CN103554552B - 一种用于胶囊用品的淀粉自增强复合材料的制备工艺 - Google Patents
一种用于胶囊用品的淀粉自增强复合材料的制备工艺 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明专利公布了一种用于制备胶囊用品的淀粉自增强复合材料的制造工艺,该复合材料以氧化淀粉、阳离子淀粉和酯化淀粉其中的一种或几种的组合为基体相,交联淀粉或淀粉纳米晶为颗粒增强相,基体相和颗粒增强相按配比混合后,采用挤出法制备成淀粉颗粒、薄膜或淀粉片材,该颗粒、薄膜或片材可替代明胶制品作为制备胶囊的原料。本发明涉及的复合材料来源容易,复合材料较单独成分在阻隔性、加工性和机械性能等方面有明显的提高,能够替代明胶用于制备胶囊制品。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种可用于胶囊制品的淀粉自增强复合材料的制备方法。
背景技术
胶囊剂广泛用于药品、保健品和功能食品中。目前市场上胶囊产品主要以明胶为主料,明胶是由动物的骨、皮经水解制得,是一种具有三元螺旋结构的生物大分子,具有良好的生物兼容性和理化性质。明胶分子独特的结构特征使其在应用中有一些缺点和不足,例如易于与含醛、还原糖基类化合物及维生素C 等药物交联,使明胶壳水溶性变差,导致胶囊壳崩解及胶囊内容物溶出的延迟;在干燥条件下明胶可产生静电电荷积聚,对后续加工有影响; 长期贮存在低湿度的环境,易变脆而导致胶囊破碎等。此外,由于信仰和宗教方面的因素,明胶由于其动物源成分的存在,而在世界上受到很多人群的排斥。因此,有必要研发新材料来代替明胶制备胶囊。
在医药用市场中,植物胶囊是增长最快的产品之一,如淀粉、结冷胶、卡拉胶、黄原胶等已经被用来研究制备明胶胶囊的替代品。淀粉是最重要的食品原料之一,具有良好的成膜性。淀粉膜已经广泛应用于食品及医药领域中。淀粉具有原料来源充足和价格便宜等优点,被认为是最有潜力的胶囊原料的替代物。
现有报道的制备淀粉胶囊的工艺大都与明胶胶囊类似,采用传统的浸渍成型方法。由于淀粉本身的凝胶性能不能满足胶囊的生产工艺,为克服这种不足,现在的淀粉基胶囊制备工艺中一般需要添加相应凝胶剂以改善加工性能。
提高力学性能和稳定性一直是淀粉基材料的主要研究方向。除了对淀粉进行改性处理,高分子材料的其它加工技术如共混、复合等也广泛应用在淀粉基材料中。近年来,自增强复合材料引起了广泛注意,自增强复合材料的优点包括完美的材料界面、单纯的化学结构、高附加值的回收废料等。对于生物医用和降解材料来讲,使用单一原材料研制的复合材料尤为重要,因为任何增强或改性添加剂都有可能影响原材料主体的生物相融或生物降解性能。作为药用胶囊,添加剂的用量更是越少越好。本发明专利涉及一种淀粉自增强复合材料的制备工艺,该自增强复合材料可以替代明胶用于制备胶囊。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于,提供一种可用于制备胶囊的淀粉自增强复合材料的制备方法,克服现有淀粉基胶囊材料性能上的不足。
本发明的另一目的在于,提供一种淀粉自增强复合材料,以此材料制备非明胶胶囊,克服现有使用明胶制备胶囊带来的潜在风险,以及适合不同信仰以及素食主义者。
本发明是采用以下技术手段实现的。本发明提供一种可用于制备胶囊的淀粉自增强复合材料的制备方法,其包括以下步骤:
具体包括以下步骤:
a)以氧化淀粉、阳离子淀粉和酯化淀粉其中的一种或几种的组合为基体相,交联淀粉或淀粉纳米晶为颗粒增强相,基体相、颗粒增强相按质量比4:0.01-1混合均匀;
b)在双螺杆挤出机内,在加热和捏合条件下加入步骤a)均匀的混合物,加工过程中加入a)混合物质量比10-20%的纯水,加工成为一种热塑可加工的均匀物料,获得淀粉自增强复合材料挤出颗粒、薄膜或定型片材。
步骤a)所述基体相为氧化淀粉、阳离子淀粉和酯化淀粉其中的一种或多种的混合,氧化淀粉、阳离子淀粉和酯化淀粉选自氧化、阳离子化或酯化的玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、木薯淀粉、小麦淀粉、绿豆淀粉、大米淀粉,优选酯化木薯淀粉,酯化取代度可以为0.001-0.05。
此外,步骤a)所述颗粒增强相之一为交联淀粉,交联淀粉为交联玉米淀粉、交联马铃薯淀粉、交联木薯淀粉、交联小麦淀粉、交联绿豆淀粉、交联大米淀粉的一种或多种的组合。优选交联木薯淀粉。交联度可以为5-45%。
此外,步骤a)所述颗粒增强相另一为淀粉纳米晶,淀粉纳米晶为玉米淀粉纳米晶、马铃薯淀粉纳米晶、玉米淀粉纳米晶、木薯淀粉纳米晶、小麦淀粉纳米晶、绿豆淀粉纳米晶、大米淀粉纳米晶的一种或几种的组合。淀粉纳米晶是淀粉通过硫酸酸解制得,本发明中所用淀粉纳米晶为市售颗粒粒径为10-200 nm的木薯淀粉纳米晶。
步骤a)基体相(改性淀粉)和自增强颗粒(交联淀粉或淀粉纳米晶)组合质量比例:改性淀粉:98.0%-99.5%,交联淀粉或淀粉纳米晶0.5%-2%。
步骤b)所述的纯水为去离子水或纯化水。
所述的淀粉自增强复合材料不含有凝胶剂。进一步所述的淀粉自增强复合材料不含有增塑剂,如多元醇或多元糖醇。
上述复合材料由基体相、颗粒增强相和水组成。其中基体相优选酯化木薯淀粉,酯化取代度为0.001-0.05,和淀粉纳米晶为颗粒粒径为10-200 nm的木薯淀粉纳米晶。
图1为双螺杆挤出机示意图,其可由多个独立的滚筒滑块组成,本发明的实施例中,选择的独立的滚筒滑块数位12个,从左到右将其编号为1-12,各滚动滑块可以用单控电路电加热和用冷却水冷却,该挤出机为同等旋转、紧紧啮合的双螺杆型挤出机,其中螺杆的直径可以为50-70mm,长度直径比可以为36-46,压缩比为1:2-3在挤出机的末端经喷嘴输送自增强复合材料成品。在喷嘴后接上定型口模或流延装置,颗粒和片材是直接被挤压制得,挤压压力为50-2000N/m2;薄膜是由流延法制得,流延辊的转动速度为1-20转/分钟。直接取出制成的自增强复合材料成品颗粒、片材或薄膜。
在螺杆上适当位置安装结构不同的捏合圆盘,使原料混合物的捏合尽可能地均匀。如图1,13、18为粉末入口; 14、20为注射喷嘴,用来把流体计量加到捏合空间中;15、16、19、21、23捏合圆盘;17、22为与真空源连接的排放导管。
在图1所示输送螺杆下给出了滑块对应的温度曲线,可调节准确度是+/-1℃,再次需说明的是,滑块温度不一定与熔融物料的温度相同,熔融物料的温度受螺杆转速等的影响。
本发明的实施例中,所用双螺杆挤出机型号为TEC52,螺杆直径51mm,长径比为40,压缩比1:2。此处需说明的是,按本发明所述的基体相、增强相的组合在任一单螺杆或双螺杆挤出机,通过调整适当参数均可制成可用于制备胶囊用品的淀粉自增强复合材料挤出颗粒、薄膜或定型片材。
在TEC52双螺杆挤出机,本发明的实施例的组合螺杆旋转速率为300-550转/分钟,物料的添加速度为80-250kg/小时计量加入,滑块1的温度为室温,复合物料随移动边缘进入且随后引入到加热至60-120℃的滑块2和3,在滑块3中,纯水的添加速度为20-50kg/小时计量加入,在关闭的滑块4-6中将温度升到120-140℃,在滑块7中,利用真空抽去约5%的水分,将温度调节至140-160℃,在滑块11处连接真空,除去约4%的水。
根据本发明所述淀粉自增强复合材料制备的软胶囊外壳可以用于制备药品、保健品和功能食品。
附图说明
图1 为本发明所示的挤出机示意图。
具体实施方式
本发明通过以下实施例进一步加以解释:
实施例1:
在料斗中连续计量加入:
酯化度为0.04的木薯淀粉: 200kg/小时
交联木薯淀粉(交联度约为40%): 50kg/小时
在滑块3中,纯水的添加速度为50kg/小时。在螺杆的转动速度为350转/分钟的条件下挤出,其中各滑块设定的温度为:
滑块1: 25℃
滑块2-3: 100℃
滑块4-6: 140℃
滑块7-9: 160℃
滑块10-12: 160℃
喷嘴: 160℃
实施例2:
在料斗中连续计量加入:
酯化度为0.04的木薯淀粉: 200kg/h
木薯淀粉纳米晶(粒径约180nm): 50kg/h
在滑块3中,纯水的添加速度为50kg/小时。在螺杆的转动速度为350转/分钟的条件下挤出,其中各滑块设定的温度为:
滑块1: 25℃
滑块2-3: 100℃
滑块4-6: 140℃
滑块7-9: 160℃
滑块10-12: 160℃
喷嘴: 160℃
实施例3:
在料斗中连续计量加入:
酯化度为0.04的木薯淀粉: 200kg/h
交联木薯淀粉(交联度约为40%): 10kg/h
木薯淀粉纳米晶(粒径约180nm): 40 kg/h
在滑块3中,纯水的添加速度为50kg/小时。在螺杆的转动速度为350转/分钟的条件下挤出,其中各滑块设定的温度为:
滑块1: 25℃
滑块2-3: 100℃
滑块4-6: 140℃
滑块7-9: 160℃
滑块10-12: 160℃
喷嘴: 160℃
实施例4:
在料斗中连续计量加入:
酯化度为0.04的木薯淀粉: 200kg/h
交联木薯淀粉(交联度约为40%): 40kg/h
木薯淀粉纳米晶(粒径约180nm): 10 kg/h
在滑块3中,纯水的添加速度为50kg/小时。在螺杆的转动速度为350转/分钟的条件下挤出,其中各滑块设定的温度为:
滑块1: 25℃
滑块2-3: 100℃
滑块4-6: 140℃
滑块7-9: 160℃
滑块10-12: 160℃
喷嘴: 160℃
实施例5:
在料斗中连续计量加入:
酯化度为0.04的木薯淀粉: 187.5kg/h
交联木薯淀粉(交联度约为40%): 31.25kg/h
木薯淀粉纳米晶(粒径约180nm): 31.25kg/h
在滑块3中,纯水的添加速度为50kg/小时。在螺杆的转动速度为350转/分钟的条件下挤出,其中各滑块设定的温度为:
滑块1: 25℃
滑块2-3: 100℃
滑块4-6: 140℃
滑块7-9: 160℃
滑块10-12: 160℃
喷嘴: 160℃
实施例6:
在料斗中连续计量加入:
酯化度为0.04的木薯淀粉: 200kg/h
木薯淀粉纳米晶(粒径约180nm): 50kg/h
在螺杆的转动速度为500转/分钟的条件下挤出,其中各滑块设定的温度为:
滑块1: 25℃
滑块2-3: 100℃
滑块4-6: 140℃
滑块7-9: 160℃
滑块10-12: 160℃
喷嘴: 160℃
实施例7:
在料斗中连续计量加入:
酯化度为0.04的木薯淀粉: 200kg/h
木薯淀粉纳米晶(粒径约180nm): 50kg/h
在滑块3中,纯水的添加速度为50kg/小时。在螺杆的转动速度为350转/分钟的条件下挤出,其中各滑块设定的温度为:
滑块1: 25℃
滑块2-3: 120℃
滑块4-6: 120℃
滑块7-9: 120℃
滑块10-12: 120℃
喷嘴: 120℃
实施例8:
在料斗中连续计量加入:
酯化度为0.04的木薯淀粉: 250kg/h
在滑块3中,纯水的添加速度为50kg/小时。在螺杆的转动速度为350转/分钟的条件下挤出,其中各滑块设定的温度为:
滑块1: 25℃
滑块2-3: 120℃
滑块4-6: 140℃
滑块7-9: 160℃
滑块10-12: 160℃
喷嘴: 160℃
实施例9:
在料斗中连续计量加入:
交联木薯淀粉(交联度约为40%): 250kg/h
在滑块3中,纯水的添加速度为50kg/小时。在螺杆的转动速度为350转/分钟的条件下挤出,其中各滑块设定的温度为:
滑块1: 25℃
滑块2-3: 120℃
滑块4-6: 140℃
滑块7-9: 160℃
滑块10-12: 160℃
喷嘴: 160℃
实施例10:
在料斗中连续计量加入:
木薯淀粉纳米晶(粒径约180nm): 250kg/h
在滑块3中,纯水的添加速度为50kg/小时。在螺杆的转动速度为350转/分钟的条件下挤出,其中各滑块设定的温度为:
滑块1: 25℃
滑块2-3: 120℃
滑块4-6: 140℃
滑块7-9: 160℃
滑块10-12: 160℃
喷嘴: 160℃
实施例11:
在料斗中连续计量加入:
含木薯淀粉纳米晶95%,凝胶剂(植物胶)3.45%,增塑剂(甘油)1.25%,抗结剂(硬脂酸)0.25%,乳化剂(十二烷基硫酸钠)0.05%的均匀混合物,加入速度250kg/h。
在滑块3中,纯水的添加速度为50kg/小时。在螺杆的转动速度为350转/分钟的条件下挤出,其中各滑块设定的温度为:
滑块1: 25℃
滑块2-3: 120℃
滑块4-6: 140℃
滑块7-9: 160℃
滑块10-12: 160℃
喷嘴: 160℃
按以上实施例1-11制得的淀粉自增强复合材料片材,其各项性质指标如表1所示。
实验结果表明,单独酯化淀粉、交联淀粉或淀粉纳米晶所制的片材各项指标不能满足制备胶囊的要求,当加入适量的凝胶剂和增塑剂以后,制得的片材性能明显提高,能够达到制备胶囊的要求。而本发明提出的淀粉自增强材料,按适当比例配置,未添加任何凝胶剂和增塑剂,最终制得的淀粉自增强复合材料薄膜或片材在机械性能等方面能够满足制备胶囊的要求。
表1 不同制备方法制得成品片材的性能参数
表1
Claims (11)
1.一种用于制备胶囊的淀粉自增强复合材料的制造方法,其特征在于下列步骤:
a)以氧化淀粉、阳离子淀粉和酯化淀粉其中的一种或几种的组合为基体相,交联淀粉或淀粉纳米晶为颗粒增强相,基体相、增强相按质量比4:0.01-1混合均匀;
b)在双螺杆挤出机内,在加热和捏合条件下加入步骤a)均匀的混合物,再加入a)混合物质量0.5-25%的纯水,加工成为一种热塑可加工的均匀物料,获得淀粉自增强复合材料挤出颗粒或定型片材,或者进一步制成薄膜;
其中,所述步骤a)中以基体相和颗粒增强相质量为基准,基体相:98.0%-99.5%,颗粒增强相0.5%-2%;
所述步骤b)中纯水用量为步骤a)混合物质量的10-20%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的淀粉自增强复合材料的制造方法,其特征在于:步骤a)所述基体相为氧化淀粉、阳离子淀粉和酯化淀粉其中的一种或几种的组合,氧化淀粉、阳离子淀粉和酯化淀粉选自氧化、阳离子化或酯化的玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、木薯淀粉、小麦淀粉、绿豆淀粉、大米淀粉,酯化取代度可以为0.001-0.05。
3.根据权利要求1所述的淀粉自增强复合材料的制造方法,步骤a)所述颗粒增强相为交联淀粉或淀粉纳米晶,其特征在于:
(1)交联淀粉为交联玉米淀粉、交联马铃薯淀粉、交联木薯淀粉、交联小麦淀粉、交联绿豆淀粉、交联大米淀粉的一种或几种的组合,交联度可以为5-45%;
(2)淀粉纳米晶为玉米淀粉纳米晶、马铃薯淀粉纳米晶、玉米淀粉纳米晶、木薯淀粉纳米晶、小麦淀粉纳米晶、绿豆淀粉纳米晶、大米淀粉纳米晶的一种或几种的组合,淀粉纳米晶颗粒粒径可以为10-200nm。
4.根据权利要求1所述的淀粉自增强复合材料的制造方法,其特征在于:步骤a)所述氧化淀粉、阳离子淀粉和酯化淀粉选自酯化木薯淀粉。
5.根据权利要求1所述的淀粉自增强复合材料的制造方法,其特征在于:步骤a)所述交联淀粉为交联木薯淀粉。
6.根据权利要求1所述的制造方法,步骤b)所述的纯水为去离子水或纯化水。
7.根据权利要求1所述的淀粉自增强复合材料的制造方法,步骤b)所述的双螺杆挤出机,其特征在于:
(1)挤出机的各个部分沿着螺杆的方向被加热成不同温度;
(2)颗粒和片材是直接被挤压制得,挤压压力为50-2000N/m2;
(3)薄膜是由流延法制得,流延辊的转动速度为1-20转/分钟。
8.根据权利要求1所述的淀粉自增强复合材料的制造方法,步骤b)中各部分加热温度均不超过160℃。
9.根据权利要求1所述的制造方法制备的淀粉自增强复合材料在制备胶囊中的应用。
10.一种软胶囊外壳,其特征在于:由权利要求1制备的淀粉自增强复合材料制成。
11.根据权利要求10所述的一种软胶囊外壳在制备药品、保健品和功能食品中的用途。
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