CN103515466A - 一种复合式δe-e核辐射探测器及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器及其制造方法,属于半导体核辐射探测器技术领域。本发明的复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器包括薄型PIN探测器,厚型PIN探测器以及两者之间的介质键合层;薄型PIN探测器与厚型PIN探测器通过介质键合层机械固定到一起,并且形成电学互连;所述薄型PIN探测器包括高阻硅基片和所述高阻硅基片上的探测窗口;所述薄型PIN探测器探测窗口包括P区,N区以及两者之间的硅层。本发明还公开了所述复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器的制造方法。本发明可用于空间探测,核物理,医学检测,和环境检测等多个领域。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器及其制备方法,属于半导体核辐射探测器技术领域
背景技术
ΔE-E望远镜广泛用于测量粒子的种类和能量,表现为:重离子的检测和跟踪、高γ射线辐射下的短程粒子检测、X射线检测等。ΔE-E望远镜一般由一个厚PIN探测器和一个薄PIN探测器组成。它的工作原理为:当入射粒子进入ΔE-E望远镜中,首先与薄探测器发生作用,失去能量ΔE。然后与厚探测器作用,失去剩余能量(E-ΔE)。利用ΔE与E-ΔE的测量可以测量粒子的能量和质量,进行粒子鉴别。
在制作探测器时,厚探测器需要制作得足够厚,从而阻止粒子完全停留在探测器中。而薄探测器需要制作得非常薄,以减少入射的高能粒子在ΔE探测器中损失的能量,获得较高的测量精度。
传统意义上的ΔE-E望远镜通常由两个分离的PIN探测器构成,由于薄探测器需要制作得非常薄,所以在实际使用过程中容易破碎,带来可靠性的问题。同时,分离的探测器也不符合小型化、集成化的发展趋势。
为了解决如上的问题,国际上通常采用将薄型的PIN探测器和厚型的PIN探测器集成到一起,组成一个整体单元,利用厚型的PIN探测器来支撑薄型的PIN探测器,从而解决机械可靠性的问题。这种集成结构也有利于减小死层厚度,从而提高探测灵敏度。
为了制造这种集成的探测器结构,一种方法是利用高能粒子注入,形成导电埋层作为厚型PIN探测器与薄型的PIN探测器的公共电极,再进行低能粒子注入掺杂,形成厚型PIN探测器与薄型的PIN探测器的另一个电极,其中,导电埋层采用另外一次注入掺杂引出电极。这种结构设计能得到超薄的薄型探测器,从而能够探测超低能量的粒子。整个探测器结构如G.Cardellab等人于1996年在《Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A》上发表的名称为“A monolithic silicon detector telescope”的论文中所示;另外一种方法是首先利用扩散掺杂的方法制作厚型的PIN探测器,然后采取外延的方法制作出薄型的PIN探测器,导电埋层采用金线引出。其探测器结构如Kim,C.等人于1982年在《IEEE Transaetions onNuclear Science》上发表的名称为“Epitaxial Integrated E-dE Position Sensitive Silicon Detectors”的论文中所示。还有一种方法是采用金属硅化物键合圆片的方式形成ΔE-E核辐射探测器,采用这种方式能得到低阻导电埋层。其探测器结构如等人于1997年在《Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A》上发表的名称为“Fabrication of anintegrated ΔE-E-silicon detector by wafer bonding using cobaltdisilicide”的论文中所示。
以上集成探测器虽然各具优点,但是制作方法相当复杂,对于前两种集成式ΔE-E核辐射探测器而言,会带来相当大的信号串扰问题,而且,死层厚度对粒子探测的影响也显著增加。
发明内容
本发明旨在克服现有技术的不足,提供一种复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器及其制备方法,获得的探测器应当具有良好的探测灵敏度、探测效率和机械稳定性,同时,简化制备工艺,降低成本。
为达到上述目的,本发明采用的技术方案是:一种复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器,包括薄型PIN探测器、厚型PIN探测器以及两者之间的介质键合层,所述薄型PIN探测器包括高阻硅基片和所述高阻硅基片上的探测窗口。所述厚型的PIN探测器包括高阻硅基片和所述高阻硅基片上的探测窗口。所述介质键合层将薄型PIN探测器与厚型PIN探测器机械固定到一起,并且具备电学连接特性。
上述技术方案中,所述薄型PIN探测器中高阻硅基片优选为100晶向的N型硅,电阻率大于1000欧姆厘米,厚度在300μm到550μm范围内。
上述技术方案中,所述薄型PIN探测器中高阻硅基片上的探测窗口包括P区,N区以及两者之间的硅层,该硅层厚度小于100μm。所述P区与N区表面均设有铝层,所述N区优选通过TMAH腐蚀法形成,其外形呈倒圆台状,侧面和底面的夹角为54.74°。
上述技术方案中,所述厚型PIN探测器中高阻硅基片优选为111晶向的N型硅,电阻率大于1000欧姆厘米,厚度在300μm到1000μm范围内
上述技术方案中,所述薄型PIN探测器与厚型PIN探测器之间的介质键合层优选为Al-Sn-Al结构,所述Al层厚度优选为200nm-500nm,所述Sn层厚度优选为600nm-1000nm。
本发明还公开了一种复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器的制造方法,其包括下列步骤:
a)通过下列步骤制造薄型PIN探测器:
i.在第一高阻硅基片上下表面生长足够厚的二氧化硅层;
ii.腐蚀正面探测窗口上方二氧化硅层至50nm到200nm厚度;
iii.正面注入磷离子,形成N区,快速热退火;
iv.常规清洗,双面淀积氮化硅层;
v.在背面光刻探测窗口图形,腐蚀硅基片背面裸露部分直至获得所需的探测窗口厚度;
vi.在背面探测窗口注入硼离子,形成P区;离子注入后进行快速热退火;
vii.RIE刻蚀正面氮化硅层;湿法腐蚀正面二氧化硅层;
viii.正反两面溅射铝层,合金,形成良好的欧姆接触;
ix.利用氩离子去除正面铝电极上的自然氧化层,原位淀积锡层
b)通过下列步骤制造厚型PIN探测器:
i.在第二高阻硅基片上下表面生长足够厚的二氧化硅层;
ii.背面光刻探测窗口图形,腐蚀背面探测窗口以及正面高阻硅片上方二氧化硅层至70-100nm厚度;
iii.正面注入磷离子,快速热退火;
iv.背面注入硼离子,快速热退火;
v.去除探测器正反面的二氧化硅层,双面溅射铝层;
vi.合金,形成良好的欧姆接触;
vii.利用氩离子去除正面铝电极上的自然氧化层,原位淀积锡层;
c)通过下列步骤组装复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器:
i.将薄型PIN探测器与厚型PIN探测器正面重合对准在一起,移至键合装置;
ii.低温键合;
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果是:
1)本发明首先分别制造出厚型PIN探测器和薄型的PIN探测器,通过介质键合层将薄型PIN探测器与厚型PIN探测器集成到一起,工艺简单可行,提高了成品率;
2)本发明可集成大面积,超薄厚度的薄型PIN探测器,可以满足探测质量很大或者能量很低的粒子条件。
3)本发明采用金属层作为薄型PIN探测器和厚型PIN探测器的介质键合层,有效的避免了电信号的串扰、损耗问题。
附图说明
图1是本发明实施例复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器结构示意图;
图2是本发明实施例薄型PIN探测器制造流程示意图;
图3是本发明实施例厚型PIN探测器制造流程示意图;
图4是本发明实施例复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器的组装流程示意图;
其中:
A-薄型PIN探测器;B-厚型PIN探测器;
1-第一高阻硅基片;21,22-二氧化硅层;31,32-N区;41,42-氮化硅层;5-背面探测窗口;61,62-P区;71,72-正面铝层;81,82-背面铝层;91,92-正面锡层;10-第二高阻硅基片;
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施例对本发明作进一步详细描述。
在本实施例中,复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器由薄型PIN探测器与厚型PIN探测器通过金属低温键合的方式组装而成的。
对于薄型PIN探测器而言:
采用100晶向的N型硅,电阻率大于1500欧姆厘米,厚度为320μm;
探测窗口呈圆形,包括N区31,P区61,以及两者之间厚度小于100μm的硅膜;
P区61通过TMAH湿法腐蚀技术形成的,其侧面和底面的夹角为54.74°;
N区31上方设有正面铝层71和正面锡层91,P区61上方有背面铝层81;
对于厚型PIN探测器而言:
采用111晶向的N型硅,电阻率大于4000欧姆厘米,厚度为420μm;
探测窗口由N区32,P区62以及其间的高阻硅片组成,其尺寸大小与薄型PIN探测器探测窗口一致;
N区32上方有正面铝层72和正面锡层92,P区62上方有背面铝层82;
最终制备的传感器的结构如图1所示,整个传感器由薄型PIN探测器A和厚型PIN探测器B构成。
I、薄型PIN探测器A的工艺流程如图2所示,包括:
1、准备n型<100>双面抛光硅片,其电阻率大于1500欧姆厘米,厚度为320μm,常规清洗;
2、在硅基片两面生长700nm-800nm的高质量二氧化硅层21,如图2(a)所示;
3、腐蚀硅基片正面二氧化硅层到50nm-200nm厚度,如图2(b)所示;
4、在探测器探测窗口正面注入磷,形成N区31,注入能量为120kev,注入浓度为1×1016/cm2,离子注入后进行快速热退火,如图2(c)所示;
5、双面淀积100nm的氮化硅层41,如图2(d)所示;
6、在背面光刻探测窗口图形,分别用RIE和HF去除背面探测窗口图形下的氮化硅层41和二氧化硅层21,采用TMAH湿法腐蚀,减薄探测器厚度至38μm,形成背面探测窗口5,如图2(e)所示;
7、在探测器背面探测窗口注入硼,形成N区61,注入能量为45kev,注入浓度为5×1015/cm2,离子注入后进行快速热退火,如图2(f)所示;
8、用RIE刻蚀正面氮化硅层41;
9、去除探测器正面的二氧化硅层,如图2(g)所示;
10、双面溅射500nm的铝层,如图2(g)所示;
11、合金,形成良好的欧姆接触,温度为430度,时间为30min;
12、利用氩离粒子去除探测器正面铝电极上的自然氧化层,原位淀积500nm的锡层91,如图2(h)所示;
II、厚型PIN探测器A的工艺流程如图3所示,包括:
1、准备n型<111>双面抛光硅片,其电阻率大于4000欧姆厘米,厚度为420μm,常规清洗;
2、在硅基片两面生长300nm的高质量二氧化硅层22,如图3(a)所示;
3、光刻背面有源区窗口图形,腐蚀背面以及正面有源区下的二氧化硅层到70-100nm厚度,如图3(b)所示;
4、正面注入磷,形成N区32,注入能量为120kev,注入浓度为1×1016/cm2,离子注入后进行快速热退火;
5、背面注入硼,形成P区62,注入能量为45kev,注入浓度为5×1015/cm2,离子注入后进行快速热退火,如图3(c)所示;
6、去除探测器正反面的二氧化硅层,双面溅射500nm的铝层,如图3(d)所示;
7、合金,形成良好的欧姆接触,温度为430度,时间为30min;
8、利用氩离子去除正面铝电极上的自然氧化层,原位淀积500nm的锡层92,如图3(e)所示;
III、复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器的组装流程如图4所示,包括
1、将薄型PIN探测器与厚型PIN探测器P区重合对准在一起,移至键合装置;
2、键合温度为280摄氏度,键合压强为0.25MPa,键合时间为3分钟,氮气保护进行低温键合,即可得到复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器。
以上通过详细实例描述了本发明,本领域的技术人员应当理解,在不脱离本发明实质的范围内,可以对本发明做一定的变形或修改;其制备方法也不限于实施例中所公开的内容。
Claims (9)
1.一种复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器,包括薄型PIN探测器、厚型PIN探测器以及两者之间的介质键合层,
其特征在于,
所述薄型PIN探测器包括高阻硅基片和所述高阻硅基片上的探测窗口。所述厚型的PIN探测器包括高阻硅基片和所述高阻硅基片上的探测窗口,薄型PIN探测器与厚型PIN探测器通过介质键合层机械固定到一起,并且形成电学互连。
2.如权利要求书1所述的复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器,其特征在于,所述薄型PIN探测器高阻硅基片为100晶向的N型硅,电阻率大于1000欧姆厘米,厚度在300μm到550μm范围内。
3.如权利要求书1所述的复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器,其特征在于,所述薄型PIN探测器探测窗口包括P区,N区以及两者之间的硅层,所述硅层厚度小于100μm。
4.如权利要求书1所述的复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器,其特征在于,所述厚型PIN探测器高阻硅基片为111晶向的N型硅,电阻率大于1000欧姆厘米,厚度在300μm到1000μm范围内.
5.如权利要求书1所述的复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器,其特征在于,所述薄型PIN探测器与厚型PIN探测器之间的介质键合层为Al-Sn-Al结构。
6.如权利要求书1和5所述的复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器,其特征在于,所述Al层厚度为200nm-500nm。
7.如权利要求书1和5所述的复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器,其特征在于,所述Sn层厚度为600nm-1000nm。
8.一种复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器的制造方法,其包括下列步骤:
a)通过下列步骤制造薄型PIN探测器:
i.在第一高阻硅基片上下表面生长足够厚的二氧化硅层;
ii.腐蚀正面探测窗口上方二氧化硅层至50nm到200nm厚度;
iii.正面注入磷离子,形成N区,快速热退火;
iv.常规清洗,双面淀积氮化硅层;
v.在背面光刻探测窗口图形,腐蚀硅基片背面裸露部分直至获得所需的探测窗口厚度;
vi.在背面探测窗口注入硼离子,形成P区;离子注入后进行快速热退火;
vii.RIE刻蚀正面氮化硅层;湿法腐蚀正面二氧化硅层;
viii.正反两面溅射铝层,合金,形成良好的欧姆接触;
ix.利用氩离子去除正面铝电极上的自然氧化层,原位淀积锡层;
b)通过下列步骤制造厚型PIN探测器:
i.在第二高阻硅基片上下表面生长足够厚的二氧化硅层;
ii.背面光刻探测窗口图形,腐蚀背面探测窗口以及正面高阻硅片上方二氧化硅层至70-100nm厚度;
iii.正面注入磷离子,快速热退火;
iv.背面注入硼离子,快速热退火;
v.去除探测器正反面的二氧化硅层,双面溅射铝层;
vi.合金,形成良好的欧姆接触;
vii.利用氩离子去除正面铝电极上的自然氧化层,原位淀积锡层;
c)通过下列步骤组装复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器:
i.将薄型PIN探测器与厚型PIN探测器正面重合对准在一起,移至键合装置;
ii.低温键合;
9.如权利要求书7所述的一种复合式ΔE-E核辐射探测器的制造方法,其特征在于,所述低温键合温度为280℃,键合压强为0.25MPa,键合时间为3min。
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