, as shown in step S720, Memory Controller 104 is wiped all physical locations 410 (0) ~ 410 (N) that use in district 1063, and to using all physical locations 410 (0) ~ 410 (N) in district 1063 to carry out disk scanning.
Treat that step S720 is finished, or step S710 the determination result is NO, as shown in step S730, for host computer system 1000 follow-up assign respectively write instruction, Memory Controller 104 is backfilled to and uses the physical location that is mapped in the logical address of wanting to write in district 1063 respectively writing customization data that instruction wants to write.
[the second exemplary embodiment]
In this exemplary embodiment, before memory storage apparatus 100 not yet dispatches from the factory, Memory Controller 104 also only can mark off and can be carried out by special instruction set the backup area 1061 of access in duplicative non-volatile memory module 106, and the term of execution all customization data that produce opening card program are additionally backed up to the backup physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B) in backup area 1061.Yet, the difference part of the second exemplary embodiment and the first exemplary embodiment is, memory storage apparatus 100 is sold to after user dispatching from the factory, if because firmware code is damaged or loses and cause Memory Controller 104 only can carry out the driving code segment in boot rom 1047-1, user still can be by carrying out repairing applications memory storage apparatus 100 is returned to former factory state in host computer system 1000.
Fig. 8 is the process flow diagram of the restorative procedure of the memory storage apparatus that illustrates of the second exemplary embodiment according to the present invention.
Refer to Fig. 8, due to the step S810 to S830 of Fig. 8 and the step S610 to S630 of Fig. 6 same or similar, therefore do not repeat them here.
After device memory storage 100 to be stored dispatches from the factory, as shown in step S840, at memory storage apparatus 100, be electrically connected to host computer system 1000, and Memory Controller 104 be only can carry out the driving code segment in boot rom 1047-1 time, user can carry out repairing applications in host computer system 1000.Repairing applications will send the special reading command of wanting to read backup physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B) after being performed.Base this, Memory Controller 104 will by connector 102 receive from host computer system 1000 and read backup physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B) special reading command.
Then in step S850, although Memory Controller 104 only can be carried out the driving code segment in boot rom 1047-1 at present, yet set up because driving code segment the function that directly reads duplicative non-volatile memory module 106, therefore Memory Controller 104 still can respond special reading command and remove to read backup physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B), and the customization data and the reduction structural table that back up in physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B) are back to host computer system 1000.
In host computer system 1000, receive and respectively customize after data and reduction structural table, repairing applications just can send wish by customize data write duplicative non-volatile memory module 106 use district 1063 write instruction.And as shown in step S860, when Memory Controller 104 from host computer system 1000 receive want to write customize data write instruction time, Memory Controller 104 writes to corresponding physical location according to the logical address writing in instruction by customizing data, so that memory storage apparatus 100 returns to former factory state.
That is to say, in the second exemplary embodiment of the present invention, even if because firmware code damage or the loss of memory storage apparatus 100 causes Memory Controller 104 only can carry out the driving code segment in boot rom 1047-1, the special reading command that also can respond from host computer system 1000 reads the backup physical location 405 (1) ~ 405 (B) in duplicative non-volatile memory module 106, and utilizes backup customization data therein that memory storage apparatus 100 is returned to former factory state.
Below by the detailed process with Fig. 9 description of step S860.
Refer to Fig. 9, in this exemplary embodiment, repairing applications can first be assigned the instruction that writes of wanting to write burn recording software and firmware code, therefore as shown in step S910, Memory Controller 104 receives from host computer system 1000 instruction that writes of wanting to write burn recording software and firmware code.
Then in step S920, Memory Controller 104 is written into random access memory 1047-3 by the burn recording software from host computer system 1000.And as shown in step S930, Memory Controller 104 running burn recording softwares are mapped in the firmware code from host computer system 1000 is backfilled to use the physical location that writes the logical address that instruction wanted to write in district 1063.From another angle, repairing applications has in burning in system (In System Programming, ISP) mode revises or upgrades the function of the firmware code of memory storage apparatus 100.Repairing applications writes instruction firmware code is deposited in after the physical location using in district 1063 assigning, the driving code segment that microprocessor unit in memory management circuitry 1043 just can be carried out in boot rom 1047-1 is loaded into random access memory 1047-3 by the firmware code in use district 1063, to complete correction or the renewal of firmware code.
Then in step S940, Memory Controller 104 judges whether to carry out pre-formatting program (that is, judge whether the pre-formatting instruction of receiving that host computer system 1000 is assigned) to memory storage apparatus 100.
If so,, in step S950, Memory Controller 104 is wiped all physical locations 410 (0) ~ 410 (N) that use in district 1063, and to using all physical locations 410 (0) ~ 410 (N) in district 1063 to carry out disk scanning.
Then in step S960, for follow-up receive respectively write instruction, Memory Controller 104 is backfilled to the customization data of wanting to write to use the physical location that is mapped in the logical address of wanting to write in district 1063.
In sum, memory storage apparatus of the present invention and restorative procedure thereof are before memory storage apparatus dispatches from the factory, and the customization data that produce when opening card program additionally write backup physical location.Therefore because backup physical location only can carry out access by special instruction set, even if after memory storage apparatus is sold, the general accessing operation that user carries out memory storage apparatus can't change the content of backup physical location.Once memory storage apparatus breaks down or extremely, user can carry out the repairing applications that manufacturer provides in user side host computer system, and Memory Controller in memory storage apparatus can be sent to host computer system by backup in the customization data of backup physical location according to the indication of repairing applications, and the instruction that writes of assigning according to repairing applications customizes data and write back the physical location that uses district each, accordingly memory storage apparatus is returned to the former factory state of customer demand.Concerning user, when finding that memory storage apparatus is abnormal, no longer need to be sent back to Yuan Chang, as long as just can certainly be about at user side, it restores Zhi Yuan factory state, quite facility saves time.
Although the present invention with embodiment openly as above; so it is not in order to limit the present invention, those skilled in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention; when doing a little change and retouching, therefore protection scope of the present invention is when being as the criterion depending on the appended claims person of defining.
Claims (24)
1. the restorative procedure of a memory storage apparatus, for thering is a memory storage apparatus of a duplicative non-volatile memory module, this duplicative non-volatile memory module comprises a plurality of physical locations, wherein these physical locations comprise at least one backup physical location, and this at least one backup physical location is to set for and can only carry out access by a special instruction set, wherein this at least one backup physical location stores at least one customization data, and the method comprises:
During state at this memory storage apparatus in receiving and process from the instruction of a host computer system, from this host computer system, receive a special reading command of wanting to read this at least one backup physical location, wherein this special reading command belongs to this special instruction set;
Transmit these at least one customization data in this at least one backup physical location to this host computer system; And
When receiving want to write these at least one customization data at least one from this host computer system and write instruction, these at least one customization data from this host computer system are write to corresponding physical location, so that this memory storage apparatus returns to Yi Yuan factory state.
2. the restorative procedure of memory storage apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein this at least one backup physical location more stores a reduction structural table, this reduction structural table records the corresponding relation of these at least one customization data and a logical address, wherein this logical address is shone upon individually the corresponding physical location of these at least one customization data, and transmit these at least one customization data in this at least one backup physical location to the step of this host computer system, also comprises:
These at least one customization data in this reduction structural table and this at least one backup physical location are sent to this host computer system in the lump.
3. the restorative procedure of memory storage apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein, after these at least one customization data in this reduction structural table and this at least one backup physical location are sent to the step of this host computer system in the lump, the method also comprises:
By this host computer system, according to this reduction structural table, send and want to write that this of this at least one customization data is at least one writes instruction, wherein this at least one to write logical address that instruction wants to write be this logical address being recorded in this reduction structural table corresponding to the customization data of wanting to write.
4. the restorative procedure of memory storage apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein these at least one customization data comprise a main start record, one start magnetic region, one file configuration table, one root directory, one device specification information, one customizes application program, one burn recording software and a firmware code at least one of them, and want to write when receiving from this host computer system that this of this at least one customization data is at least one while writing instruction, these at least one customization data are write to corresponding physical location, so that returning to the step of Gai Yuan factory state, this memory storage apparatus comprises:
For this, at least onely write instruction, this is at least onely write to customization data that instruction wants to write and be backfilled to this and at least onely write the physical location that logical address that instruction wants to write is shone upon, so that write to corresponding physical location from these at least one customization data of this host computer system.
5. the restorative procedure of memory storage apparatus as claimed in claim 4, is wherein writing to corresponding physical location by these at least one customization data, so that before this memory storage apparatus returns to the step of Gai Yuan factory state, also comprise:
Judge whether to carry out a pre-formatting program to this memory storage apparatus; And
If so, wipe all physical locations in a use district, and all physical locations in this use district are carried out to disk scanning.
6. the restorative procedure of memory storage apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein these at least one customization data are relevant to a production information and a Schema information of this memory storage apparatus.
7. a memory storage apparatus, comprising:
One duplicative non-volatile memory module, comprise a plurality of physical locations, wherein these physical locations comprise at least one backup physical location, and this at least one backup physical location is to set for and can only carry out access by a special instruction set, and wherein this at least one backup physical location stores at least one customization data;
A connector; And
One Memory Controller, is electrically connected to this duplicative non-volatile memory module and this connector,
Wherein at this memory storage apparatus, by this connector, be electrically connected a host computer system, and during the state in receiving and process from the instruction of this host computer system, this Memory Controller is in order to receive a special reading command of wanting to read this at least one backup physical location from this host computer system, and transmit these at least one customization data in this at least one backup physical location to this host computer system, wherein this special reading command belongs to this special instruction set
This Memory Controller is also in order to when receiving want to write these at least one customization data at least one and write instruction from this host computer system, these at least one customization data from this host computer system are write to corresponding physical location, so that this memory storage apparatus returns to Yi Yuan factory state.
8. memory storage apparatus as claimed in claim 7, wherein this at least one backup physical location more stores a reduction structural table, this reduction structural table records the corresponding relation of these at least one customization data and a logical address, wherein this logical address is shone upon individually the corresponding physical location of these at least one customization data, and this Memory Controller is that these at least one customization data in this reduction structural table and this at least one backup physical location are sent to this host computer system in the lump.
9. memory storage apparatus as claimed in claim 8, this at least one customization data are wanted to write by this at least one instruction system of writing that wherein this host computer system is sent, and this is at least one, and to write logical address that instruction wants to write be this logical address being recorded in this reduction structural table corresponding to the customization data of wanting to write.
10. memory storage apparatus as claimed in claim 9, wherein these at least one customization data comprise a main start record, one start magnetic region, one file configuration table, one root directory, one device specification information, one customizes application program, one burn recording software and a firmware code at least one of them, and this Memory Controller is in order at least onely to write instruction for this, this is at least onely write to customization data that instruction wants to write and be backfilled to this and at least onely write the physical location that logical address that instruction wants to write is shone upon, so that write to corresponding physical location from these at least one customization data of this host computer system.
11. memory storage apparatus as claimed in claim 10, wherein this Memory Controller, in order to before by this, at least one customization data write to corresponding physical location, judges whether to carry out a pre-formatting program to this memory storage apparatus,
If so, this Memory Controller is wiped all physical locations in a use district, and all physical locations in this use district are carried out to disk scanning.
12. memory storage apparatus as claimed in claim 7, wherein these at least one customization data are relevant to a production information and a Schema information of this memory storage apparatus.
The restorative procedure of 13. 1 kinds of memory storage apparatus, wherein this memory storage apparatus has a duplicative non-volatile memory module and a boot rom, and this duplicative non-volatile memory module comprises a plurality of physical locations, wherein these physical locations comprise at least one backup physical location, and this at least one backup physical location is to set for and can only carry out access by a special instruction set, and the method comprises:
At this memory storage apparatus, be electrically connected to a host computer system and only can carry out one in this boot rom and drive code segment time, from this host computer system, receive a special reading command of wanting to read this at least one backup physical location, wherein this special reading command belongs to this special instruction set;
Transmit at least one customization data in this at least one backup physical location to this host computer system; And
When receiving want to write these at least one customization data at least one from this host computer system and write instruction, these at least one customization data from this host computer system are write to corresponding physical location, so that this memory storage apparatus returns to Yi Yuan factory state.
The restorative procedure of 14. memory storage apparatus as claimed in claim 13, wherein these at least one customization data are relevant to a production information and a Schema information of this memory storage apparatus.
The restorative procedure of 15. memory storage apparatus as claimed in claim 13, wherein this at least one backup physical location more stores a reduction structural table, this reduction structural table records the corresponding relation of these at least one customization data and a logical address, wherein this logical address is shone upon individually the corresponding physical location of these at least one customization data, and transmit at least one customization data in this at least one backup physical location to the step of this host computer system, also comprises:
These at least one customization data in this reduction structural table and this at least one backup physical location are sent to this host computer system in the lump.
The restorative procedure of 16. memory storage apparatus as claimed in claim 15, wherein, after these at least one customization data in this reduction structural table and this at least one backup physical location are sent to the step of this host computer system in the lump, the method also comprises:
By this host computer system, according to this reduction structural table, send and want to write that this of this at least one customization data is at least one writes instruction, wherein this at least one to write logical address that instruction wants to write be this logical address being recorded in this reduction structural table corresponding to the customization data of wanting to write.
The restorative procedure of 17. memory storage apparatus as claimed in claim 16, wherein these at least one customization data comprise a main start record, one start magnetic region, one file configuration table, one root directory, one device specification information, one customizes application program, one burn recording software and a firmware code at least one of them, and want to write when receiving from this host computer system that this of this at least one customization data is at least one while writing instruction, these at least one customization data are write to corresponding physical location, so that returning to the step of Gai Yuan factory state, this memory storage apparatus comprises:
From this host computer system, receive the instruction that writes of wanting to write this burn recording software and this firmware code;
This burn recording software from this host computer system is written into a random access memory of this memory storage apparatus;
This burn recording software that turns round is mapped in so that this firmware code from this host computer system is backfilled to the physical location that writes the logical address that instruction wanted to write in a use district; And
This receiving for follow-up at least onely writes instruction, this is at least onely write to customization data that instruction wants to write and be backfilled to this and at least onely write the physical location that logical address that instruction wants to write is shone upon, so that write to corresponding physical location from these at least one customization data of this host computer system.
The restorative procedure of 18. memory storage apparatus as claimed in claim 17, wherein at this burn recording software of running with after being mapped in the step of the physical location that writes the logical address that instruction wanted to write during this firmware code from this host computer system is backfilled to this use district, also comprise:
Backfill this at least one write the customization data that instruction wants to write before, judge whether to carry out a pre-formatting program to this memory storage apparatus; And
If so, wipe all physical locations in this use district, and all physical locations in this use district are carried out to disk scanning.
19. 1 kinds of memory storage apparatus, comprising:
One duplicative non-volatile memory module, comprises a plurality of physical locations, and wherein these physical locations comprise at least one backup physical location, and this at least one backup physical location is to set for and can only carry out access by a special instruction set;
A connector; And
One Memory Controller, is electrically connected to this duplicative non-volatile memory module and this connector, and this Memory Controller comprises a boot rom,
Wherein at this memory storage apparatus, by this connector, be electrically connected to a host computer system, and this Memory Controller is only can carry out one in this boot rom and drive code segment time, if receive from this host computer system and want to read a special reading command of this at least one backup physical location by this connector, this Memory Controller is in order to transmit at least one customization data in this at least one backup physical location to this host computer system, wherein this special reading command belongs to this special instruction set
This Memory Controller is also in order to when receiving want to write these at least one customization data at least one and write instruction from this host computer system, these at least one customization data from this host computer system are write to corresponding physical location, so that this memory storage apparatus returns to Yi Yuan factory state.
20. memory storage apparatus as claimed in claim 19, wherein these at least one customization data are relevant to a production information and a Schema information of this memory storage apparatus.
21. memory storage apparatus as claimed in claim 19, wherein this at least one backup physical location more stores a reduction structural table, this reduction structural table records the corresponding relation of these at least one customization data and a logical address, wherein this logical address is shone upon individually the corresponding physical location of these at least one customization data, and this Memory Controller is sent to this host computer system in the lump by these at least one customization data in this reduction structural table and this at least one backup physical location.
22. memory storage apparatus as claimed in claim 21, this at least one customization data are wanted to write by this at least one instruction system of writing that wherein this host computer system is sent, and this is at least one, and to write logical address that instruction wants to write be this logical address being recorded in this reduction structural table corresponding to the customization data of wanting to write.
23. memory storage apparatus as claimed in claim 22, wherein these at least one customization data comprise a main start record, one start magnetic region, one file configuration table, one root directory, one device specification information, one customizes application program, one burn recording software and a firmware code at least one of them, this Memory Controller receives in order to this host computer system certainly the instruction that writes of wanting to write this burn recording software and this firmware code, this burn recording software from this host computer system is written into a random access memory of this Memory Controller, this burn recording software that turns round is mapped in so that this firmware code from this host computer system is backfilled to the physical location that writes the logical address that instruction wanted to write in a use district, and receive for follow-up this at least onely write instruction, this is at least onely write to customization data that instruction wants to write and be backfilled to this and at least onely write the physical location that logical address that instruction wants to write is shone upon, so that write to corresponding physical location from these at least one customization data of this host computer system.
24. memory storage apparatus as claimed in claim 23, wherein at this burn recording software of running with after being mapped in the physical location that writes the logical address that instruction wanted to write during this firmware code from this host computer system is backfilled to this use district, this Memory Controller also in order to backfill this at least one write the customization data that instruction wants to write before, judge whether to carry out a pre-formatting program to this memory storage apparatus
If so, this Memory Controller is wiped all physical locations in this use district, and all physical locations in this use district are carried out to disk scanning.
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