CN103491781A - 包含二硫杂环己二烯四甲酰亚胺杀真菌剂的三元杀真菌组合物 - Google Patents
包含二硫杂环己二烯四甲酰亚胺杀真菌剂的三元杀真菌组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103491781A CN103491781A CN201280017541.4A CN201280017541A CN103491781A CN 103491781 A CN103491781 A CN 103491781A CN 201280017541 A CN201280017541 A CN 201280017541A CN 103491781 A CN103491781 A CN 103491781A
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/90—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
- A01N37/44—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing at least one carboxylic group or a thio analogue, or a derivative thereof, and a nitrogen atom attached to the same carbon skeleton by a single or double bond, this nitrogen atom not being a member of a derivative or of a thio analogue of a carboxylic group, e.g. amino-carboxylic acids
- A01N37/50—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing at least one carboxylic group or a thio analogue, or a derivative thereof, and a nitrogen atom attached to the same carbon skeleton by a single or double bond, this nitrogen atom not being a member of a derivative or of a thio analogue of a carboxylic group, e.g. amino-carboxylic acids the nitrogen atom being doubly bound to the carbon skeleton
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/64—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/647—Triazoles; Hydrogenated triazoles
- A01N43/653—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
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Abstract
本发明涉及活性化合物组合产品,特别是在杀真菌剂组合物中,其包含(A)式(I)的二硫杂环己二烯四甲酰亚胺、(B)麦角固醇生物合成的抑制剂(特别是唑类化合物)、和(C)呼吸链复合体III的抑制剂(特别是嗜球果伞素化合物)。此外,本发明涉及用于治疗性或预防性地控制植物或作物的植物病原性真菌的方法,涉及根据本发明的组合产品用于处理种子的用途,涉及用于保护种子并不仅是对于处理过的种子的方法。
Description
本发明涉及活性化合物组合产品,特别是在杀真菌剂组合物中,其包含(A)式(I)的二硫杂环己二烯四甲酰亚胺、(B) 麦角固醇生物合成的抑制剂(特别是唑类化合物)、和(C)呼吸链复合体III的抑制剂(特别是嗜球果伞素化合物)。此外,本发明涉及用于治疗性或预防性地控制植物或作物的植物病原性真菌的方法,涉及根据本发明的组合产品用于处理种子的用途,涉及用于保护种子并不仅是对于处理过的种子的方法。
这样的二硫杂环己二烯四甲酰亚胺是已知的。还已知这些化合物可以用作杀蠕虫剂、杀虫剂或杀真菌剂(参见US 3,364,229和WO
2010/043319)。此外,某些唑类,如戊唑醇和丙硫菌唑以及还有某些嗜球果伞素,例如,三氟敏和氟嘧菌酯具有杀真菌特性(参见DE-A 196 02 095、EP-A 0 281 842、EP-A
0 040 345、EP-A
0 460 575、WO 96/16048)。此外,还已知特别是二硫杂环己二烯四甲酰亚胺与一种其它活性成分的二元混合物在作物保护中可用于控制昆虫和真菌(参见WO 2011/029551、PCT/EP2010/067503)。
由于施用于如今的作物保护组合物的环境和经济要求不断提高,例如涉及作用谱、毒性、选择性、施用率、残余物的形成和有利的可制备性,以及此外还由于可能存在例如涉及抗性的问题,因此持久的任务是开发新型组合物,特别是杀真菌剂,其在一些领域中至少帮助满足上述要求。本发明提供了活性化合物组合产品/组合物,其在一些方面至少实现了上述目的。
目前已经意外地发现,根据本发明的组合产品不仅引起涉及原则上预期控制的植物病原体的作用谱的叠加增强,还实现了协同效应,该协同效应以两种方式扩大了组分(A)、(B)和(C)的作用范围。第一,组分的施用率可以降低,同时作用保持同等良好。第二,所述组合产品仍然实现高度的植物病原体控制,甚至在两种单个化合物已经在这样低的施用率范围内变成总体无效的情况下也如此。这一方面使得能够控制的植物病原体谱的大幅扩展,另一方面提高了使用安全性。
除了杀真菌协同活性之外,根据本发明的活性化合物组合产品具有其它出人意料的性质,其在更宽的意义上也可以被称为协同,例如将活性谱扩大至其它植物病原体,例如至植物病害的抗性菌株;活性化合物的更低的施用率;借助于根据本发明的活性化合物组合产品甚至以单个化合物显示没有或几乎没有活性的施用率有效控制害虫;在配制期间或在使用期间,例如在研磨、筛分、乳化、溶解或分配期间的有利性质;改善的储存稳定性和光稳定性;有利的残余物形成;改善的毒理学或生态毒理学性质;改善的植物特性,例如更好的生长、提高的收获率、更好发育的根系、更大的叶片面积、更绿的叶片、更强壮的枝条、需要更少的种子、更低的植物毒性、植物防御系统的迁移、与植物良好的相容性。因此,根据本发明的活性化合物组合产品或组合物的使用非常有助于保持年幼谷类群丛(stands)健康,其例如提高了处理的谷类种子的冬季存活以及防护品质和收率。此外,根据本发明的活性化合物组合产品可以有助于提高内吸作用。即使所述组合产品的单个化合物没有足够的内吸性质,根据本发明的活性化合物组合产品仍然可以具有这种性质。以类似的方式,根据本发明的活性化合物组合产品可以导致形成杀真菌作用的更高的长期效力。
因此,本发明提供了组合产品,其包含:
(A) 至少一种式(I)的二硫杂环己二烯四甲酰亚胺
其中R1和R2相同并表示甲基、乙基、正丙基或异丙基,并且n表示0或1,或其农用化学品上可接受的盐,
和(B) 至少一种麦角固醇生物合成的抑制剂
和(C) 至少一种呼吸链复合体III的抑制剂。
优选给出包含至少一种式(I)化合物的组合产品,所述式(I)化合物选自
(1.1) 2,6-二甲基-1H,5H-[1,4]二硫杂环己二烯并[2,3-c:5,6-c']二吡咯-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-四酮 (R1 = R2 = CH3, n = 0)
(1.2) 2,6-二乙基-1H,5H-[1,4]二硫杂环己二烯并[2,3-c:5,6-c']二吡咯-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-四酮 (R1 = R2 = C2H5,
n = 0)
(1.3) 2,6-二丙基-1H,5H-[1,4]二硫杂环己二烯并[2,3-c:5,6-c']二吡咯-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-四酮 (R1 = R2 = C3H7,
n = 0)
(1.4) 2,6-二异丙基-1H,5H-[1,4]二硫杂环己二烯并[2,3-c:5,6-c']二吡咯-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-四酮 (R1=R2=异- C3H7, n=0)
(1.5) 2,6-二甲基-1H,5H-[1,4]二硫杂环己二烯并[2,3-c:5,6-c']二吡咯-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-四酮 4-氧化物(R1=R2=CH3,
n=1)
优选给出包含至少一种麦角固醇生物合成的抑制剂的组合产品,所述麦角固醇生物合成的抑制剂选自:(2.1)aldimorph(1704-28-5)、(2.2)阿扎康唑(60207-31-0)、(2.3)联苯三唑醇(55179-31-2)、(2.4)糠菌唑(116255-48-2)、(2.5)环丙唑醇(113096-99-4)、(2.6)苄氯三唑醇(75736-33-3)、(2.7)苯醚甲环唑(119446-68-3)、(2.8)烯唑醇(83657-24-3)、(2.9)烯唑醇-M(83657-18-5)、(2.10)吗菌灵(1593-77-7)、(2.11)吗菌灵乙酸酯(31717-87-0)、(2.12)氟环唑(106325-08-0)、(2.13)乙环唑(60207-93-4)、(2.14)氯苯嘧啶醇(60168-88-9)、(2.15)腈苯唑(114369-43-6)、(2.16)环酰菌胺(126833-17-8)、(2.17)苯锈啶(67306-00-7)、(2.18)丁苯吗啉(67306-03-0)、(2.19)氟喹唑(136426-54-5)、(2.20)呋嘧醇(56425-91-3)、(2.21)氟硅唑(85509-19-9)、(2.22)粉唑醇(76674-21-0)、(2.23)呋菌唑(112839-33-5)、(2.24)呋醚唑(112839-32-4)、(2.25)己唑醇(79983-71-4)、(2.26)抑霉唑(60534-80-7)、(2.27)抑霉唑硫酸酯(58594-72-2)、(2.28)亚胺唑(86598-92-7)、(2.29)种菌唑(125225-28-7)、(2.30)叶菌唑(125116-23-6)、(2.31)腈菌唑(88671-89-0)、(2.32)萘替芬(65472-88-0)、(2.33)噻菌醇(63284-71-9)、(2.34)噁咪唑(174212-12-5)、(2.35)多效唑(76738-62-0)、(2.36)稻瘟酯(101903-30-4)、(2.37)戊菌唑(66246-88-6)、(2.38)哌丙灵(3478-94-2)、(2.39)咪鲜胺(67747-09-5)、(2.40)丙环唑(60207-90-1)、(2.41)丙硫菌唑(178928-70-6)、(2.42)稗草丹(88678-67-5)、(2.43)啶斑肟(88283-41-4)、(2.44)quinconazole(103970-75-8)、(2.45)硅氟唑(149508-90-7)、(2.46)螺环菌胺(118134-30-8)、(2.47)戊唑醇(107534-96-3)、(2.48)特比萘芬(91161-71-6)、(2.49)氟醚唑(112281-77-3)、(2.50)三唑酮(43121-43-3)、(2.51)三唑醇(89482-17-7)、(2.52)十三吗啉(81412-43-3)、(2.53)氟菌唑(68694-11-1)、(2.54)嗪氨灵(26644-46-2)、(2.55)灭菌唑(131983-72-7)、(2.56)烯效唑(83657-22-1)、(2.57)烯效唑-P(83657-17-4)、(2.58)烯霜苄唑(77174-66-4)、(2.59)伏立康唑(137234-62-9)、(2.60)1-(4-氯苯基)-2-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)环庚醇(129586-32-9)、(2.61)1-(2,2-二甲基-2,3-二氢-1H-茚-1-基)-1H-咪唑-5-甲酸甲酯(110323-95-0)、(2.62)N'-{5-(二氟甲基)-2-甲基-4-[3-(三甲基甲硅烷基)丙氧基]苯基}-N-乙基-N-甲基亚氨基(imido)甲酰胺、(2.63)N-乙基-N-甲基-N'-{2-甲基-5-(三氟甲基)-4-[3-(三甲基甲硅烷基)丙氧基]苯基}亚氨基甲酰胺和(2.64)O-[1-(4-甲氧基苯氧基)-3,3-二甲基丁-2-基] 1H-咪唑-1-硫代甲酸酯(111226-71-2)。
进一步优选给出包含至少一种麦角固醇生物合成的抑制剂的组合产品,所述麦角固醇生物合成的抑制剂选自:(2.3)联苯三唑醇、(2.5)环丙唑醇、(2.7)苯醚甲环唑、(2.12)氟环唑、(2.15)腈苯唑、(2.19)氟喹唑、(2.21)氟硅唑、(2.22)粉唑醇、(2.25)己唑醇、(2.30)叶菌唑、(2.31)腈菌唑、(2.37)戊菌唑、(2.40)丙环唑、(2.41)丙硫菌唑、(2.47)戊唑醇、(2.49)氟醚唑、(2.50)三唑酮、(2.51)三唑醇。
甚至进一步优选给出包含至少一种麦角固醇生物合成的抑制剂的组合产品,所述麦角固醇生物合成的抑制剂选自:(2.5)环丙唑醇、(2.12)氟环唑、(2.22)粉唑醇、(2.31)腈菌唑、(2.40)丙环唑、(2.41)丙硫菌唑、(2.47)戊唑醇。
优选给出包含至少一种呼吸链复合体III的抑制剂的组合产品,所述呼吸链复合体III的抑制剂选自:(3.1)唑嘧菌胺(865318-97-4)、(3.2)安美速(348635-87-0)、(3.3)嘧菌酯(131860-33-8)、(3.4)氰霜唑(120116-88-3)、(3.5) 甲香菌酯(850881-30-0),
(3.6)丁香菌酯(850881-70-8)、(3.7)醚菌胺(141600-52-4)、(3.8)烯肟菌酯(238410-11-2)
(WO 2004/058723)、(3.9)噁唑菌酮(131807-57-3) (WO 2004/058723)、(3.10)咪唑菌酮(161326-34-7)
(WO 2004/058723)、(3.11)
fenoxystrobin (918162-02-4)、(3.12)氟嘧菌酯(361377-29-9) (WO 2004/058723)、(3.13)醚菌酯(143390-89-0)
(WO 2004/058723)、(3.14)苯氧菌胺(133408-50-1) (WO 2004/058723)、(3.15)肟醚菌胺(189892-69-1)
(WO 2004/058723)、(3.16)啶氧菌酯(117428-22-5) (WO 2004/058723)、(3.17)吡唑醚菌酯(175013-18-0)
(WO 2004/058723)、(3.18)唑胺菌酯(915410-70-7) (WO 2004/058723)、(3.19)唑菌酯(862588-11-2)
(WO 2004/058723)、(3.20)pyribencarb(799247-52-2)
(WO 2004/058723)、(3.21)氯啶菌酯(902760-40-1)、(3.22)三氟敏(141517-21-7) (WO 2004/058723)、(3.23)(2E)-2-(2-{[6-(3-氯-2-甲基苯氧基)-5-氟嘧啶-4-基]氧基}苯基)-2-(甲氧基亚氨基)-N-甲基乙酰胺(WO 2004/058723)、(3.24)(2E)-2-(甲氧基亚氨基)-N-甲基-2-(2-{[({(1E)-1-[3-(三氟甲基)苯基]乙叉基}氨基)氧基]甲基}苯基)乙酰胺(WO 2004/058723)及其盐、(3.25)(2E)-2-(甲氧基亚氨基)-N-甲基-2-{2-[(E)-({1-[3-(三氟甲基)苯基]乙氧基}亚氨基)甲基]苯基}乙酰胺(158169-73-4)、(3.26)(2E)-2-{2-[({[(1E)-1-(3-{[(E)-1-氟-2-苯基乙烯基]氧基}苯基)乙叉基]氨基}氧基)甲基]苯基}-2-(甲氧基亚氨基)-N-甲基乙酰胺(326896-28-0)、(3.27)(2E)-2-{2-[({[(2E,3E)-4-(2,6-二氯苯基)丁-3-烯-2-叉基]氨基}氧基)甲基]苯基}-2-(甲氧基亚氨基)-N-甲基乙酰胺、(3.28)2-氯-N-(1,1,3-三甲基-2,3-二氢-1H-茚-4-基)吡啶-3-甲酰胺(119899-14-8)、(3.29)5-甲氧基-2-甲基-4-(2-{[({(1E)-1-[3-(三氟甲基)苯基]乙叉基}氨基)氧基]甲基}苯基)-2,4-二氢-3H-1,2,4-三唑-3-酮、(3.30)(2E)-2-{2-[({环丙基[(4-甲氧基苯基)亚氨基]甲基}硫烷基)甲基]苯基}-3-甲氧基丙-2-烯酸甲酯(149601-03-6)、(3.31)N-(3-乙基-3,5,5-三甲基环己基)-3-(甲酰基氨基)-2-羟基苯甲酰胺(226551-21-9)、(3.32)2-{2-[(2,5-二甲基苯氧基)甲基]苯基}-2-甲氧基-N-甲基乙酰胺(173662-97-0)、(3.33)(2R)-2-{2-[(2,5-二甲基苯氧基)甲基]苯基}-2-甲氧基-N-甲基乙酰胺(394657-24-0)及其盐。
进一步优选给出包含至少一种呼吸链复合体III的抑制剂的组合产品,所述呼吸链复合体III的抑制剂选自:(3.3)嘧菌酯、(3.12)氟嘧菌酯、(3.13)醚菌酯、(3.14)苯氧菌胺、(3.16)啶氧菌酯、(3.17)吡唑醚菌酯、(3.18)唑胺菌酯、(3.19)唑菌酯、(3.22)三氟敏。
甚至进一步优选给出包含至少一种呼吸链复合体III的抑制剂的组合产品,所述呼吸链复合体III的抑制剂选自:(3.3)嘧菌酯、(3.14)苯氧菌胺、(3.16)啶氧菌酯、(3.17)吡唑醚菌酯、(3.22)三氟敏。
还优选给出以下三元混合物,所述三元混合物选自由如下组成的组(G1):
还优选给出选自由组(G1)的成员组成的组(G4)的三元混合物,其中化合物(1.1)被化合物(1.2)所替代。
还优选给出选自由组(G2)的成员组成的组(G5)的三元混合物,其中化合物(1.1)被化合物(1.2)所替代。
还优选给出选自由组(G3)的成员组成的组(G6)的三元混合物,其中化合物(1.1)被化合物(1.2)所替代。
还优选给出选自由组(G1)的成员组成的组(G7)的三元混合物,其中化合物(1.1)被化合物(1.3)所替代。
还优选给出选自由组(G2)的成员组成的组(G8)的三元混合物,其中化合物(1.1)被化合物(1.3)所替代。
还优选给出选自由组(G3)的成员组成的组(G9)的三元混合物,其中化合物(1.1)被化合物(1.3)所替代。
还优选给出选自由组(G1)的成员组成的组(G10)的三元混合物,其中化合物(1.1)被化合物(1.4)所替代。
还优选给出选自由组(G2)的成员组成的组(G11)的三元混合物,其中化合物(1.1)被化合物(1.4)所替代。
还优选给出选自由组(G3)的成员组成的组(G12)的三元混合物,其中化合物(1.1)被化合物(1.4)所替代。
还优选给出选自由组(G1)的成员组成的组(G13)的三元混合物,其中化合物(1.1)被化合物(1.5)所替代。
还优选给出选自由组(G2)的成员组成的组(G14)的三元混合物,其中化合物(1.1)被化合物(1.5)所替代。
还优选给出选自由组(G3)的成员组成的组(G15)的三元混合物,其中化合物(1.1)被化合物(1.5)所替代。
如果根据本发明的活性化合物组合产品中的活性化合物以某些重量比存在,则协同效应尤其明显。然而,在所述活性化合物组合产品中的活性化合物的重量比可以在相对宽范围内变化。
通常,每份重量的式(I)的活性化合物(A)存在0.01至100份重量、优选0.05至20份重量、特别优选0.1至10份重量的组(B)的活性化合物和0.01至100份重量、优选0.05至20份重量、特别优选0.1至10份重量的组(C)的活性化合物。优选选择混合比例使得获得协同混合物。
在化合物(A)、(B)或(C)可以互变异构形式存在的情况下,在适用的情况下,可以在上文和下文中还将这样的化合物理解为包括相应的互变异构形式,甚至当这些物质没有在各情况下具体提及时也如此。
具有至少一个碱性中心的化合物(A)、(B)或(C)能够形成例如酸加成盐,例如与强无机酸,例如矿物酸,例如高氯酸、硫酸、硝酸、亚硝酸、磷酸或氢卤酸,与强有机羧酸,例如未取代的取代的,例如卤素取代的、C1-C4烷羧酸, 例如乙酸, 饱和或非饱和的二元羧酸,例如草酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、马来酸、富马酸和邻苯二甲酸,羟基羧酸,例如抗坏血酸、乳酸、苹果酸、酒石酸和柠檬酸、或苯甲酸,或与有机磺酸,例如未取代或取代的,例如卤素取代的,C1-C4烷基或芳基磺酸,例如甲磺酸或对甲苯磺酸。具有至少一个酸基团的化合物(A)、(B)或(C)能够形成例如与碱的盐,例如金属盐,例如碱金属盐或碱土金属盐,例如钠、钾或镁盐,或与氨或有机胺的盐,例如吗啉、哌啶、吡咯烷、单-、二-或三-低级烷基胺,例如乙基-、二乙基-、三乙基-或二甲基-丙基-胺,或单-、二-或三-羟基-低级烷基胺,例如单-、二-或三-乙醇胺。另外,可以任选形成相应的内盐。在本发明的上下文中,优选给出农用化学品有利的盐。鉴于游离形式和其盐形式的化合物(A)、(B)或(C)之间的紧密关系,在合适和方便的情况下,上文和下文中任何涉及游离的化合物(A)、(B)或(C)或涉及其盐的内容都应该理解为分别还包括相应的盐或游离化合物(A)、(B)或(C)。等价物也适用于化合物(A)、(B)或(C)的互变异构体并适用于其盐。
根据本发明,表述“组合产品”代表化合物(A)、(B)或(C)的各种组合产品,例如以单一的“即时混合”形式、以由单一活性化合物的单独配制或将单一活性化合物与其它两种组分的二元混合物组合而组成的组合的喷射混合物的形式如“罐式混合”,和当以相继方式施用时的单一活性成分的组合使用,即在合理的短时间内如几小时或几天内的一个接在另一个之后的方式。优选地,施用化合物(A)、(B)或(C)的顺序对于本发明的实施不重要。
本发明此外还涉及用于对抗/控制不期望的微生物的包含根据本发明的活性化合物组合产品的组合物。优选地,所述组合物为包含农业上适用的助剂、溶剂、载体、表面活性剂或增量剂的杀真菌组合物。
此外,本发明涉及对抗不期望的微生物的方法,其特征在于将根据本发明的活性化合物组合产品施用于植物病原性真菌和/或它们的生境。
根据本发明,载体被理解为是指天然的或合成的有机或无机物质,其与所述活性物质混合或组合以更好地适用,特别是施用于植物或植物部分或种子。可为固态或者液态的所述载体一般是惰性的且应该适用于农业。
合适的固体或液体载体为:例如铵盐和天然的磨碎矿石,如高岭土、粘土、滑石、白垩、石英、凹凸棒石、蒙脱石或硅藻土,以及合成的磨碎矿石,如细碎的二氧化硅、氧化铝及天然或合成的硅酸盐、树脂、蜡、固体肥料、水、醇尤其是丁醇、有机溶剂、矿物油和植物油以及它们的衍生物。还可使用这些载体的混合物。适宜的用于粒剂的固体载体为:例如粉碎并分级的天然矿石,例如方解石、大理石、浮石、海泡石、白云石,以及合成的无机和有机粉的颗粒,以及有机材料的颗粒,如锯末、椰壳、玉米棒子及烟草杆。
合适的液化的气态增量剂或载体是这样的液体,其在常温和常压下是气体,例如气溶胶喷射剂,如丁烷、丙烷、氮气和二氧化碳。
在制剂中可使用胶粘剂如羧甲基纤维素,粉末、颗粒或胶乳形式的天然及合成的聚合物,如阿拉伯树胶、聚乙烯醇、聚乙酸乙烯酯,或者其它天然磷脂,如脑磷脂和卵磷脂以及合成磷脂。其它可行的添加剂为矿物油和植物油和蜡,任选为改性的。
如果使用的增量剂为水,也可用例如使用有机溶剂作为助溶剂。合适的液体溶剂主要为:芳族化合物,如二甲苯、甲苯或烷基萘;氯化的芳族化合物或氯化的脂族烃,如氯苯、氯乙烯或二氯甲烷;脂族烃,如环己烷或石蜡,例如矿物油馏分、矿物油和植物油;醇类,如丁醇或乙二醇以及它们的醚和酯,酮类,如丙酮、甲乙酮、甲基异丁基酮或环己酮;强极性溶剂,如二甲基甲酰胺和二甲亚砜,以及水。
根据本发明的组合物还可进一步包含另外的组分,例如表面活性剂。合适的表面活性剂为具有离子或非离子特性的乳化剂、分散剂或润湿剂、或这些表面活性剂的混合物。这些物质的实例为聚丙烯酸的盐、木素磺酸的盐、苯酚磺酸或萘磺酸的盐、环氧乙烷与脂肪醇或与脂肪酸或与脂肪胺的缩聚物、取代的酚类(优选烷基酚或芳基酚)、磺基琥珀酸酯的盐、牛磺酸衍生物(优选牛磺酸烷基酯)、聚乙氧基化的醇或酚的磷酸酯、多元醇的脂肪酸酯,以及含有硫酸酯、磺酸酯和磷酸酯的化合物的衍生物。如果一种活性化合物和/或一种惰性载体是不溶于水的,并且该应用是在水中进行的,则要求存在表面活性剂。表面活性剂的比例是根据本发明的组合物的5-40重量%。
可以使用着色剂,如无机颜料,例如氧化铁、氧化钛、普鲁士蓝,和有机染料,如茜素染料、偶氮染料和金属酞菁染料,以及痕量营养物质,如铁、锰、硼、铜、钴、钼以及锌的盐。
如何合适的话,也可存在其它附加组分,例如保护性胶体、粘结剂、粘合剂、增稠剂、触变物质、渗透剂、稳定剂、多价螯合剂、络合形成剂(complex
former)。一般说来,所述活性化合物可以与通常用于制剂目的的任何固体或液体添加剂组合。
一般而言,根据本发明的组合物含有0.05-99重量%、0.01-98重量%、优选为0.1-95重量%、特别优选0.5-90重量%、非常特别优选10-70重量%的根据本发明的活性化合物组合产品。
根据本发明的活性化合物组合产品或组合物可以以原样使用、或取决于它们各自的物理和/或化学性质以它们的制剂形式或由此制成的使用形式来使用,如气溶胶、胶囊悬浮剂、冷雾化浓缩剂、热雾化浓缩剂、胶囊粒剂、细粒剂、用于种子处理的可流动浓缩剂、即用型溶液、可喷洒粉剂、可乳化浓缩剂、水包油型乳剂、油包水型乳剂、大颗粒剂、微颗粒剂、油可分散粉末、油可混溶可流动浓缩剂、油可混溶液体、泡沫剂、糊剂、杀虫剂涂布的种子、悬浮浓缩剂、悬浮-乳化-浓缩剂、可溶浓缩剂、悬浮剂、可润湿粉剂、可溶性粉剂、粉剂和颗粒剂、水可溶性颗粒剂或片剂、用于种子处理的水可溶性粉剂、可湿性粉剂、用活性化合物浸渍的天然产物以及合成物,以及在聚合物物质中和种子涂布材料中的微胶囊,以及ULV冷雾化-和热雾化制剂。
可以以本身已知的方法制备所提及的制剂,例如通过将活性化合物或活性化合物组合产品与至少一种添加剂混合。合适的添加剂为所有常规制剂助剂,例如有机溶剂、增量剂、溶剂或稀释剂、固体载体和填料、表面活性剂(如助剂、乳化剂、分散剂、保护性胶体、润湿剂和胶粘剂)、分散剂和/或粘合剂或固定剂、防腐剂、染料和颜料、消泡剂、无机和有机增稠剂、憎水剂、如果合适的话干燥剂和UV稳定剂、赤霉素和水以及其它加工助剂。取决于在各种情况下制备的制剂类型,可能需要其它加工步骤,例如湿磨、干磨或造粒。
根据本发明的组合物不仅包括可用适合的装置施用到植物或种子上的即用型组合物,还包括使用前必须用水稀释的市售浓缩剂。
根据本发明的活性化合物组合产品可以作为与其它(已知的)活性化合物的混合物存在于(市售的)制剂中以及在由这些制剂制备的使用形式中,所述其它(已知的)活性化合物如杀虫剂、引诱剂、消毒剂、杀细菌剂、杀螨剂、杀线虫剂、杀真菌剂、生长调节剂、除草剂、肥料、安全剂和化学信息素。
根据本发明用活性化合物或组合物对植物及植物部分的处理通过使用常规处理方法直接进行或通过作用于其环境、生境或贮存空间进行,所述常规处理方法为例如通过浸渍、喷射、雾化、灌溉、蒸发、撒粉、雾化、撒播、发泡、涂布、涂铺、浇灌(浸润)、滴灌,以及在繁殖材料,特别是在种子的情况中,此外通过结壳、通过用一层或多层涂覆等作为用于干种子处理的粉末、用于种子处理的溶液、用于浆液处理的水溶性粉末。此外,还可通过超低容量法施用活性化合物或将活性化合物制剂或活性化合物本身注射到土壤中。
此外,本发明包括用于处理种子的方法。此外,本发明还涉及根据前述段落中描述的方法之一处理的种子。
根据本发明的活性化合物或组合物也特别适合处理种子。大部分的由有害生物体引起的作物损害是由于在储存期间或播种后以及在植物发芽过程中或发芽后的种子的侵害而引起的。由于生长期植物的根和枝条特别敏感并且即使小的损害也能导致植物的死亡,因此这个阶段是特别关键的。因此通过使用合适的组合物保护种子和发芽的植物具有重要意义。
通过处理植物的种子来控制植物病原性真菌已经为人所知很久了,并且是不断改进的主题。然而,种子处理引起不能总是以满意的方式解决的一系列问题。因此,期望开发保护种子和发芽植物的方法,该方法使得在播种后或植物发芽后而无需额外施用作物保护剂或至少显著地减少额外施用。此外,期望如下优化所使用的活性化合物的量,以最大程度地提供种子和发芽植物的保护以免受植物病原性真菌的侵袭,而没有使植物本身受到所使用的活性化合物的损害。特别是,处理种子的方法还应该考虑到转基因植物的固有杀菌性质,以实现最大化地保护种子和发芽植物,同时使用最少量的作物保护剂。
因此,本发明也特别涉及通过用根据本发明的组合物来处理种子以保护种子和发芽植物免受植物病原性真菌侵袭的方法。本发明还涉及根据本发明的组合物在处理种子以保护种子和发芽植物免受植物病原性真菌的用途。此外,本发明涉及用根据本发明的组合物处理以保护免受植物病原性真菌侵害的种子。
危害出芽后植物的植物病原性真菌的控制主要通过使用作物保护组合物处理土壤和植物的地上部分来进行。由于考虑到作物保护组合物对环境以及人和动物的健康可能产生影响,因此努力减少活性化合物的施用量。
本发明的一个优点在于,由于根据本发明的组合物特别的内吸性,用这些组合物处理种子不仅保护了种子本身,而且还保护了出苗后所得的植物免受植物病原性真菌侵袭。以此方式,可以无需在播种时或播种后不久即时处理作物。
同样视为优势的是,根据本发明的混合物尤其也可以用于由该种子生长的植物能够表达起杀虫作用的蛋白的转基因种子中。通过使用根据本发明的活性化合物组合产品或组合物处理这样的种子,可以通过表达例如杀虫蛋白来控制某些害虫。让人意料不到的是,在此可以观察到进一步的协同效果,该协同效果另外增加抵抗害虫侵袭的效果。
根据本发明的组合物适于保护在农业中、温室中、林业中或园艺-或葡萄栽培中使用的任何植物品种的种子。特别地,其采用的种子形式为谷类(如小麦、大麦、黑麦、黑小麦、稷、燕麦)、玉蜀黍(玉米)、棉花、大豆、水稻、马铃薯、向日葵、菜豆、咖啡、甜菜(例如糖用甜菜和饲用甜菜)、花生、油菜、罂粟、橄榄、椰子、可可、甘蔗、烟草,蔬菜(如番茄、黄瓜、洋葱和莴苣)、草坪草以及装饰用植物(也见下文)。谷类(如小麦、大麦、黑麦、黑小麦和燕麦)、玉米(玉米)以及水稻的种子的处理是至关重要的。
同样进一步如下所述,使用根据本发明的活性化合物组合产品或组合物处理转基因种子是至关重要的。这涉及含有至少一种使具有杀虫特性的多肽或蛋白表达的异源基因的植物种子。在转基因种子中的异源基因可以例如源自下述种的微生物:芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)、根瘤菌(Rhizobium)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)、沙雷菌(Serratia)、木霉(Trichoderma)、棍状杆菌(Clavibacter)、球囊霉(Glomus)或粘帚霉(Gliocladium)。优选地,这些异源基因来自芽孢杆菌种(Bacillus
sp.),其中该基因产物具有抗欧洲玉米螟和/或西方玉米根虫的活性。所述异源基因特别优选源自苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)。
在本发明的上下文中,根据本发明的活性化合物组合产品或组合物单独地或以适宜的制剂形式施用于种子。优选地在充分稳定以至于处理没有引起任何损害的状态下处理种子。通常,可在采摘和播种之间的任意时间点进行处理种子。通常所使用的种子从植物分离并且从穗轴、壳、茎、表皮、毛或果肉分离出。因此,可以使用例如,已被采摘、清洁及干燥至含水量低于15重量%的种子。可选择地,也可以使用干燥后例如用水处理,并然后又再次干燥的种子。
当处理种子时,通常必须注意如此选择施用于种子的根据本发明的组合物的量和/或其它添加剂的量,以至于没有负面影响种子的发芽,或者没有损害生成的植物。这一点尤其在一定施用率下可能具有植物毒性效应的活性化合物的情况下必须要注意。
根据本发明的组合物可以直接施用,换言之不包含其它组分,并且尚未稀释。通常,可优选以适宜的制剂形式将组合物施用于种子。适宜的用于处理种子的制剂及方法是本领域技术人员已知的,且描述于例如下列文献中:US
4,272,417、US 4,245,432、US 4,808,430、US
5,876,739、US 2003/0176428 A1、WO 2002/080675、WO
2002/028186。
根据本发明可使用的活性化合物组合产品可被转化成常规拌种剂制剂,如溶液、乳剂、悬浮液、粉剂、泡沫剂、浆液或其它用于种子的包衣料,以及ULV制剂。
通过将活性化合物或活性化合物组合产品与常规添加剂混合以已知的方式来制备这些制剂,所述常规添加剂为例如常规增量剂以及溶剂或稀释剂、着色剂、润湿剂、分散剂、乳化剂、消泡剂、防腐剂、二次增稠剂、粘合剂、赤霉素以及水。
可以存在于根据本发明使用的拌种剂制剂中的合适的着色剂包括所有用于此目的常规着色剂。可使用微溶于水的颜料,也可以使用溶于水的染料。可提及的实例包括以如下名称已知的着色剂:罗丹明B、C.I. 颜料红112以及C.I.溶剂红1。
可以存在于根据本发明可使用的拌种剂制剂中的合适的润湿剂包括促进润湿的并通常在农用化学活性物质制剂中的所有物质。优选可使用的是萘磺酸烷基酯,如萘磺酸二异丙酯或萘磺酸二异丁酯。
可以存在于根据本发明可使用的拌种剂制剂中的合适的分散剂和/或乳化剂包括通常在农用化学活性物质制剂中的所有非离子、阴离子及阳离子分散剂。优选可使用非离子或阴离子分散剂或者非离子或阴离子分散剂的混合物。特别合适的非离子分散剂是环氧乙烷-环氧丙烷嵌段聚合物、烷基苯酚聚乙二醇醚和三苯乙烯苯酚聚乙二醇醚,及它们的磷酸盐化/酯化或硫酸盐化/酯化的衍生物。适合的阴离子分散剂尤其是木素磺酸盐、聚丙烯酸盐和芳基磺酸酯-甲醛缩合物。
根据本发明使用的拌种剂制剂中可以存在的消泡剂包括通常在农用化学活性化合物制剂中的所有抑制泡沫的化合物。优选给出使用硅酮消泡剂、硬脂酸镁、硅酮乳剂、长链醇、脂肪酸及其盐,以及有机氟化合物及其混合物。
可以存在于根据本发明使用的拌种剂制剂中的防腐剂包括可以在农用化学组合物中用于此目的的所有化合物。以举例方式可提及的由二氯芬和苄醇半缩甲醛组成。
可以存在于根据本发明使用的拌种剂制剂中的二次增稠剂包括在农用化学组合物中可用于此目的的所有化合物。优选给出纤维素衍生物、丙烯酸衍生物、多糖如黄原胶或Veegum、改性粘土、页硅酸盐如绿坡缕石和膨润土,以及细碎硅酸。
可以存在于根据本发明使用的拌种剂制剂中的合适的粘合剂包括可以在拌种剂中使用的所有常规粘结剂。优选可提及聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚乙烯醇和纤基乙酸钠(tylose)。
可以存在于根据本发明使用的拌种剂制剂中的合适的赤霉素,优选为赤霉素A1、A3(=赤霉酸)、A4和A7;特别优选给出使用赤霉酸。赤霉素是已知的(参见R. Wegler“Chemie der
Pflanzenschutz-and Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel”[Chemistry of Crop Protection Agents and Pesticides], 第2卷, Springer
Verlag, 1970, 第401-412页)。
根据本发明可使用的拌种剂制剂可以直接使用或预先用水稀释后用于处理多种类型的任意类型的种子。可以根据本发明使用的拌种剂制剂或其稀释制剂也可以用于转基因植物的拌种。在该情况下,在与通过表达所形成的物质的相互作用中也可产生协同效应。
用于采用可以根据本发明使用的拌种剂制剂或通过加入水由它们制备的制品来处理种子的合适的混合装置包括所有通常可以用于拌种的混合装置。拌种时采取的具体工序包括将种子引入混合机中,加入特定需要量的拌种制剂,或者按照原样或者遵循事先用水稀释,并且进行混合直到所述制剂均匀分布在种子上。任选地,然后进行干燥操作。
根据本发明的活性化合物或组合物具有强的杀微生物活性,并可在作物保护中和材料保护中用于控制不需要的微生物,如真菌和细菌。
在作物保护中,杀真菌剂可用于控制根肿菌纲、卵菌纲、壶菌纲、接合菌纲、子囊菌纲、担子菌纲及半知菌纲。
在作物保护中,杀细菌剂可用于控制假单胞菌科,根瘤菌科,肠杆菌科,棒状杆菌科以及链霉菌科。
根据本发明的杀真菌组合物可用于治疗性或保护性地控制植物病原性真菌。因此,本发明还涉及通过使用根据本发明的活性化合物组合产品或组合物来控制植物病原性真菌的治疗和保护方法,所述组合产品或组合物被施用到种子、植物或植物部分、果实或植物在其中生长的土壤中。优选给出施用到植物或植物部分、果实或植物在其中生长的土壤中。
在作物保护中用于对抗植物病原性真菌的根据本发明的组合物包含有活性的,但无植物毒性的量的根据本发明的化合物。“有活性的,但无植物毒性的量”应该指根据本发明的组合物的量,其足以控制或完全杀灭真菌导致的植物病害,这样的量同时没有展示出明显的植物毒性症状。通常,这些施用率可在更大的范围内变化,该施用率取决于几种因素,例如,取决于植物病原性真菌、植物或作物、气候条件以及根据本发明的组合物的成分。
在控制植物疾病所需浓度下,活性化合物很好地受到植物良好耐受的事实允许对气生植物部分、对营养繁殖材料和种子,以及对土壤的处理。
根据本发明,可处理所有植物或植物部分。此处植物的含义理解为所有植物和植物种群,如想要的和不想要的野生植物或作物植物(包括天然存在的作物植物)。作物植物可为通过常规育种和优选法或通过生物技术和基因工程方法或通过这些方法的结合而得到的植物,包括转基因植物且包括受或不受植物品种保护权(plant
variety protection rights)保护的植物栽培品种。植物部分的含义理解为植物所有地上和地下部分和植物器官,如枝、叶、花和根,可提到的实例是叶、针叶、茎、干、花、子实体、果实和种子以及根、块茎和根茎。植物部分也包括采收物以及无性繁殖和有性繁殖材料,例如幼苗、块茎、根茎、插枝和种子。优选给出处理植物和植物地上和地下部分和植物器官,如芽、叶、花和根,可提到的实例是叶、针叶、茎、干、花和果实。
本发明的活性化合物以及良好的植物抗性、有利的温血动物毒性和良好的环境相容性适合于保护植物和植物器官,适合于增加收获产量、提高收获材料的品质。它们优选可用作作物保护剂。它们对常规的敏感和抗性物种以及对于所有或一些发育阶段具有活性。
可提到下列植物作为可根据本发明处理的植物:棉花、亚麻、葡萄藤、水果、蔬菜,如蔷薇科属种(Rosaceae sp.)(例如梨果,如苹果和梨,以及核果,如杏、樱桃、扁桃和桃, 以及无核小水果,如草莓)、Ribesioidae sp.、胡桃科属种(Juglandaceae
sp.)、桦木科属种(Betulaceae sp.)、漆树科属种(Anacardiaceae sp.)、壳斗科属种(Fagaceae
sp.)、桑科属种(Moraceae sp.)、木犀科属种(Oleaceae sp.)、猕猴桃科属种(Actinidaceae
sp.)、樟科属种(Lauraceae sp.)、芭蕉科属种(Musaceae sp.)(例如香蕉树和香蕉种植园)、茜草科属种(Rubiaceae sp.)(例如咖啡)、山茶科属种(Theaceae sp.)、梧桐科属种(Sterculiceae
sp.)、芸香科属种(Rutaceae sp.)(例如柠檬、橙和葡萄柚);茄科属种 (Solanaceae
sp.)(例如番茄)、百合科属种(Liliaceae
sp.)、紫菀科属种(Asteraceae sp.)(例如莴苣)、伞形科属种(Umbelliferae
sp.)、十字花科属种(Cruciferae sp.)、 藜科属种(Chenopodiaceae sp.)、葫芦科属种(Cucurbitaceae sp.)(例如黄瓜)、葱科属种(Alliaceae sp.)(例如韭葱、洋葱)、蝶形花科属种(Papilionaceae sp.)(例如豌豆);重要的作物植物例如禾本科属种(Gramineae sp.)(例如玉蜀黍、草坪草、谷类如小麦、黑麦、水稻、大麦、燕麦、小米和黑小麦)、禾本科属种(Poaceae sp. ) (例如甘蔗)、紫菀科属种(Asteraceae sp.)(例如向日葵)、Brassicaceae sp. (例如白球甘蓝、红球甘蓝、球花甘蓝、花椰菜、抱子甘蓝、小白菜 (pak choi)、球茎甘蓝、小红萝卜以及油菜、芥菜、辣根(horseradish)和水芹)、豆科属种 (Fabacae sp.)(例如蚕豆、豌豆、花生)、蝶形花科属种(Papilionaceae
sp.)(例如大豆)、茄科属种(Solanaceae
sp.)(例如马铃薯)、藜科属种(Chenopodiaceae
sp.)(例如糖用甜菜、饲用甜菜、瑞士甜菜、甜菜根);园林和森林中的作物植物和观赏植物;以及这些植物各自的经遗传修饰品种。
如上面已经提到的,所有的植物和它们的部分均可根据本发明进行处理。在一个优选的实施方案中,对野生的或者通过常规生物育种方法,如杂交或原生质体融合得到的植物种类和植物栽培品种及其部分进行处理。在另一优选的实施方案中,对通过基因工程方法(如果合适的话与常规方法结合)获得的转基因植物和植物栽培品种(基因修饰生物)及其部分进行处理。术语“部分”、“植物的部分”和“植物部分”已在上文解释。特别优选地,根据本发明对在各种情况下市售可得的或正在使用的植物栽培品种的植物进行处理。植物栽培品种被理解为是指通过传统育种、通过诱变或通过重组DNA技术已经获得的具有新性质(“特性”)的植物。它们可以是栽培品种、生物型或基因型。
根据本发明的处理方法用于处理遗传修饰生物(GMOs),例如,植物或种子。遗传修饰植物(或转基因植物)是异源基因已经被稳定整合成基因组的植物。表述“异源基因”基本上是指这样一种基因,其在植物以外提供或装配,并在引入核基因组、叶绿体基因组或线粒体基因组中时可以通过表达目的蛋白或多肽或者通过下调或沉默植物中存在的一种或多种其它基因(使用例如反义技术、共抑制技术或RNA干扰-RNAi-技术)给予所转化的植物新的或改善的农学或其它特性。位于基因组中的异源基因同样被称为转基因。由其在植物基因组中特定位置定义的转基因称为转化-或转基因事件。
取决于植物种类或植物栽培品种,其位置及其生长条件(土壤、气候、生长期、营养),根据本发明的处理还可产生超累加(“协同”)效应。由此,可以实现例如如下超过实际预期的效果:降低根据本发明可使用的活性化合物和组合物的施用率和/或拓宽其活性谱和/或提高其活性、改善植物生长、提高耐高温或耐温抗性、提高对干旱或者对水或土壤盐含量的抗性、提高开花性能、更容易采收、加速成熟、更高的采收产率、果实更大、植物高度更高、叶色更绿、开花更早、采收产品的品质更高和/或营养价值更高、果实中的糖浓度更高、改善采收产品的贮存稳定性和/或可加工性能。
以某些施用率,根据本发明的活性化合物组合产品还可能对植物具有强化作用。因此,它们也适于调动植物的防御系统来对抗由不想要的植物病原性真菌和/或微生物和/或病毒导致的侵害。如果合适的话,这可能是根据本发明的组合产品例如对真菌的活性提高的可能的原因之一。在本文上下文中,植物强化(抗性诱导)物质被理解为是指这样的物质或物质组合产品,其能够如此刺激植物的防御系统,以至于当随后被不需要的植物病原性真菌和/或微生物和/或病毒接种时,经处理的植物显示出对这些植物病原性真菌和/或微生物和/或病毒相当大的抵抗度。因此,根据本发明的物质可以用于在处理后的某一段时间内保护植物对抗上述病原体的侵害。在以该活性化合物处理植物之后,获得保护效果的时间通常持续1到10天,优选1到7天。
优选根据本发明处理的植物和植物栽培品种包括所有具有遗传材料的植物,所述遗传材料赋予这些植物特别有利的、有用的特征(无论是通过育种和/或生物工程方式获得)。
同样优选根据本发明处理的植物和植物栽培品种耐受一种或多种生物胁迫,即所述植物显示出对动物和微生物有害物(如线虫类、昆虫、螨类、植物病原性真菌、细菌、病毒和/或类病毒)的更好的抵御。
同样可根据本发明处理的植物和植物栽培品种是耐受一种或多种非生物胁迫的那些植物。非生物胁迫条件可包括,例如,干旱、低温暴露、热暴露、渗透胁迫、涝、增加的土壤盐含量、增加的矿物曝露、臭氧暴露、强光暴露、氮养分有限的可利用率、磷养分有限的可利用率、避免遮光。
同样可根据本发明处理的植物和植物栽培品种是特征在于提高的产率特性的那些植物。在所述植物中,提高的产量可以归因于,例如,改进的植物生理、生长和发育如水分利用效率、保水效率、改进的氮利用、提高的碳素同化作用、改进的光合作用、提高的发芽率以及加速成熟。此外,产量会受改进的植物结构(在胁迫-及非胁迫条件下)的进一步影响,包括但不限于提早开花、对生产杂交种子的开花控制、秧苗势、植物大小、节间数和距离、根系生长、种子大小、果实大小、荚果大小、荚果数或穗数、每个荚果或穗的种子数、种子质量、提高的种子饱满度、降低的种子传播、降低的荚果开裂和抗倒伏性。其它产量特征包括种子组成,例如碳水化合物含量、蛋白质含量、油含量和组成、营养价值、对营养不利的化合物的减少、改进的可加工性和改进的存储稳定性。
可根据本发明处理的植物为已经表现出杂种优势或杂交优势特征的杂交植物,所述杂交植物通常导致更高的产量、更高的活力、更好的健康度和更好的对生物及非生物胁迫因素的抗性。这样的植物通常由一种自交雄性不育株亲系(母本)与另一种自交雄性能育亲系(父本)杂交得到。杂种种子通常从雄性不育植物上采收并售给栽培者。雄性不育植物有时(例如,在玉米中)可以通过去雄花穗(即机械去除雄性性器官或雄花)制得;但是,更通常地,雄性不育性由植物基因组中的遗传决定子获得。这种情况下,尤其是当希望从杂交植物采收的产品是种子时,确保杂种植物的雄性能育性完全恢复通常是有用的。这可以通过确保父本具有合适的能够恢复杂种植物中雄性能育性的育性恢复基因而实现,所述杂种植物包含造成雄性不育的遗传决定子。雄性不育的遗传决定子可位于细胞质中。细胞质雄性不育(CMS)的实例在例如芸苔属中描述。然而,雄性不育遗传决定子也可以位于核基因组中。雄性不育植物也可以通过植物生物技术法例如遗传工程来得到。WO
89/10396描述了一种得到雄性不育植物的特别有用的方法,其中例如核糖核酸酶如芽孢杆菌RNA酶在雄蕊中的绒毡层细胞中选择性地表达。然后能育性可以通过绒毡层细胞中核糖核酸酶抑制剂例如芽孢杆菌RNA酶抑制剂的表达来恢复。
可根据本发明处理的植物或植物栽培品种(通过植物生物技术方法例如遗传工程得到)为除草剂抗性植物,即耐受一种或多种给定的除草剂的植物。这样的植物可以通过遗传转化,或通过选择包含赋予这样的除草剂抗性的突变的植物来得到。
除草剂抗性植物例如为耐受草甘膦的植物,即耐受除草剂草甘膦或其盐的植物。植物可以通过不同的方式耐受草甘膦。例如,草甘膦抗性植物可以通过用编码酶5-烯醇丙酮酰基莽草酸-3-磷酸合酶(5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate
synthase)(EPSPS)的基因转化植物而获得。这样的EPSPS基因的实例为细菌鼠伤寒沙门菌(Salmonella typhimurium)的AroA基因(突变体CT7)、细菌农杆菌(Agrobacterium
sp.)的CP4基因、编码矮牵牛的EPSPS、番茄的EPSPS或牛筋草(Eleusine)的EPSPS的基因。也可以是突变的EPSPS。草甘膦抗性植物也可以通过表达编码草甘膦氧化还原酶-酶的基因来得到。草甘膦抗性植物也可以通过表达编码草甘膦乙酰基转移酶-酶的基因来得到。草甘膦抗性植物也可以通过选择包含上述基因的天然发生突变的植物来得到。
其它除草剂抗性植物是例如那些耐受抑制酶谷氨酰胺合成酶的除草剂如双丙氨膦、草胺膦(Phosphinotricin)或草铵膦的植物。这样的植物可以通过表达如下的酶来得到,所述酶解除除草剂或者耐受抑制作用的谷氨酰胺合成酶的酶突变体的毒性。一种这样有效的解毒酶是编码草胺膦乙酰转移酶的酶(例如链霉菌属各种的bar-或pat-蛋白)。表达外源草胺膦乙酰转移酶的植物也有所描述。
其它除草剂抗性植物也可为耐受抑制酶羟基苯丙酮酸双加氧酶(HPPD)的除草剂的植物。羟基苯丙酮酸双加氧酶是催化对羟基苯丙酮酸(HPP)转变为尿黑酸的反应的酶。耐受HPPD抑制剂的植物可以用编码天然存在的抗HPPD的酶的基因或者编码突变的HPPD酶的基因进行转化。通过用编码某些能形成尿黑酸的酶的基因转化植物,也可以得到对HPPD抑制剂的抗性,尽管HPPD抑制剂抑制天然的HPPD酶。除了使用编码HPPD耐受酶的基因以外,通过用编码酶预苯酸脱氢酶的基因转化植物,也可以提高植物对HPPD抑制剂的抗性。
其它除草剂抗性植物是耐受乙酰乳酸合酶(ALS)抑制剂的植物。已知的ALS抑制剂包括,例如磺酰脲、咪唑啉酮、三唑并嘧啶类、嘧啶基氧基(硫代)苯甲酸酯类和/或磺酰基氨基羰基三唑啉酮除草剂。已知酶ALS酶(同样被称为乙酰羟酸合酶,AHAS)中不同突变赋予对不同除草剂和除草剂组的抗性。WO 1996/033270中记载了磺酰脲抗性植物和咪唑啉酮抗性植物的产生。也记载了其它咪唑啉酮抗性植物。此外在例如WO 2007/024782中还记载了磺酰脲-和咪唑啉酮-抗性植物。
通过诱导的诱变、在除草剂存在下的细胞培养物中的选择或者通过诱变育种,可以得到其它耐受咪唑啉酮和/或磺酰脲的植物,如大豆、水稻、甜菜、莴苣、或向日葵。
同样可根据本发明处理的植物或植物栽培品种(通过植物生物技术方法如遗传工程得到)是具有昆虫抗性的转基因植物,即对某些目标昆虫的侵害具有抗性的植物。这样的植物可以通过遗传转化得到,或者通过选择包含赋予这样的昆虫抗性的突变的植物而得到。
如本文中所使用的“昆虫抗性的转基因植物”包括包含至少一个转基因的任意植物,所述转基因包括编码下列蛋白的编码序列:
1) 苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)的杀虫晶体蛋白或其杀虫部分,诸如在线在http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/Home/Neil_Crickmore/Bt/列出的杀虫晶体蛋白或其杀虫部分,例如Cry蛋白类别Cry1Ab、Cry1Ac、Cry1F、Cry2Ab、Cry3Aa或Cry3Bb的蛋白或其杀虫部分;或者
2) 苏云金芽孢杆菌的晶体蛋白或其部分,所述蛋白或部分在第二种除苏云金芽孢杆菌以外的晶体蛋白或其部分存在下起杀虫作用,如由Cry34和Cry35晶体蛋白组成的二元毒素;或者
3) 包括苏云金芽孢杆菌的不同的杀虫晶体蛋白的部分的杀虫杂种蛋白,例如上述1)蛋白的杂合体或上述2)蛋白的杂合体,例如,由玉米事件MON98034生产的蛋白质Cry1A.105(WO 2007/027777);或者
4) 上述点1) 至3)的任意一种蛋白质,其中有些,特别是1-10个氨基酸已经被另一种氨基酸替代以得到更高的对目标昆虫物种的更高的杀虫活性,和/或来扩大受影响的目标昆虫物种的范围,和/或由于在克隆或转化过程中引入至编码DNA中的变化,如棉花事件MON863或MON88017中的Cry3Bb1蛋白、或棉花事件MIR604中的Cry3A蛋白;
5) 苏云金芽孢杆菌或蜡样芽胞杆菌的杀虫剂分泌性蛋白或其杀虫剂部分,如列于http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/Neil_Crickmore/Bt/vip.html中的营养性杀虫剂(VIP)蛋白,例如来自VIP3Aa蛋白类别的蛋白;或者
6) 苏云金芽孢杆菌或蜡样芽胞杆菌的分泌性蛋白,其在苏云金芽孢杆菌或蜡样芽胞杆菌的第二分泌性蛋白的存在下起杀虫作用,如由VIP1A和VIP2A蛋白组成的二元毒素;或者
7) 包含不同的分泌性蛋白的部分的杀虫杂种蛋白,所述不同的分泌性蛋白来自苏云金芽孢杆菌或蜡样芽胞杆菌,如上述1)中的蛋白杂合体或上述2)中的蛋白杂合体;或者
8) 上述点1) 至3)的任意一种蛋白质,其中有些,特别是1-10个氨基酸已经被另一种氨基酸替代以得到对目标昆虫物种的更高的杀虫活性,和/或来扩大受影响的目标昆虫物种的范围,和/或由于在克隆或转化过程中引入至编码DNA中的变化(同时仍然编码杀虫蛋白质),如棉花事件COT 102中的蛋白VIP3Aa。
当然,如本文中所使用的,昆虫抗性转基因植物也包括含有编码上述1-8类中的任意一种蛋白质的基因组合的任何植物。在一个实施方式中,昆虫抗性植物包括多于一种编码上述1-8类的任一项的蛋白质的转基因,通过使用具有对同样的目标昆虫种类起杀虫作用但是具有不同的作用模式(如结合于昆虫中不同的受体结合位点)的不同蛋白质,以当使用在不同的目标昆虫物种处定向的不同的蛋白时扩大受影响的目标昆虫物种的范围或延迟昆虫对植物形成抗性。
同样可根据本发明处理的植物或植物栽培品种(通过植物生物技术方法如遗传工程得到)可耐受非生物胁迫。这样的植物可以通过遗传转化,或者通过选择含有赋予这样的胁迫抗性的突变的植物而得到。特别有用的胁迫抗性植物包括:
a. 含有能降低植物细胞或植物中聚(ADP-核糖)聚合酶(PARP)的基因表达和/或活性的转基因的植物
b. 含有能降低植物或植物细胞中PARG编码基因的表达和/或活性的促进胁迫抗性的转基因的植物。
c. 含有促进胁迫抗性的转基因的植物,所述转基因编码植物中烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸补救生物合成途径的功能酶,包括烟酰胺酶、烟酸磷酸核糖基转移酶、烟酸单核苷酸腺嘌呤转移酶、烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸合成酶或烟酰胺磷酸核糖基转移酶。
同样可根据本发明处理的植物或植物栽培品种(通过植物生物技术方法如遗传工程得到)表现出改变的收获产物的量、品质和/或贮存稳定性和/或收获产物的特定成分改变的性质,例如:
1) 合成改性淀粉的转基因植物,所述改性淀粉的物理化学性质,特别是直链淀粉的含量或直链淀粉/支链淀粉的比例、支化度、平均链长、侧链的分布、粘性、胶凝强度、淀粉颗粒粒径和/或淀粉颗粒的形态与在野生型植物细胞或植物中合成的淀粉相比有所改变,因此改性淀粉更好地适合特定用途。
2) 合成非淀粉碳水化合物聚合物或合成与未遗传改性的野生型植物相比性质改变的非淀粉碳水化合物聚合物的转基因植物。实例是产生多聚果糖尤其是菊糖和果聚糖类型的植物,产生α-1,4-葡聚糖的植物,产生α-1,6-支化的α-1,4-葡聚糖的植物,和产生交替糖(Alternan)的植物,
3) 产生透明质酸的转基因植物。
同样可根据本发明处理的植物或植物栽培品种(可以通过植物生物技术方法例如遗传工程得到)是具有改变的纤维性质的植物,如棉花植物。这些植物可通过遗传转化,或通过选择含有赋予这种改变的纤维特性的突变的植物而得到,包括以下植物:
a) 植物如棉花植物,其含有纤维素合成酶基因的变型,
b) 植物如棉花植物,其含有rsw2-或rsw3-同源核酸的变型,
c) 植物如棉花植物,其具有增加的蔗糖磷酸合酶表达,
d) 植物如棉花植物,其具有增加的蔗糖合酶表达,
e) 植物如棉花植物,其中纤维细胞基底处胞间连丝开启的时间安排例如通过纤维选择性的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的下调而被改变,
f) 植物如棉花植物,其具有例如通过表达包括nodC的N-乙酰基葡糖胺转移酶基因和甲质素合成酶基因而具有改变的反应性的纤维。
同样可根据本发明处理的植物或植物栽培品种(可以通过植物生物技术方法例如遗传工程得到)是具有改变的油特性的植物,如油菜或相关芸苔属植物。这类植物可通过遗传转化或通过选择含有赋予这种改变的油特性的突变的植物而得到,包括以下植物:
a) 植物如油菜植物,其产生具有高油酸含量的油,
b) 植物如油菜植物,其产生具有低亚麻酸含量的油,
c) 植物如油菜植物,其产生具有低饱和脂肪酸含量的油。
可根据本发明来处理的特别有用的转基因植物是包含编码一种或多种毒素的一种或多种基因的植物,如以下列商品名出售的:YIELD
GARD®(例如玉米、棉花、大豆)、KnockOut®(例如玉米)、BiteGard®(例如玉米)、BT-Xtra®(例如玉米)、StarLink®(例如玉米)、Bollgard®(棉花)、Nucotn®(棉花)、Nucotn 33B®(棉花)、NatureGard®(例如玉米)、Protecta®和NewLeaf®(马铃薯)。可提及的除草剂抗性植物的实例是以下列商品名出售的玉米品种、棉花品种和大豆品种:Roundup Ready®(耐受草甘膦,例如玉米、棉花、大豆)、Liberty
Link®(耐受草铵膦,例如油菜)、IMI®(耐受咪唑啉酮)和STS®(耐受磺酰脲,例如玉米)。可提及的除草剂抗性植物(以除草剂耐受的常规方式育种的植物)包括以在Clearfield®名称(例如玉米)下出售的品种。
可根据本发明来处理的特别有用的转基因植物是列于例如来自各种国家或地区管理机构的数据库的含有转化事件或转化事件组合的植物(参见例如http://gmoinfo.jrc.it/gmp_browse.aspx和http://www.agbios.com/dbase.php)。
在材料保护中,本发明的物质可以用于保护技术材料免受不期望的真菌和/或微生物的侵扰和破坏。
在本文的上下文中,将技术材料理解为已经制成用于工程上的无生命材料。例如,被保护免受微生物改变或被本发明的活性材料破坏的技术材料可以是粘结剂、胶、纸和纸板、织物、地毯、皮革、木材、漆和塑料制品、冷却润滑剂和其它可以被微生物侵袭或毁坏的材料。在待保护材料的范围内也可提及生产设备和建筑物的部分,例如冷却回路、冷却和加热系统、通风和空调系统,它们会因真菌和/或微生物的繁殖受到有害影响。在本发明范围内,作为技术材料优选可提及粘结剂、胶、纸和纸板、皮革、木材、漆、冷却润滑剂和热转换液体,特别优选木材。根据本发明的组合产品可以预防不利影响,比如腐蚀、褪色和脱色、或发霉。同样,根据本发明的活性化合物组合产品和组合物可用来保护物体免于被占据,尤其是会接触到海水或盐水的船体、筛子、网、建筑物、码头和信号装置。
根据本发明的处理方法也可用于保护储存物免受真菌和微生物侵袭的领域中。根据本发明,将术语“储存物”理解为是指已经源自天然生命循环且希望长期保护的植物或动物性来源的天然物质和其经加工的形式。植物来源的储存物,例如植物或其部分,如茎、叶、块茎、种子、果实或籽粒,可以以新鲜采收的状态或以加工形式如(预)干燥、润湿、粉碎、研磨、压制或烘烤被保护。落入储存物定义下的是木材,粗木材形式如建筑木材、电线杆和栅栏;或成品形式,如由木材制成的家具或物品。动物来源的储存物为兽皮、皮革、毛、毛发等。根据本发明的组合产品可以防止不利效果如腐蚀、褪色或发霉。优选将“储存物”理解为是指植物来源的天然物质和其加工形式,更优选水果和其加工形式,如梨果、核果、无核小水果和柑橘类水果及其加工形式。
可以根据本发明处理的一些真菌疾病的病原体可以举例的方式提及,但并非以限制方式提及:
白粉病如由小麦白粉病菌(Blumeria graminis)引起的白粉菌病;例如由白叉丝单囊壳(Podosphaera leucotricha)引起的叉丝单囊壳病;例如由苍耳单丝壳(Sphaerotheca fuliginea)引起的单丝壳病;例如由葡萄钩丝壳(Uncinula necator)引起的钩丝壳病;
锈病如例如由Gymnosporangium sabinae引起的胶锈病(Gymnosporangium disease);例如由驼孢锈菌(Hemileia
vastatrix)引起的Hemileia病;例如由豆薯层锈菌(Phakopsora
pachyrhizi)和山马蝗层菌(Phakopsora meibomiae)引起的层锈菌病;例如由隐匿柄锈菌(Puccinia recondita)、禾柄锈菌(Puccinia graminis)或条形柄锈菌(Puccinia
striiformis)引起的柄锈菌病;例如由菜豆锈病菌(Uromyces appendiculatus)引起的单胞锈菌病;
卵菌纲病如例如由白锈菌(Albugo candida)引起的白锈病;例如由莴苣盘霜霉(Bremia lactucae)引起的盘霜霉病;例如由豌豆霜霉(Peronospora
pisi)和甘蓝霜霉(Peronospora brassicae)引起的霜霉病;例如由致病疫霉(Phytophthora infestans)引起的疫霉病;
例如由葡萄单轴霉(Plasmopara viticola)引起的单轴霉病;例如由葎草假霜霉(Pseudoperonospora humuli)和古巴假霜霉(Pseudoperonospora cubensis)引起的假霜霉病;例如由终极腐霉(Pythium ultimum)引起的腐霉病;
叶斑、叶斑枯和叶枯病如例如由茄链格孢(Alternaria
solani)引起的链格孢病;例如由甜菜生尾孢(Cercospora beticola)引起的尾孢病;例如由瓜枝孢(Cladiosporium cucumerinum)引起的枝孢病;例如由禾旋孢腔菌(Cochliobolus sativus)(分枝孢子形式(Conidiaform):德氏霉属(Drechslera),同:长蠕孢霉(Helminthosporium))或宫部旋孢腔菌(Cochliobolus
miyabeanus)引起的旋孢腔菌病;例如由豆刺盘孢(Colletotrichum lindemuthianum)引起的刺盘孢病;例如由油橄榄环梗孢菌(Cycloconium oleaginum)引起的环梗孢菌病;例如由柑橘间座壳(Diaporthe citri)引起的间座壳病;例如由柑桔痂囊腔菌(Elsinoe fawcettii)引起的痂囊腔菌病;例如由悦色盘长孢(Gloeosporium laeticolor)引起的盘长孢病;例如由围小丛壳(Glomerella cingulata)引起的小丛壳病;例如由葡萄球座菌(Guignardia
bidwellii)引起的球座菌病;例如由十字花科小球腔菌(Leptosphaeria
maculans)和颖枯壳小球腔菌(Leptosphaeria nodorum)引起的小球腔菌病;例如由稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)引起的稻瘟病菌病;例如由禾生球腔菌(Mycosphaerella graminicola)、花生球腔菌(Mycosphaerella arachidicola)和斐济球腔菌(Mycosphaerella fijiensis)引起的球腔菌病;例如由颖枯壳针孢(Phaeosphaeria
nodorum)引起的壳针孢病;例如由大麦网斑病菌(Pyrenophora
teres)或小麦网斑病菌(Pyrenophora tritici repentis)引起的核腔菌病;例如由Ramularia collo-cygni或Ramularia
areola引起的柱隔孢病;例如由黑麦喙孢(Rhynchosporium secalis)引起的喙孢病;例如由芹菜小壳针孢(Septoria apii)和Septoria lycopersici引起的壳针孢病;例如由肉孢核瑚菌(Thyphula
incarnata)引起的核瑚菌病;例如由苹果黑星菌(Venturia inaequalis)引起的黑星菌病;
根、鞘和茎病如例如由Corticium graminearum引起的伏革菌病;例如由尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)引起的镰刀菌病;例如由禾顶囊壳(Gaeumannomyces graminis)引起的顶囊壳病;例如由茄丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)引起的丝核菌病;例如由稻腐败病菌(Sarocladium
oryzae) 引起的腐败病;例如由稻小核菌(Sclerotium oryzae)引起的小核菌病;例如由Tapesia acuformis引起的眼点病菌(Tapesia)病;例如由烟草根腐霉(Thielaviopsis basicola)引起的根串珠霉病;
穗和圆锥花序病包括玉米轴如例如由链格孢属种引起的链格孢病;例如由黄曲霉引起的曲霉病;例如由枝状枝孢菌(Cladiosporium
cladosporioides)引起的枝孢菌病;例如由黑麦麦角菌(Claviceps
purpurea)引起的麦角菌病;例如由大刀镰刀菌(Fusarium culmorum)引起的镰刀菌病;例如由玉米赤霉(Gibberella zeae)引起的赤霉病;例如由雪腐明梭孢(Monographella
nivalis)引起的明梭孢病;
黑穗病和腥黑穗病如例如由高梁丝黑穗菌(Sphacelotheca
reiliana)引起的丝黑穗菌病;例如由小麦网腥黑穗粉菌(Tilletia
caries)引起的腥黑穗粉菌病;例如由隐条黑粉菌(Urocystis
occulta)引起的条黑粉菌病;例如由裸黑粉菌(Ustilago nuda)引起的黑粉菌病;
果腐和霉病如例如由黄曲霉引起的曲霉病;例如由灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis
cinerea)引起的葡萄孢菌病;例如由扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)和产紫青霉(Penicillium purpurogenum)引起的青霉病;例如由匍枝根霉(Rhizopus
stolonifer)引起的根霉菌病;例如由油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum)引起的核盘菌病;例如由黄萎轮枝孢(Verticillium alboatrum)引起的轮枝孢病;
例如由链格孢属病害引起的种子和土传腐烂、发霉、枯萎、腐败和猝倒病害,其例如由甘蓝链格孢菌(Alternaria
brassicicola)引起;例如由豌豆丝囊霉(Aphanomyces euteiches)引起的丝囊霉菌属(Aphanomyces)病害;例如由小扁豆壳二孢菌(Ascochyta
lentis)引起的壳二孢属(Ascochyta)病害; 例如由黄曲霉引起的曲霉属病害;例如由多主枝孢(Cladosporium
herbarum)引起的枝孢属病害;例如由禾旋孢腔菌(Cochliobolus
sativus)引起的旋孢腔菌属病害;(分生孢子形式:德氏霉属(Drechslera),平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris)同义词:长蠕孢菌);例如由球炭疽菌(Colletotrichum coccodes)引起的炭疽菌属病害;例如由大刀镰刀菌(Fusarium
culmorum)引起的镰刀菌属病害;例如由玉蜀黍赤霉(Gibberella
zeae)引起的赤霉属病害;例如由菜豆壳球孢菌(Macrophomina
phaseolina)引起的壳球孢菌属(Macrophomina)病害;例如由雪霉叶枯菌(Microdochium nivale)引起的双胞镰孢属病害;例如由雪腐小画线壳(Monographella
nivalis)引起的小画线壳属病害;例如由扩展青霉(Penicillium
expansum)引起的青霉属病害;例如由十字花科黑胫菌(Phoma lingam)引起的茎点菌属(Phoma)疾病;例如由大豆荚秆枯腐病(Phomopsis
sojae)引起的拟茎点霉属(Phomopsis)病害;例如由恶疫霉(Phytophthora cactorum)引起的疫霉属(Phytophthora)病害;例如由麦类核腔菌(Pyrenophora graminea)引起的核腔菌属(Pyrenophora)病害;例如由稻瘟病菌(Pyricularia oryzae)引起的梨孢属(Pyricularia)病害;例如由终极腐霉(Pythium ultimum)引起的腐霉菌属(Pythium)病害;例如由立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)引起的丝核菌属病害;例如由稻根霉(Rhizopus
oryzae)引起的根霉属(Rhizopus)病害;例如由齐整小核菌(Sclerotium
rolfsii)引起的小菌核属(Sclerotium)病害;例如由颖枯壳针孢(Septoria nodorum)引起的壳针孢属病害;例如由肉孢核瑚菌(Typhula
incarnata)引起的核瑚菌属病害;例如由大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium
dahliae)引起的轮霉菌属(Verticillium)病害;
溃疡、扫帚和顶枯病如例如由仁果干癌丛赤壳菌(Nectria
galligena)引起的丛赤壳菌病;枯萎病如例如由核果链核盘菌(Monilinia laxa)引起的链核盘菌病;
叶枯或卷叶病包括花簇和果实的变形如例如由茄外担菌(Exobasidium
vexans)引起的外担菌病。
例如由畸形外囊菌(Taphrina deformans)引起的外囊菌病;
木质植物(Wooden Plant)的衰退病如例如由Phaeomoniella clamydospora、Phaeoacremonium
aleophilum和Fomitiporia mediterranea引起的埃斯卡(Esca)病;例如由狭长孢灵芝(Ganoderma
boninense)引起的灵芝疾病;例如由木硬孔菌(Rigidoporus lignosus)引起的硬孔菌病
花和种子的病如例如由灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)引起的葡萄孢菌病;
块茎的病如例如由茄丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)引起的丝核菌病;例如由茄长蠕孢(Helminthosporium solani)引起的长蠕孢病;
根肿病如例如由芥属根肿菌(Plamodiophora brassicae)引起的根肿菌病。
由细菌生物引起的病害,例如黄单胞菌属(Xanthomanas)物种例如水稻白叶枯黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae);假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)物种例如丁香假单胞杆菌黄瓜角斑病致病变种(Pseudomonas
syringae pv. lachrymans);欧文氏菌属(Erwinia)物种例如解淀粉欧文氏菌(Erwinia amylovora)。
优选可控制以下大豆病害:
由以下病原体引起的叶、茎、荚和种子的真菌病害:例如链格孢叶斑病(Alternaria
spec.atrans tenuissima)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum
gloeosporoides dematium var.truncatum)、褐斑病(大豆褐纹壳针孢(Septoria glycines))、尾孢叶斑病和叶枯病(菊池尾孢(Cercospora kikuchii))、Choanephora叶枯病(Choanephorainfundibulifera trispora(同义))、Dactuliophora叶斑病(Dactuliophora glycines)、霜霉病(东北霜霉(Peronospora manshurica))、Drechslera疫病(Drechslera glycini)、蛙眼叶斑病(大豆尾孢(Cercospora sojina))、Leptosphaerulina叶斑病(Leptosphaerulina trifolii)、叶点霉(Phyllostica)叶斑病(大豆生叶点霉(Phyllosticta
sojaecola))、荚和茎疫病(大豆荚秆枯腐病)、白粉病(Microsphaera diffusa)、Pyrenochaeta叶斑病(Pyrenochaeta glycines)、丝核菌地上疫病、叶枯病(Foliage)及立枯病(Web blight)(立枯丝核菌)、锈病(豆薯层锈菌(Phakopsora
pachyrhizi)、Phakopsora meibomiae)、疮痂病(大豆痂圆孢(Sphaceloma
glycines))、Stemphylium叶枯病(匍柄霉(Stemphylium
botryosum))、靶斑病(Target Spot)(山扁豆生棒孢(Corynespora cassiicola))。
由例如以下病原体引起的根和茎的真菌病害:黑色根腐病(Calonectria crotalariae)、炭腐病(菜豆壳球孢菌)、镰孢疫病或萎蔫、根腐以及荚和根颈腐烂(尖镰孢、直喙镰孢(Fusarium
orthoceras)、半裸镰孢(Fusarium semitectum)、木贼镰孢(Fusarium equiseti))、Mycoleptodiscus根腐病(Mycoleptodiscus terrestris)、Neocosmospora(Neocosmopspora vasinfecta)、荚和茎疫病(菜豆间座壳(Diaporthe
phaseolorum))、茎溃疡(大豆北方茎溃疡病菌(Diaporthe
phaseolorum var.caulivora))、疫霉腐病(大雄疫霉(Phytophthora megasperma))、褐茎腐病(大豆茎褐腐病菌(Phialophora gregata))、腐霉腐病(瓜果腐霉(Pythium aphanidermatum)、畸雌腐霉(Pythium
irregulare)、德巴利腐霉(Pythium debaryanum)、群结腐霉(Pythium myriotylum)、终极腐霉(Pythium
ultimum))、丝核菌根腐病、茎腐和猝倒病(立枯丝核菌)、核盘菌茎腐病(核盘菌)、核盘菌白绢病(Sclerotinia Southern Blight)(Sclerotinia rolfsii)、根串珠霉根腐病(烟草根腐霉(Thielaviopsis
basicola))。
还可以控制上述生物体的抗性菌株。
能够使工业材料降解或改变的微生物例如可以提及细菌、真菌、酵母、藻类和粘质生物体。根据本发明的活性化合物优选具有抵抗真菌特别是霉菌、木变色菌和木腐菌(担子菌纲(Basidiomycetes))以及抵抗粘质生物体和藻类的作用。可提及例如下列属的微生物:链格孢属,例如细链格孢(Alternaria
tenuis);曲霉菌属(Aspergillus),如黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger);黑毛菌属(Chaetomium),如球毛壳菌(Chaetomium globosum);Coniophora,例如粉孢革菌(Coniophora puetana);香菇菌属(Lentinus),例如虎皮香菇菌(Lentinus tigrinus);青霉菌属(Penicillium),例如灰绿青霉(Penicillium glaucum);多孔菌属(Polyporus),例如变色多孔菌(Polyporus versicolor);短梗霉属(Aureobasidium),例如出芽短梗霉菌(Aureobasidium pullulans);Sclerophoma,例如Sclerophoma pityophila;木霉属(Trichoderma),例如绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride);埃希氏菌属(Escherichia),例如大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli);假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas),例如铜绿假单孢菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa);和葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus),例如金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)。
此外,根据本发明的式(I)化合物也具有很好的抗真菌活性。它们具有很宽的抗真菌活性谱,特别是抗表皮寄生菌和酵母、霉菌和双相性真菌(例如抗念珠菌(Candida)-种,如白色念珠菌(Candida
albicans)、光滑念珠菌(Candida glabrata))和抗絮状表皮癣菌(Epidermophyton floccosum),曲霉属各种如黑曲霉和烟曲霉,发癣霉属各种如毛癣菌(Trichophyton
mentagrophytes),小孢子菌属(Microsporon)-种例如犬属小孢子菌(Microsporon canis)和奥杜盎小孢子菌(audouinii)。列举这些真菌决不构成对可以覆盖的霉菌谱的限制,而仅用来示例。
当施用根据本发明中的化合物时,施用率可以在宽范围内变化。通常以根据本发明的处理方法施用的活性化合物的剂量/施用率是普遍和有利的
· 对于处理植物部分,例如叶(叶处理):0.1到10,000g/ha,优选50到1,000g/ha,更优选100到750g/ha;在灌溉或滴加施用的情况下,甚至可减少剂量,特别是当使用惰性基材如石棉或珍珠岩时;
· 对于种子处理:2到250g/100kg种子,优选3到200g/100kg种子,更优选2.5到50g/100kg种子,甚至更优选2.5到25g/100kg种子;
· 对于土壤处理:0.1到10,000g/ha,优选1到5,000g/ha。
本文中所指出的剂量以根据本发明的方法的示例性实例的形式给出。本领域技术人员将知道如何适应施用剂量,尤其是根据待处理的植物或作物的性质进行。
在对抗害虫和/或植物病原性真菌和/或微生物进行处理之后,可以使用根据本发明的组合产品以在某段时间范围内保护植物。在用所述组合产品处理植物之后,起保护作用的时间范围基本从1跨度到28天,优选从1跨度到14天,更优选从1跨度到10天,甚至更优选从1跨度到7天,或在处理植物繁殖材料之后,最高达200天。
还可以使用在植物或植物部分生长时施用根据本发明的组合产品以便在收获后保护植物或植物部分。
根据本发明,收获后和贮存疾病可以例如通过以下真菌所导致:刺盘孢属种,例如香蕉刺盘孢(Colletotrichum
musae)、盘长孢状刺盘孢(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)、辣椒刺盘孢(Colletotrichum coccodes);镰刀菌属种,例如半裸镰刀菌(Fusarium
semitectum)、串珠镰刀菌(Fusarium moniliforme)、腐皮镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium
oxysporum);轮枝菌属种,例如可可轮枝孢菌(Verticillium theobromae);黑孢霉属种;葡萄孢属种,例如灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea);地丝菌属,例如白地霉(Geotrichum candidum);拟茎点霉属种,纳塔尔拟茎点霉(Phomopsis
natalensis);色二孢属种,如柑桔色二孢(Diplodia citri);链格孢属种,例如柑桔链格孢(Alternaria citri)、互隔交链孢菌(Alternaria
alternata);疫霉属种,例如柑桔褐腐疫霉(Phytophthora citrophthora)、草莓疫霉(Phytophthora fragariae)、恶疫霉(Phytophthora
cactorum)、烟草疫霉(Phytophthora parasitica);壳针孢属(Septoria spp.),例如Septoria
depressa;毛霉属(Mucor spp.),例如梨形毛霉 (Mucor piriformis);链核盘菌属(Monilinia
spp.),例如果生链核盘菌(Monilinia fructigena)、核果链核盘菌(Monilinia laxa);黑星菌属(Venturia
spp.),例如苹果黑星菌(Venturia inaequalis)、梨黑星菌(Venturia pyrina);根霉属(Rhizopus
spp.),例如匍枝根霉(Rhizopus stolonifer)、米根霉(Rhizopus oryzae);小从壳属(Glomerella
spp.),例如围小从壳(Glomerella cingulata);核盘菌属(Sclerotinia spp.),例如果生核盘菌(Sclerotinia
fruiticola);长喙壳属(Ceratocystis spp.),例如奇异长喙壳(Ceratocystis paradoxa);青霉属(Penicillium
spp.),例如绳状青霉 (Penicillium funiculosum)、扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)、指状青霉(Penicillium
digitatum)、意大利青霉(Penicillium italicum);盘长孢属(Gloeosporium spp.),例如白盘长孢(Gloeosporium
album)、Gloeosporium perennans、果生盘长孢(Gloeosporium fructigenum)、Gloeosporium
singulata;壳蛇孢属(Phlyctaena spp.),如Phlyctaena vagabunda;柱孢属(Cylindrocarpon
spp.),例如苹果柱孢(Cylindrocarpon mali);匍柄霉属(Stemphyllium spp.),例如黄花菜匍柄霉菌(Stemphyllium
vesicarium);星裂壳孢属(Phacydiopycnis spp.),例如Phacydiopycnis malirum;根串珠霉属(Thielaviopsis
spp.),例如奇异根串株霉(Thielaviopsis paradoxy);曲霉属(Aspergillus spp.),如黑曲霉(Aspergillus
niger)、炭黑曲霉(Aspergillus carbonarius);丛赤壳属(Nectria spp.),例如干癌丛赤壳菌(Nectria
galligena);无柄盘菌属(Pezicula spp.)。
根据本发明,釆收后储藏病为如灼伤(scald)、烧焦、软化、衰败、皮孔斑点、苦陷、褐化、苹果水心病、维管破裂、CO2损伤、CO2缺乏和O2缺乏。
此外,根据本发明的组合产品和组合物还可以用于降低植物和收获的植物材料和因此由其制成的食物和动物饲料中霉菌毒素的含量。具体地但并非穷举地,以下霉菌毒素可以具体为:脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(Deoxynivalenole,DON)、瓜萎镰菌醇(Nivalenole)、15-Ac-DON、3-Ac-DON、T2-和HT2-毒素、腐马素毒素(Fumonisine)、玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone)、念珠镰刀菌素(Moniliformine)、镰刀菌素(Fusarine)、蛇形菌素(Diaceotoxyscirpenole,DAS)、白僵菌素(Beauvericine)、恩镰孢菌素(Enniatine)、层出镰孢菌素(Fusaroproliferine)、Fusarenole、赭曲霉毒素(Ochratoxines)、棒曲霉素(Patuline)、麦角生物碱(Ergotalkaloides)和黄曲霉毒素(Aflatoxines),这些毒素可由例如以下真菌病害产生:镰刀霉属种(Fusarium spec.)例如锐顶镰刀菌(Fusarium acuminatum)、燕麦镰刀菌(F.avenaceum)、克地镰刀菌(F. crookwellense)、黄色镰孢(F. culmorum)、禾谷镰刀菌(小麦赤霉病)( F. graminearum (Gibberella zeae))、水贼镰刀菌(F.equiseti)、F.fujikoroi、香蕉镰刀菌(F.musarum)、尖孢镰刀菌(F. oxysporum,)、再育镰刀菌(F.proliferatum)、梨孢镰刀菌(F. poae)、F.pseudograminearum、接骨木镰刀菌(F.sambucinum)、藤草镰刀菌(F.scirpi)、半裸镰刀菌(F. semitectum)、茄病镰刀菌(F. solani)、拟枝孢镰刀菌(F.sporotrichoides)、F.langsethiae、胶孢镰刀菌(F.subglutinans)、三线镰孢菌(F. tricinctum)、串珠镰刀菌(F.verticillioides)和其它,也可以由曲霉属各种(Aspergillus spec.)、青霉菌属各种(Penicillium spec.)、黑麦麦角菌(Claviceps
purpurea)、葡萄状穗霉属(Stachybotrys)和其它产生。
根据本发明的活性化合物组合产品的良好的杀真菌活性由以下实施例证明。尽管单个活性化合物展现出弱的杀真菌活性,但所述组合产品具有超过活性简单加和的活性。
当活性化合物组合产品的杀真菌活性超过单独施用时活性化合物活性的总和时,杀真菌剂的协同效果总是存在。
所给出的两种活性化合物的组合产品的期望活性可以如下计算(参见Colby,
S.R., “Calculating Synergistic and Antagonistic
Responses of Herbicide Combinations”, Weeds
1967, 15, 20-22):
如果
X 是当以m ppm
(或g/ha)的施用率施用活性化合物A时的效果,
Y 是当以n ppm
(或g/ha)的施用率施用活性化合物B时的效果,
Z 是当以r ppm
(或g/ha)的施用率施用活性化合物C时的效果,
E1 是当分别以m和n(或m和r,或n和r) ppm (或g/ha)的施用率施用活性化合物A和B(或A和C,或B和C)时的效果,和
E2 是当以m和n和r ppm
(或g/ha)的施用率施用活性化合物A和B和C时的效果,
则
且对于3种活性化合物的组合产品:
效果的程度表示为以%表达。0%是指对应于对照物的效果,而100%的效果是指没有观察到病害。
如果实际的杀真菌活性超过计算值,则所述组合产品的活性是超加性的,即存在协同效应。在这种情况下,实际观察到的效果必须大于由上述式计算的预期的效果值(E)。
证明协同效应的另一方式是Tammes方法(参见“Isoboles, a graphic representation of synergism in
pesticides” in Neth. J. Plant Path., 1964, 70,
73-80)。
通过以下实施例示例本发明。然而本发明不限于所述实施例。
实施例
链格孢菌测试(番茄)/保护性的
溶剂: 24,5
重量份丙酮
24,5
重量份二甲基乙酰胺
乳化剂: 1 重量份烷基芳基聚乙二醇醚
为了制备活性化合物的合适的制剂,将1重量份的活性化合物与所述量的溶剂和乳化剂混合,并用水将浓缩物稀释到期望的浓度。
为了测试保护性活性,用所述施用率的活性化合物制剂喷射幼小植物。在喷射的包层已经变干后,向植物接种茄链格孢菌的含水孢子悬浮液。然后在约20℃和相对大气湿度100%下将植物置于孵育室中。
接种后3天评价测试。0%是指对应于未处理的对照物的效果,而100%的效果是指未观察到疾病。
下表中清楚示出根据本发明的活性化合物组合产品的观察到的活性大于计算的活性,即显示出协同效应。
表
链格孢菌测试(番茄)/保护性的
* 实测值 = 实测活性
** 计算值 = 使用Colby式计算的活性
*** 差 = 实测活性和计算活性之间的差
Claims (12)
2.根据权利要求1 的活性化合物组合产品,其中所述麦角固醇生物合成的抑制剂选自(2.1)aldimorph、(2.2)阿扎康唑、(2.3)联苯三唑醇、(2.4)糠菌唑、(2.5)环丙唑醇、(2.6)苄氯三唑醇、(2.7)苯醚甲环唑、(2.8)烯唑醇、(2.9)烯唑醇-M、(2.10)吗菌灵、(2.11)吗菌灵乙酸酯、(2.12)氟环唑、(2.13)乙环唑、(2.14)氯苯嘧啶醇、(2.15)腈苯唑、(2.16)环酰菌胺、(2.17)苯锈啶、(2.18)丁苯吗啉、(2.19)氟喹唑、(2.20)呋嘧醇、(2.21)氟硅唑、(2.22)粉唑醇、(2.23)呋菌唑、(2.24)呋醚唑、(2.25)己唑醇、(2.26)抑霉唑、(2.27)抑霉唑硫酸酯、(2.28)亚胺唑、(2.29)种菌唑、(2.30)叶菌唑、(2.31)腈菌唑、(2.32)萘替芬、(2.33)噻菌醇、(2.34)噁咪唑、(2.35)多效唑、(2.36)稻瘟酯、(2.37)戊菌唑、(2.38)哌丙灵、(2.39)咪鲜胺、(2.40)丙环唑、(2.41)丙硫菌唑、(2.42)稗草丹、(2.43)啶斑肟、(2.44)quinconazole、(2.45)硅氟唑、(2.46)螺环菌胺、(2.47)戊唑醇、(2.48)特比萘芬、(2.49)氟醚唑、(2.50)三唑酮、(2.51)三唑醇、(2.52)十三吗啉、(2.53)氟菌唑、(2.54)嗪氨灵、(2.55)灭菌唑、(2.56)烯效唑、(2.57)烯效唑-P、(2.58)烯霜苄唑、(2.59)伏立康唑、(2.60)1-(4-氯苯基)-2-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)环庚醇、(2.61)1-(2,2-二甲基-2,3-二氢-1H-茚-1-基)-1H-咪唑-5-甲酸甲酯、(2.62)N'-{5-(二氟甲基)-2-甲基-4-[3-(三甲基甲硅烷基)丙氧基]苯基}-N-乙基-N-甲基亚氨基甲酰胺、(2.63)N-乙基-N-甲基-N'-{2-甲基-5-(三氟甲基)-4-[3-(三甲基甲硅烷基)丙氧基]苯基}亚氨基甲酰胺和(2.64)O-[1-(4-甲氧基苯氧基)-3,3-二甲基丁-2-基] 1H-咪唑-1-硫代甲酸酯。
3.根据权利要求1 或2的活性化合物组合产品,其中所述呼吸链复合体III的抑制剂选自(3.1) 唑嘧菌胺、(3.2)安美速、(3.3)嘧菌酯、(3.4)氰霜唑、(3.5) 甲香菌酯、(3.6) 丁香菌酯、(3.7)醚菌胺、(3.8)烯肟菌酯、(3.9)噁唑菌酮、(3.10)咪唑菌酮、(3.11) fenoxystrobin、(3.12)氟嘧菌酯、(3.13)醚菌酯、(3.14)苯氧菌胺、(3.15)肟醚菌胺、(3.16)啶氧菌酯、(3.17)吡唑醚菌酯、(3.18)唑胺菌酯、(3.19)唑菌酯、(3.20)pyribencarb、(3.21) 氯啶菌酯、(3.22)三氟敏、(3.23)(2E)-2-(2-{[6-(3-氯-2-甲基苯氧基)-5-氟嘧啶-4-基]氧基}苯基)-2-(甲氧基亚氨基)-N-甲基乙酰胺、(3.24)(2E)-2-(甲氧基亚氨基)-N-甲基-2-(2-{[({(1E)-1-[3-(三氟甲基)苯基]乙叉基}氨基)氧基]甲基}苯基)乙酰胺及其盐、(3.25)(2E)-2-(甲氧基亚氨基)-N-甲基-2-{2-[(E)-({1-[3-(三氟甲基)苯基]乙氧基}亚氨基)甲基]苯基}乙酰胺、(3.26)(2E)-2-{2-[({[(1E)-1-(3-{[(E)-1-氟-2-苯基乙烯基]氧基}苯基)乙叉基]氨基}氧基)甲基]苯基}-2-(甲氧基亚氨基)-N-甲基乙酰胺、(3.27)(2E)-2-{2-[({[(2E,3E)-4-(2,6-二氯苯基)丁-3-烯-2-叉基]氨基}氧基)甲基]苯基}-2-(甲氧基亚氨基)-N-甲基乙酰胺、(3.28)2-氯-N-(1,1,3-三甲基-2,3-二氢-1H-茚-4-基)吡啶-3-甲酰胺、(3.29)5-甲氧基-2-甲基-4-(2-{[({(1E)-1-[3-(三氟甲基)苯基]乙叉基}氨基)氧基]甲基}苯基)-2,4-二氢-3H-1,2,4-三唑-3-酮、(3.30)(2E)-2-{2-[({环丙基[(4-甲氧基苯基)亚氨基]甲基}硫烷基)甲基]苯基}-3-甲氧基丙-2-烯酸甲酯、(3.31)N-(3-乙基-3,5,5-三甲基环己基)-3-(甲酰基氨基)-2-羟基苯甲酰胺、(3.32)2-{2-[(2,5-二甲基苯氧基)甲基]苯基}-2-甲氧基-N-甲基乙酰胺、(3.33)(2R)-2-{2-[(2,5-二甲基苯氧基)甲基]苯基}-2-甲氧基-N-甲基乙酰胺及其盐。
4.根据权利要求1、2或3的活性化合物组合产品,其中所述式(I)的化合物是(1.1)
2,6-二甲基-1H,5H-[1,4]二硫杂环己二烯并[2,3-c:5,6-c']二吡咯-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-四酮。
5.包含根据权利要求1、2或3的活性化合物组合产品和还包含辅助剂、溶剂、载体、表面活性剂或增量剂的组合物。
6.用于在作物保护中控制植物病原性真菌的方法,其特征在于将根据权利要求1、2、3或4的活性化合物组合产品或根据权利要求5的组合物施加于种子、植物、植物果实或植物在其上生长或应该在其上生长的土壤。
7.根据权利要求6的方法,其特征在于处理所述植物、植物果实或植物在其上生长或预期在其上生长的土壤。
8.根据权利要求6的方法,其特征在于在处理叶子中使用0.1-10 000
g/ha,并且在处理种子中使用2-200
g/100 kg种子。
9.根据权利要求1、2、3或4的活性化合物组合产品或根据权利要求5的组合物用于在作物保护中控制不需要的植物病原性真菌的用途。
10.根据权利要求1、2、3或4的活性化合物组合产品或根据权利要求5的组合物用于处理种子、转基因植物种子和转基因植物的用途。
11.采用根据权利要求1、2、3或4的活性化合物组合产品或采用根据权利要求5的组合物处理的种子。
12.处理需要更好的生长、提高的收获率、更好发育的根系、更大的叶片面积、更绿的叶片和/或更强壮的枝条的植物的方法,包括将根据权利要求1或2的活性化合物组合产品或根据权利要求5的组合物施用于所述植物。
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US9770025B2 (en) | 2013-10-03 | 2017-09-26 | Syngenta Participations Ag | Fungicidal compositions |
BR112017027810A2 (pt) * | 2015-06-25 | 2018-08-28 | Bayer Cropscience Ag | combinações fungicidas compreendendo protioconazol, trifloxistrobina e um fungicida multissítio e seu uso para a proteção à plantação |
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