CN103335895A - Multi-scale rock direct shear apparatus - Google Patents
Multi-scale rock direct shear apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- CN103335895A CN103335895A CN2013102737431A CN201310273743A CN103335895A CN 103335895 A CN103335895 A CN 103335895A CN 2013102737431 A CN2013102737431 A CN 2013102737431A CN 201310273743 A CN201310273743 A CN 201310273743A CN 103335895 A CN103335895 A CN 103335895A
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Abstract
The invention provides a multi-scale rock direct shear apparatus. The multi-scale rock direct shear apparatus comprises a framework, a vertical loading mechanism, a loading and moving mechanism, a transverse load supporting mechanism, a shearing and loading mechanism, a test sample height adjusting mechanism and a lower test sample restraining mechanism, wherein the vertical loading mechanism is connected with the upper end of the loading and moving mechanism; the two sides of the loading and moving mechanism are respectively connected with the transverse load supporting mechanism; the test sample height adjusting mechanism is located below the loading and moving mechanism, and a detection station for placing a test sample to be detected is arranged between the test sample height adjusting mechanism and the loading and moving mechanism; the lower test sample restraining mechanism is connected below the test sample height adjusting mechanism; the side edge of the detection station is provided with the shearing and loading mechanism; the vertical loading mechanism is mounted at the upper part of the framework; the transverse load supporting mechanism is mounted at the upper middle part of the framework; the shearing and loading mechanism is mounted at the lower middle part of the framework; the lower test sample restraining mechanism is mounted at the lower part of the framework. The invention provides the multi-scale rock direct shear apparatus which effectively meets a large-span load and the testing of the size of the test sample, and has good reliability.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of direct shear apparatus.
Background technology
Definite method of rock mass structural plane shearing strength mainly contains direct shear test method, indoor model test method and empirical estimation etc. both at home and abroad at present.By direct shear test, comprehensively ask for the method for structural face shear strength in conjunction with the engineering geology survey data and used always by domestic rock mass mechanics worker.Retrieval from data, direct shear apparatus equipment both domestic and external is a lot: as the large-scale high-performance surface of contact of the LG-140 direct shear apparatus of U.S. Durham Geo company production, the large-scale direct shear apparatus that Britain ELE company produces, the servocontrol staight scissors test macro that U.S. GCTS company produces, the large-scale soil of TH-20t and the structure interface circular loading shear apparatus of Tsing-Hua University's development, the indoor DHJ60 type stacked ring type shear testing maschine of geotechnique research institute of the Changjiang river research institute, the coarse-grained soil direct shear apparatus of water power institute of Sichuan University development, the NHRI-4000 type high-performance large contact surface direct shear apparatus of Nanjing soil Instr Ltd..These direct shear apparatuses are not all considered multiple dimensioned sample problem, namely can't satisfy the test of large span load and specimen size.The patent No. is that the multiple dimensioned converting system of the large-sized rock mass joint straight shear test instrument of CN200910155107.2 can't be eliminated transverse load to the influence of normal direction hydraulic cylinder, it is bigger that human factor influences shearing friction power value, can't realize shortcomings such as the sample orientation moves and back and forth shears, and the overall device operation robotization is low.Solve existing direct shear test instrument and can only measure the shortcoming of the rock mass structural plane shearing strength of single sample, but be subjected to the restriction of equipment, the mini-series sample is tested in mini-plant, and medium-sized serial sample is tested in medium size installations, and the large series sample is tested in main equipment.The consequence that causes is that the test result of each equipment can't effectively be connected.Main cause is that the manufacturing accuracy of equipment differs, even load mode differs, and this must have influence on result's reliability.
Summary of the invention
In order to overcome the relatively poor deficiency of the test that to satisfy large span load and specimen size, reliability of existing direct shear apparatus, the invention provides a kind of good multiple dimensioned rock direct shear apparatus of test, reliability that effectively satisfies large span load and specimen size.
The technical solution adopted for the present invention to solve the technical problems is:
A kind of multiple dimensioned rock direct shear apparatus comprises framework, vertical loading mechanism, loading travel mechanism, transverse load supporting mechanism, shears load maintainer, specimen height governor motion and following sample constraint mechanism; Described vertical loading mechanism is connected with the upper end of described loading travel mechanism, the described both sides that load travel mechanism connect respectively at described transverse load supporting mechanism, described specimen height governor motion is positioned at the below of described loading travel mechanism and between the two in order to place the detection station of sample to be detected, the below of described specimen height governor motion is connected with described sample constraint mechanism down, the side of described detection station arranges described shearing load maintainer, described vertical loading mechanism is installed in described framework upper, described transverse load supporting mechanism is installed in the middle and upper part of described framework, described shearing load maintainer is installed in the middle and lower part of described framework, and described sample constraint mechanism down is installed in the bottom of described framework;
Described shearing load maintainer comprises the support bar that resets, position-limited rack, shear frame, bearing, end cap, guide pole, the first power sensor, first hydraulic cylinder, turntable, guide rod, holder, mobile seat, motor, bevel gear is right, threaded rod and push rod, described first hydraulic cylinder is fixed on the framework, fix the first power sensor on described first hydraulic cylinder piston rod one section, the described first power sensor other end is turntable fixedly, described turntable is connected by pin with described shearing frame and is rotatable, 1 pair of guide pole is fixed at described shearing frame two ends, described guide pole cooperates with pilot hole on the described framework and can move along it, on the described shearing frame guide rod is installed, two holders are installed on the described shearing frame, described holder and described shearing frame one side are installed threaded rod, described threaded rod is connected by bearing with the shearing frame with holder respectively and can rotates around them, 2 threaded rod one end difference fixed cone gears, described motor is installed between two holders, bevel gear is installed in the rotating shaft, 3 bevel gear formation bevel gears are right, described position-limited rack is connected with guide rod with threaded rod respectively, and rotates and can move horizontally along guide rod and threaded rod by threaded rod; 2 position-limited racks can be mobile in the opposite direction simultaneously under motor rotates, and end cap is installed at threaded rod one end and guide rod two ends, on the described position-limited rack pilot hole is set, and according to sample size reset support bar and push rod, described resetting between support bar and the push rod is installed.
Further, described vertical load system comprises actuator, web member, tumbler, second power sensor and the loading plate, described actuator and web member are fixed, described tumbler and the second power sensor, one end are fixed, the described tumbler other end is connected by pin with web member and can rotates mutually, and the described second power sensor other end and loading plate are fixed.
Further, described loading travel mechanism comprises rolling guide piece and load plate, many rolling guide pieces are installed in loading plate lower end and the keeping parallelism of vertical loading mechanism, and movable block and the load plate of rolling guide piece are fixed, and load plate can move along the rolling guide piece.
Described transverse load supporting mechanism comprises wheel, wheel erecting frame, the 3rd power sensor, loading plate, second hydraulic cylinder and Connection Block, wheel moves up and down along the positive stop strip of the described framework of framework, wheel is installed on the wheel erecting frame by Connection Block, wheel erecting frame and the 3rd power sensor are fixed, the 3rd power sensor and hydraulic cylinder piston boom end are fixed, and hydraulic cylinder is fixed on the side plate of loading plate;
Described transverse load supporting mechanism symmetry on the framework on the both sides of loading plate is installed.
About described down sample constraint mechanism comprises to compressing hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic cylinder installing plate, compact heap, sample delivery dolly and set of wheels, be installed on the hydraulic cylinder installing plate to compressing hydraulic cylinder about described, described hydraulic cylinder installing plate is fixed on the framework, about the piece that is fixed and clamped on the piston rod that compresses hydraulic cylinder, under the described compact heap set of wheels is installed, set of wheels is spacing and move along it by being installed in gib block on the framework, and the vertical direction of described compact heap arranges pin-and-hole.
Described specimen height governor motion comprises that front and back are to compressing hydraulic cylinder, pressure strip, sample emplacing platform, pin and lifting hydraulic cylinder, 2 front and back are installed in the sample emplacing platform to compressing hydraulic cylinder front and back symmetry, pressure strip is installed in front and back on the piston rod that compresses hydraulic cylinder, sample emplacing platform bottom is equipped with lifting hydraulic cylinder, sample emplacing platform side has the flange that pin-and-hole is set, and the pin-and-hole on the flange also can be laid pin according to the pin-and-hole of sample size and height and the compact heap of play sample constraint mechanism is corresponding.
Described framework comprises Ji Liang, Zuo Liang, right beam and upper beam, the left end of described Ji Liang is fixedlyed connected with the lower end of left beam, fixedly connected with the left end of described upper beam in the upper end of described left beam, the right-hand member of described upper beam is fixedlyed connected with the upper end of right beam, fixedlys connected with the right-hand member of described Ji Liang in the lower end of described right beam.
Described direct shear apparatus also comprises hydraulic system and TT﹠C system, and described hydraulic system is connected with actuator with first hydraulic cylinder, second hydraulic cylinder with TT﹠C system.
Technical conceive of the present invention: conventional rock mass discontinuity direct shear apparatus is because the structural plane size of test is limited and can't carry out multiple dimensioned joint straight shear test, therefore can not analyze the Changing Pattern of rock mass structural plane shearing strength size effect, also just can not obtain stable shearing strength mechanics parameter, proposed a kind of multiple dimensioned rock direct shear apparatus based on this, it can measure load and size sample on a large scale on a large scale.Vertical loading mechanism and shear the load that load maintainer satisfies in certain accuracy requirement and load, and by the transverse load supporting mechanism monitoring load sheared of sample up and down.Specimen height governor motion and following sample constraint mechanism can be adjusted to sustained height with the shear surface of the following sample of different size and be fixed.Shearing load maintainer can realize the orientation of last sample is moved and reciprocal shearing motion according to last sample size adjustment position-limited rack spacing, and this mechanism can significantly reduce the stroke of first hydraulic cylinder and protect its life-span in addition.
The beneficial effect that the present invention has: it is good 1, effectively to satisfy test, the reliability of large span load and specimen size; 2, to have adaptability strong for this multiple dimensioned direct shear apparatus, characteristics such as diverse in function, automaticity height, the situation that suitable specimen size is bigger.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is for installing the overall construction drawing of minimum sample.
Fig. 2 is for installing the overall construction drawing of maximum sample.
Fig. 3 is vertical loading mechanism and loads travel mechanism's side view.
Fig. 4 is the transverse load supporting mechanism.
Fig. 5 is the vertical view of transverse load supporting mechanism and left beam or You Liang junction.
Fig. 6 is for shearing the load maintainer vertical view.
Fig. 7 is for shearing the load maintainer front view.
Fig. 8 is following sample constraint mechanism front view.
Fig. 9 is specimen height governor motion vertical view.
Figure 10 is specimen height governor motion front view.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing the present invention is further described.
With reference to Fig. 1～Figure 10, a kind of multiple dimensioned rock direct shear apparatus, can measure the rock sample of certain tonnage scope and certain size scope, the rock direct shear apparatus mainly is made up of vertical loading mechanism 1, loading travel mechanism 2, transverse load supporting mechanism 3, shearing load maintainer 4, specimen height governor motion 5, following sample constraint mechanism 6, framework 7, hydraulic system and TT﹠C system.Described framework is made up of Ji Liang, Zuo Liang, right beam and upper beam, can be fixing by bolt and welding etc. between each beam.
Described vertical loading mechanism 1 is connected with the upper end of described loading travel mechanism 2, the described both sides that load travel mechanism 2 connect respectively at described transverse load supporting mechanism 3, described specimen height governor motion 5 is positioned at the below of described loading travel mechanism 3 and between the two in order to place the detection station of sample to be detected, the below of described specimen height governor motion 5 is connected with described sample constraint mechanism 6 down, the side of described detection station arranges described shearing load maintainer 4, described vertical loading mechanism 1 is installed in described framework upper, described transverse load support machine 3 structures are installed in the middle and upper part of described framework, described shearing load maintainer 4 is installed in the middle and lower part of described framework, and described sample constraint mechanism 6 down is installed in the bottom of described framework;
Described shearing load maintainer 4 mainly by the support bar 23 that resets, position-limited rack 24, shear frame 25, bearing 26, end cap 27, guide pole 28, the first power sensor 29, first hydraulic cylinder 30, turntable 31, guide rod 32, holder 33, mobile seat 34, motor 35, bevel gear to 36, threaded rod 37, push rod 38 form.First hydraulic cylinder 30 is fixed on You Liangshang, fixes fixedly turntable 31 of the first power sensor, 29, the first power sensors, 29 other ends on first hydraulic cylinder, 30 piston rods, and turntable 31 is connected by pin 39 with shearing frame 25 and is rotatable.Shear frame 25 two ends and fix 1 pair of guide pole 28, guide pole 28 cooperates also and can move along it with pilot hole on the right beam 40.Shear guide rod 32 is installed on the frame 25, on the shearing frame 25 2 holders 33 are installed, holder 33 is installed threaded rod 37 with shearing frame 25 1 sides, and threaded rod 37 is connected by bearing 26 with shearing frame 25 with holder 33 respectively and can rotates around them.2 threaded rod 37 1 ends difference fixed cone gears, motor 35 is installed between two holders 33, and bevel gear is installed in the rotating shaft, and 3 bevel gears form bevel gears to 36.Position-limited rack 24 is connected with guide rod 32 with threaded rod 37 respectively, rotates and can move horizontally along guide rod 32 and threaded rod 37 by threaded rod 37.2 position-limited racks 24 can be mobile in the opposite direction simultaneously under motor 35 rotates.End cap 27 is installed at threaded rod 37 1 ends and guide rod 32 two ends.Many pilot holes are set on the position-limited rack 24, according to sample size reset support bar 23 and push rod 38 are installed.Sample 8 is resetting between support bar 23 and the push rod 38.
Described vertical loading mechanism is made up of actuator 9, web member 10, pin 11, tumbler 12, the second power sensor 13 and loading plate 14.Actuator 9 is fixing with web member 10, and tumbler 12 and the second power sensor, 13 1 ends are fixed, and tumbler 12 is connected by pin 11 with web member 10 and can rotates mutually, and power sensor 13 other ends and loading plate 14 are fixing.
Described loading travel mechanism 2 is made up of rolling guide piece 15 and load plate 16.Many rolling guide pieces 15 are installed in loading plate 14 lower ends and keeping parallelism, and quantity has magnitude of load to determine.The movable block of rolling guide piece 15 and load plate 16 are fixing, and load plate 16 can move along rolling guide piece 15.
Described transverse load supporting mechanism 3 is made up of wheel 17, wheel erecting frame 18, the 3rd power sensor 19, loading plate 14, second hydraulic cylinder 20 and Connection Block 21.1 pair or 2 pairs of wheels 17 move along the positive stop strip 22 on the left beam of framework.Wheel 17 is installed on the wheel erecting frame 18 by Connection Block 21, and wheel erecting frame 18 and the 3rd power sensor 19 are fixing, and the 3rd power sensor 19 and second hydraulic cylinder, 20 piston rod ends are fixed.Second hydraulic cylinder 20 is fixed on the side plate of loading plate 14.
It is right that described transverse load supporting mechanism 3 symmetry on the side plate of the both sides of loading plate 14 is installed n, and n gets 2-10.
Described down sample constraint mechanism 6 mainly by about form to compressing hydraulic cylinder 41, hydraulic cylinder installing plate 42, compact heap 43, sample delivery dolly 44 and set of wheels 45.About be installed on the hydraulic cylinder installing plate 42 to compressing hydraulic cylinder 41, hydraulic cylinder installing plate 42 is fixed on the Ji Liang of framework 7.About the piece 43 that is fixed and clamped on the piston rod that compresses hydraulic cylinder 41, compact heap is equipped with set of wheels 45 43 times.Set of wheels 45 is spacing and move along it by being installed in gib block on the Ji Liang.Compact heap 43 vertical directions arrange a plurality of pin-and-holes.
Described specimen height governor motion 5 mainly is made up of to compressing hydraulic cylinder 46, pressure strip 47, sample emplacing platform 48, pin 49 and lifting hydraulic cylinder 50 front and back.2 front and back are installed in sample emplacing platform 48 to compressing hydraulic cylinder 46 front and back symmetries, and on the piston rod that compresses hydraulic cylinder 46, sample emplacing platform 48 bottoms were equipped with lifting hydraulic cylinder 50 before and after pressure strip 47 was installed in.Sample emplacing platform 48 sides have the flange that a plurality of pin-and-holes are set, and the pin-and-hole on the flange also can be laid pin 49 according to the pin-and-hole of sample size and height and the compact heap 43 of play sample constraint mechanism 6 is corresponding.
Described hydraulic system and TT﹠C system provide power and realize the control requirement for hydraulic cylinder and actuator.
The course of work of present embodiment is as follows: two samples 8 are placed on the dolly up and down, lay the L template on the last sample.Boss spacing under regulating on 2 compact heaps of sample constraint mechanism 6 satisfies the distance of putting wheel under the sample dolly.After sample 8 is placed on the dolly, be pushed into down on the boss on 2 compact heaps of sample constraint mechanism 6, the lifting hydraulic cylinder of specimen height governor motion 5 is lifted to sample and dolly according to sample size and stops after the sample upper surface reaches a certain setting height, and the pin-and-hole on this moment sample emplacing platform side flange is corresponding with the pin-and-hole of the compact heap of following sample constraint mechanism 6 and put into pin and carry out height and lock.The compact heap of following sample constraint mechanism 6 compresses down sample.Shear 2 position-limited racks of load maintainer 4 adjusted and make sample not move at fore-and-aft direction, push rod is installed.Vertical loading mechanism 1 descends and makes the load plate that loads travel mechanism 2 reach the L template and be loaded into a certain force value.The hydraulic cylinder of a plurality of transverse load supporting mechanisms 3 struts and prevents vertical loading mechanism 1 deflection and counteracting transverse force in the sample shear history.Shear load maintainer 4 work and make push rod promote to go up sample to move and do shearing motion that the 3rd sensor of transverse load supporting mechanism 3 reads the transverse force value constantly in this process, the digital display manometer in the vertical loading mechanism 1 reads the vertical load value.Clip to second hydraulic cylinder of unloading transverse load supporting mechanism 3 behind the certain position, unload the actuator of vertical loading mechanism 1 subsequently, the support bar that resets of shearing load maintainer 4 is installed, and by shear load maintainer 4 actuator retracts initial position with it.Then can continue to do shearing motion.
Do reciprocal shear history if desired, after vertical loading mechanism 1 finishes loading and 3 work of transverse load supporting mechanism, the push rod of transverse load supporting mechanism 3 moves to specimen surface and stops, the support bar that resets of shearing load maintainer is installed, and do the process of reciprocal shearing and follow the tracks of shear-type load constantly this moment under the situation that vertical load loads.
Claims (8)
1. a multiple dimensioned rock direct shear apparatus is characterized in that: comprise framework, vertical loading mechanism, loading travel mechanism, transverse load supporting mechanism, shear load maintainer, specimen height governor motion and following sample constraint mechanism; Described vertical loading mechanism is connected with the upper end of described loading travel mechanism, the described both sides that load travel mechanism connect respectively at described transverse load supporting mechanism, described specimen height governor motion is positioned at the below of described loading travel mechanism and between the two in order to place the detection station of sample to be detected, the below of described specimen height governor motion is connected with described sample constraint mechanism down, the side of described detection station arranges described shearing load maintainer, described vertical loading mechanism is installed in described framework upper, described transverse load supporting mechanism is installed in the middle and upper part of described framework, described shearing load maintainer is installed in the middle and lower part of described framework, and described sample constraint mechanism down is installed in the bottom of described framework;
Described shearing load maintainer comprises the support bar that resets, position-limited rack, shear frame, bearing, end cap, guide pole, the first power sensor, first hydraulic cylinder, turntable, guide rod, holder, mobile seat, motor, bevel gear is right, threaded rod and push rod, described first hydraulic cylinder is fixed on the framework, fix the first power sensor on described first hydraulic cylinder piston rod one section, the described first power sensor other end is turntable fixedly, described turntable is connected by pin with described shearing frame and is rotatable, 1 pair of guide pole is fixed at described shearing frame two ends, described guide pole cooperates with pilot hole on the described framework and can move along it, on the described shearing frame guide rod is installed, two holders are installed on the described shearing frame, described holder and described shearing frame one side are installed threaded rod, described threaded rod is connected by bearing with the shearing frame with holder respectively and can rotates around them, 2 threaded rod one end difference fixed cone gears, described motor is installed between two holders, bevel gear is installed in the rotating shaft, 3 bevel gear formation bevel gears are right, described position-limited rack is connected with guide rod with threaded rod respectively, and rotates and can move horizontally along guide rod and threaded rod by threaded rod; 2 position-limited racks can be mobile in the opposite direction simultaneously under motor rotates, and end cap is installed at threaded rod one end and guide rod two ends, on the described position-limited rack pilot hole is set, and according to sample size reset support bar and push rod, described resetting between support bar and the push rod is installed.
2. multiple dimensioned rock direct shear apparatus as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described vertical load system comprises actuator, web member, tumbler, second power sensor and the loading plate, described actuator and web member are fixed, described tumbler and the second power sensor, one end are fixed, the described tumbler other end is connected by pin with web member and can rotates mutually, and the described second power sensor other end and loading plate are fixed.
3. multiple dimensioned rock direct shear apparatus as claimed in claim 2, it is characterized in that: described loading travel mechanism comprises rolling guide piece and load plate, many rolling guide pieces are installed in loading plate lower end and the keeping parallelism of vertical loading mechanism, movable block and the load plate of rolling guide piece are fixed, and load plate can move along the rolling guide piece.
4. as the described multiple dimensioned rock direct shear apparatus of one of claim 1～3, it is characterized in that: described transverse load supporting mechanism comprises wheel, wheel erecting frame, the 3rd power sensor, loading plate, second hydraulic cylinder and Connection Block, wheel moves up and down along the positive stop strip of the described framework of framework, wheel is installed on the wheel erecting frame by Connection Block, wheel erecting frame and the 3rd power sensor are fixed, the 3rd power sensor and hydraulic cylinder piston boom end are fixed, and hydraulic cylinder is fixed on the side plate of loading plate;
Described transverse load supporting mechanism symmetry on the framework on the both sides of loading plate is installed.
5. as the described multiple dimensioned rock direct shear apparatus of one of claim 1～3, it is characterized in that: about described down sample constraint mechanism comprises to compressing hydraulic cylinder, the hydraulic cylinder installing plate, compact heap, sample delivery dolly and set of wheels, be installed on the hydraulic cylinder installing plate to compressing hydraulic cylinder about described, described hydraulic cylinder installing plate is fixed on the framework, about the piece that is fixed and clamped on the piston rod that compresses hydraulic cylinder, under the described compact heap set of wheels is installed, set of wheels is spacing and move along it by being installed in gib block on the framework, and the vertical direction of described compact heap arranges pin-and-hole.
6. as the described multiple dimensioned rock direct shear apparatus of one of claim 1～3, it is characterized in that: described specimen height governor motion comprises that front and back are to compressing hydraulic cylinder, pressure strip, the sample emplacing platform, pin and lifting hydraulic cylinder, 2 front and back are installed in the sample emplacing platform to compressing hydraulic cylinder front and back symmetry, pressure strip is installed in front and back on the piston rod that compresses hydraulic cylinder, sample emplacing platform bottom is equipped with lifting hydraulic cylinder, sample emplacing platform side has the flange that pin-and-hole is set, and the pin-and-hole on the flange also can be laid pin according to the pin-and-hole of sample size and height and the compact heap of play sample constraint mechanism is corresponding.
7. as the described multiple dimensioned rock direct shear apparatus of one of claim 1～3, it is characterized in that: described framework comprises Ji Liang, Zuo Liang, right beam and upper beam, the left end of described Ji Liang is fixedlyed connected with the lower end of left beam, fixedly connected with the left end of described upper beam in the upper end of described left beam, the right-hand member of described upper beam is fixedlyed connected with the upper end of right beam, fixedlys connected with the right-hand member of described Ji Liang in the lower end of described right beam.
8. as the described multiple dimensioned rock direct shear apparatus of one of claim 1～3, it is characterized in that: described direct shear apparatus also comprises hydraulic system and TT﹠C system, and described hydraulic system is connected with actuator with first hydraulic cylinder, second hydraulic cylinder with TT﹠C system.
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| CN104062189A (en) * | 2014-04-14 | 2014-09-24 | 绍兴文理学院 | Shear strength size effect testing machine for structural surface |
| CN105092390A (en) * | 2015-07-31 | 2015-11-25 | 中国地质大学（武汉） | Weak-plane direct shear testing method and distance adjusting device used for the same |
| CN105675409A (en) * | 2016-03-31 | 2016-06-15 | 中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司 | Integrated type rock mass structural surface direct shear apparatus and direct shear test method |
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