CN109545883A - 一种低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器及制备方法 - Google Patents
一种低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器及制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器及制备方法,包括P型衬底、I型吸收倍增层、N型层。P型衬底、I型吸收倍增层、N型层依次按照从下到上的顺序生长在衬底上;光子从P型衬底入射,P型衬底上接电源的阴极,I层作为载流子的雪崩倍增区域和光子的吸收区,N型层外接电源的阳极。本发明结构简单,易于制备,同时可降低由载流子浓度差和缺陷浓度引起的暗计数,提高信噪比。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及探测器技术,具体指一种基于雪崩效应的高量子效率、低暗电流的单光子探测器及制备方法。
背景技术
在近红外波段,水会吸收大部分的红外线。因为近红外波段离可见光波段较近,探测器表面的滤波片对可见光的遮挡能力较弱,所以实际探测环境中的光线会对其信号干扰,这使得探测器只能在无光无雨的暗夜进行探测,而3~5μm的红外探测器对这些干扰信号不响应,可以令探测卫星的工作环境不受这些限制,大大增加了探测器的工作时间.因此研制出响应波长在3~5μm的红外探测器是很有发展前景的。
量子通信是利用单个光子作为信息携带单位。这对探测器提出了更高的要求:实现对极微弱信号的探测。单光子探测器能够探测到光的最小能量——光子,是量子信息技术最关键的器件之一。单光子探测技术在生物检测、天文测距、大气测污、超远程测距方面都有着广泛的应用。
碲镉汞材料的窄禁带宽度导致了大暗电流的缺陷,暗电流大小的数量级极大的影响了探测器的灵敏度。半导体材料中的暗电流形成原因非常多样,有因为载流子浓度不均匀产生的扩散电流、有因为缺陷捕获和释放载流子而产生的复合电流、量子隧穿引起的隧穿电流。除了改进材料的制备工艺以外,通过优化探测器结构也可以降低暗电流的数量级。
发明内容
本发明主要在于克服现有技术存在的缺陷,提供一种低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器结构及掺杂参数。为实现上述目的,本发明的技术方案如下:
本发明所公开的一种低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器结构,包括衬底1、缓冲层2、P型层3、本征层4、N型层5、阴极引出端6、阳极引出端7、钝化膜8。在所述的衬底1上按照从下向上的顺序依次生长缓冲层2、P型层3、本征层4、N型层5和钝化膜8,阴极引出端6和阳极引出端7通过离子束溅射法分别生长在P型层和N型层上。
所述的衬底1材料为碲锌镉、砷化镓、碲化镉或硅。
所述的缓冲层2为碲化镉,降低衬底材料与碲镉汞的晶格失配,若衬底材料为碲锌镉则不需要生长缓冲层。
所述的P型层3为Hg空位掺杂的P型碲镉汞,厚度范围为7~9μm,掺杂浓度在5×1015~1×1016cm-3数量级。
所述的本征层4为非故意掺杂的N型碲镉汞区域,均匀的高场强区域,作为光子的吸收区和载流子的雪崩倍增区域。
所述的N型层5的掺杂浓度在1×1018cm-3~8×1018cm-3数量级,厚度范围为2.8μm~3.2μm。
所述的阴极引出端6为Cr/Au或Sn/Au双层电极,下层与台面结构接触的欧姆接触层为铬或锡,上层金属导电层为金,生长在P型层上。
所述的阳极引出端7为为Cr/Au或Sn/Au双层电极,下层与台面结构接触的欧姆接触层为铬或锡,上层金属导电层为金,吸收倍增的电子。
所述的钝化膜8为CdTe与ZnS双层钝化膜,ZnS在下CdTe在上,以达到降低器件表面漏电,降低串音的作用。
本发明提供一种低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器的制作方法,包括以下步骤:
①衬底1上,生长一层0.8mm~1.2mm的CdTe缓冲层2;
②通过分子束外延技术或者垂直液相外延法在缓冲层上生长Hg空位掺杂的碲镉汞,形成7μm~9μm的P型碲镉汞薄层3;
③采取MBE多层生长原位掺杂技术,精准原位掺杂生长0.2μm~1μm厚度的本征层4及2.8μm~3.2μm厚度的N型层5,形成PIN结构;
④采取湿法腐蚀技术形成微台面,台面深度约为5μm~7μm;
⑤在台面表面生长CdTe与ZnS双层钝化膜8,ZnS在下CdTe在上;
⑥使用盐酸及重铬酸溶液去除电极孔位置的双层钝化膜材料;
⑦在电极位置利用离子束溅射法,生长Cr/Au电极,与P型HgCdTe上形成良好的金半接触,作为阴极引出端6,在N型HgCdTe上生长Cr/Au电极作为阳极引出端7,最终完成本发明的低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器的制备。
采用了上述技术方案后,本发明具有以下的有益效果:
通过调整本征层的参数大大降低了低温下器件的隧穿电流,提升了雪崩二极管单光子探测器的信噪比与响应率。
附图说明
图1是本发明的结构横截面示意图;
图2是本发明中实施例1台面型雪崩二极管结构的暗电流随电压关系,纵坐标为对数坐标;
图3是本发明中实施例2台面型雪崩二极管结构的暗电流随电压关系,纵坐标为对数坐标;
图4是本发明中实施例3台面型雪崩二极管结构的暗电流随电压关系,纵坐标为对数坐标;
图5是本发明中实施例4台面型雪崩二极管结构的暗电流随电压关系,纵坐标为对数坐标;
图1中标号为:
1为衬底;
2为缓冲层;
3为P型层;
4为本征层;
5为N型层;
6为阴极引出端;
7为阳极引出端;
8为钝化膜;
具体实施方式
实施例1
见图1,本实施例的低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器结构。
探测器包括碲锌镉衬底1、P型层3、本征层4、N型层5、阴极引出端6、阳极引出端7和钝化膜8。
P型层3、本征层4、N型层5、CdTe/ZnS双层钝化膜8按照从下向上的顺序生在碲锌镉衬底1上;P型层材料为汞空位掺杂的碲镉汞,厚度为9μm,掺杂浓度为1×1016cm-3,宽120μm;将两个20μm宽,120μm长的长方形电极加在P型层两端以避免电极附近电场对本征层电场均匀度的影响;本征层掺杂浓度为5×1014cm-3,厚度为1μm;N型层的掺杂浓度为1×1018cm-3,厚度为2.8μm,N型层上有阳极引出端,电极下部的欧姆接触层为锡、厚度为10μm、上部的金属导电层Au、厚度为30μm,双层钝化膜8下层为CdTe上层为ZnS,红外辐射从P型背入射。
上述低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器结构的制作方法,包括以下步骤:
①在衬底硅上,生长一层0.8mm的CdTe缓冲层(2);
②通过分子束外延技术或者垂直液相外延法在缓冲层上生长Hg空位掺杂的碲镉汞,形成9μm的P型碲镉汞薄层(3);
③采取MBE多层生长原位掺杂技术,精准原位掺杂生长1μm厚度的本征层(4)及2.8μm厚度的N型层(5);
④采取湿法腐蚀技术形成微台面,台面深度约为6μm;
⑤在台面表面生长CdTe与ZnS双层钝化膜(8),ZnS在下CdTe在上;
⑥使用盐酸及重铬酸溶液去除电极孔位置的双层钝化膜材料;
⑦在电极位置利用离子束溅射法,生长Sn/Au双层电极,下层与台面结构接触的欧姆接触层为锡,上层金属导电层为金,,与P型HgCdTe上形成良好的金半接触,作为阴极引出端(6),在N型HgCdTe上生长Sn/Au电极作为阳极引出端(7)。
图2是本发明中实施例1台面型雪崩二极管结构的暗电流随电压关系。它是在衬底材料为碲锌镉,电极材料为锡/金,本征层厚度为1μm,本征层掺杂浓度为5×1014cm-3,P型层厚度为9μm,掺杂浓度为1×1016cm-3,N型层的掺杂浓度为1×1018cm-3,厚度为2.8μm时所对应的暗电流随电压关系。
实施例2
见图1,本实施例的低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器结构。
探测器包括砷化镓衬底1、P型层3、本征层4、N型层5、阴极引出端6、阳极引出端7和钝化膜8。
P型层3、本征层4、N型层5、CdTe/ZnS双层钝化膜8按照从下向上的顺序生在砷化镓衬底1上;P型层材料为汞空位掺杂的碲镉汞,厚度为8μm,掺杂浓度为5×1015cm-3,宽120μm;将两个20μm宽,120μm长的长方形电极加在P型层两端以避免电极附近电场对本征层电场均匀度的影响;本征层掺杂浓度为1×1015cm-3,厚度为0.5μm;N型层的掺杂浓度为5×1018cm-3,厚度为3μm,N型层上有阳极引出端,电极下部的欧姆接触层为锡、厚度为10μm、上部的金属导电层Au、厚度为30μm,双层钝化膜8下层为CdTe上层为ZnS,红外辐射从P型背入射。
上述低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器结构的制作方法,包括以下步骤:
①在衬底砷化镓上,生长一层1mm的CdTe缓冲层(2);
②通过分子束外延技术或者垂直液相外延法在缓冲层上生长Hg空位掺杂的碲镉汞,形成8μm的P型碲镉汞薄层(3);
③采取MBE多层生长原位掺杂技术,精准原位掺杂生长0.5μm厚度的本征层(4)及3μm厚度的N型层(5);
④采取湿法腐蚀技术形成微台面,台面深度约为6μm;
⑤在台面表面生长CdTe与ZnS双层钝化层(8);
⑥使用盐酸及重铬酸溶液去除电极孔位置的双层钝化膜材料;
⑦在电极位置利用离子束溅射法,生长Sn/Au电极,与P型HgCdTe上形成良好的金半接触,作为阴极引出端(6),在N型HgCdTe上生长Sn/Au电极作为阳极引出端(7)。
图3是本发明中实施例2台面型雪崩二极管结构的暗电流随电压关系。它是在衬底材料为砷化镓,电极材料为锡/金,本征层厚度为0.5μm,本征层掺杂浓度为1×1015cm-3,P型层厚度为8μm,掺杂浓度为5×1015cm-3,N型层的掺杂浓度为5×1018cm-3,厚度为3μm时所对应的暗电流随电压关系。
实施例3
见图1,本实施例的低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器结构。
探测器包括碲化镉衬底1、P型层3、本征层4、N型层5、阴极引出端6、阳极引出端7和钝化膜8。
P型层3、本征层4、N型层5、CdTe/ZnS双层钝化膜8按照从下向上的顺序生在碲化镉衬底1上;P型层材料为汞空位掺杂的碲镉汞,厚度为7μm,掺杂浓度为1×1016cm-3,宽120μm;将两个20μm宽,120μm长的长方形电极加在P型层两端以避免电极附近电场对本征层电场均匀度的影响;本征层掺杂浓度为5×1015cm-3,厚度为0.5μm;N型层的掺杂浓度为8×1018cm-3,厚度为3μm,N型层上有阳极引出端,电极下部的欧姆接触层为铬、厚度为10μm、上部的金属导电层Au、厚度为30μm,双层钝化膜8下层为CdTe上层为ZnS,红外辐射从P型背入射。
上述低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器结构的制作方法,包括以下步骤:
①通过分子束外延技术或者垂直液相外延法在衬底上生长Hg空位掺杂的碲镉汞,形成7μm的P型碲镉汞薄层(3);
②采取MBE多层生长原位掺杂技术,精准原位掺杂生长0.5μm厚度的本征层(4)及3μm厚度的N型层(5);
③采取湿法腐蚀技术形成微台面,台面深度约为6μm;
④在台面表面生长CdTe与ZnS双层钝化层(8);
⑤使用盐酸及重铬酸溶液去除电极孔位置的双层钝化膜材料;
⑥在电极位置利用离子束溅射法,生长Cr/Au电极,与P型HgCdTe上形成良好的金半接触,作为阴极引出端(6),在N型HgCdTe上生长Cr/Au电极作为阳极引出端(7)。
图4是本发明中实施例3台面型雪崩二极管结构的暗电流随电压关系。它是在衬底材料为碲化镉,电极材料为铬/金,本征层厚度为0.5μm,本征层掺杂浓度为5×1015cm-3,P型层厚度为7μm,掺杂浓度为1×1016cm-3,N型层的掺杂浓度为8×1018cm-3,厚度为3μm时所对应的暗电流随电压关系。
实施例4
见图1,本实施例的低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器结构。
探测器包括衬底1、CdTe缓冲层2、P型层3、本征层4、N型层5、阴极引出端6、阳极引出端7和钝化膜8。
CdTe缓冲层2、P型层3、本征层4、N型层5、CdTe/ZnS双层钝化膜8按照从下向上的顺序生在Si衬底1上;P型层材料为汞空位掺杂的碲镉汞,厚度为9μm,掺杂浓度为1×1016cm-3,宽120μm;将两个20μm宽,120μm长的长方形电极加在P型层两端以避免电极附近电场对本征层电场均匀度的影响;本征层掺杂浓度为1×1016cm-3,厚度为0.2μm;N型层的掺杂浓度为1×1018cm-3,厚度为3.2μm,N型层上有阳极引出端,电极下部的欧姆接触层为铬、厚度为10μm、上部的金属导电层Au、厚度为30μm,双层钝化膜8下层为CdTe上层为ZnS,红外辐射从P型背入射。
上述低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器结构的制作方法,包括以下步骤:
①在衬底硅上,生长一层1mm的CdTe缓冲层(2);
②通过分子束外延技术或者垂直液相外延法在缓冲层上生长Hg空位掺杂的碲镉汞,形成9μm的P型碲镉汞薄层(3);
③采取MBE多层生长原位掺杂技术,精准原位掺杂生长0.2μm厚度的本征层(4)及3.2μm厚度的N型层(5);
④采取湿法腐蚀技术形成微台面,台面深度约为6μm;
⑤在台面表面生长CdTe与ZnS双层钝化层(8);
⑥使用盐酸及重铬酸溶液去除电极孔位置的双层钝化膜材料;
⑦在电极位置利用离子束溅射法,生长Cr/Au电极,与P型HgCdTe上形成良好的金半接触,作为阴极引出端(6),在N型HgCdTe上生长Cr/Au电极作为阳极引出端(7)。
图5是本发明中实施例4台面型雪崩二极管结构的暗电流随电压关系。它是在衬底材料为硅,电极材料为铬/金,本征层厚度为0.2μm,本征层掺杂浓度为1×1016cm-3,P型层厚度为9μm,掺杂浓度为1×1016cm-3,N型层的掺杂浓度为1×1018cm-3,厚度为3.2μm时所对应的暗电流随电压关系。
以上所述的具体实施例,对本发明的目的、技术方案和有益效果进行了进一步详细说明,所应理解的是,以上所述仅为本发明的具体实施例而已,并不用于限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器,包括衬底(1)、缓冲层(2)、P型层(3)、本征层(4)、N型层(5)、阴极引出端(6)、阳极引出端(7)、钝化层(8),其特征在于:
所述探测器的结构为:在所述的衬底(1)上依次生长缓冲层(2)、P型层(3)、本征层(4)、N型层(5)、钝化层(8);所述的阴极引出端(6)在横向距离本征层(4)20μm的衬底(1)上,阳极引出端(7)位于N型层(3)上面。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器,其特征在于,所述的衬底(1)材料为碲锌镉、砷化镓、碲化镉或硅。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器,其特征在于,所述的缓冲层(2)为碲化镉,厚度范围为0.8mm~1.2mm。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器,其特征在于,所述的P型层(3)为Hg空位掺杂的P型碲镉汞,厚度范围为7μm~9μm,掺杂浓度5×1015~1×1016cm-3。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器,其特征在于,所述本征层(4)为非故意掺杂的N-型碲镉汞,厚度范围在0.2μm~1μm,掺杂浓度为5×1014~1×1016cm-3。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器,其特征在于,所述的N型层(5)的掺杂浓度为1×1018cm-3~8×1018cm-3,厚度范围为2.8μm~3.2μm。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器,其特征在于,所述的阴极引出端(6)为Cr和Au或Sn和Au双层电极,下层与台面结构接触的欧姆接触层为铬或锡,上层金属导电层为金,位置在距离台面边缘18μm~22μm。
8.根据权利要求1所述的一种低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器,其特征在于,所述的阳极引出端(7)为Cr和Au或Sn和Au双层电极,下层与台面结构接触的欧姆接触层为铬或锡,上层金属导电层为金,位于N型层(5)中心。
9.根据权利要求1所述的一种低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器,其特征在于,所述的钝化膜(8)为CdTe与ZnS双层钝化膜,ZnS在下CdTe在上。
10.一种制备如权利要求1所述的一种低暗电流台面型雪崩单光子探测器的方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
①在衬底(1)上,生长一层0.8mm~1.2mm的CdTe缓冲层(2);
②通过分子束外延技术或者垂直液相外延法在缓冲层上生长Hg空位掺杂的碲镉汞,形成7μm~9μm的P型碲镉汞薄层(3);
③采取MBE多层生长原位掺杂技术,精准原位掺杂生长0.2μm~1μm厚度的本征层(4)及3μm厚度的N型层(5),形成PIN结构;
④采取湿法腐蚀技术形成微台面,台面深度为5μm~7μm;
⑤在台面表面生长CdTe与ZnS双层钝化膜,ZnS在下CdTe在上(8);
⑥使用盐酸及重铬酸溶液去除电极孔位置的双层钝化膜材料;
⑦在电极位置利用离子束溅射法,生长Cr和Au或Sn和Au双层电极,下层与台面结构接触的欧姆接触层为铬或锡,上层金属导电层为金,与P型HgCdTe上形成良好的金半接触,作为阴极引出端(6),在N型HgCdTe上生长为Cr/Au或Sn/Au双层电极,下层与台面结构接触的欧姆接触层为铬或锡,上层金属导电层为金,作为阳极引出端(7)。
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