CN103286848A - Equipment used for producing composite water permeable brick - Google Patents
Equipment used for producing composite water permeable brick Download PDFInfo
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- CN103286848A CN103286848A CN2012100421938A CN201210042193A CN103286848A CN 103286848 A CN103286848 A CN 103286848A CN 2012100421938 A CN2012100421938 A CN 2012100421938A CN 201210042193 A CN201210042193 A CN 201210042193A CN 103286848 A CN103286848 A CN 103286848A
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Abstract
The invention discloses equipment used for producing a composite water permeable brick. The equipment comprises a forming device and a cut-off device located downstream of the forming device, wherein the forming device comprises a casing (10), an extrusion rod (30), a bottom material hopper (41) and a surface material hopper (42), wherein a cavity (11) is formed inside the casing (10); the extrusion rod (30) is arranged in the cavity (11) and connected with a drive device (20); the surface material hopper (42) is located downstream the bottom material hopper (41); and the bottom material hopper (41) and the surface material hopper (42) are connected with the cavity (11). The equipment used for producing the composite water permeable brick is simple in structure and easy to operate; further, the cavity in the casing of the forming device is not prone to deformation, and the obtained composite water permeable brick is accurate in appearance and size; and by virtue of the cut-off device, the composite water permeable bricks with different lengths can be obtained without replacing the equipment.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the composite building material and make the field, particularly, relate to a kind of equipment for the preparation of composite water permeable brick.
Background technology
Disclose a kind of composite water permeable brick among CN 1966861 A, this composite water permeable brick comprises permeable top layer and porous base course, and permeable top layer and porous base course are closely as one; Include aggregate in permeable top layer and the porous base course respectively and aggregate is played the binding agent of the coating aggregate of cementation.This composite water permeable brick has advantages such as energy savings, cost are low, good weatherability, long-term permeable efficient height, high strength.When making described composite water permeable brick, can be with permeable top layer and the once-combined moulding of porous base course, also can produce permeable top layer and porous base course respectively, then by as modes such as bondings both being combined with each other, also can produce one in permeable top layer and the porous base course earlier, form another person then thereon.When utilizing the described composite water permeable brick of these three kinds of method moulding, need two sleeve forming equipment work the operation more complicated simultaneously.
A kind of make-up machine for the preparation of composite water permeable brick is disclosed among CN 201824450 U, this make-up machine comprises: frame and the molding device and the jolt ramming device that are arranged on this frame, described molding device comprises the pressure cylinder of pressure head and the described ram pressures of control, described jolt ramming device is provided with the composite permeable bricks die, this composite permeable bricks die places the below of described molding device, wherein: described mould is provided with a plurality of die cavities, and described molding device is provided with a plurality of with described die cavity position pressure head and pressure cylinder one to one.
But, when utilizing above-mentioned make-up machine to prepare the composite water permeable brick of different size, need to be equipped with the diaphragm capsule that has different die cavities in a large number, diaphragm capsule fixedly housing and pressure head, and the replacing diaphragm capsule is loaded down with trivial details, influences production efficiency.And when utilizing above-mentioned make-up machine, the easy abrasion deformation of diaphragm capsule can't guarantee profile and the size of the composite water permeable brick produced.
Therefore, how to make profile easily, the true-to-size composite water permeable brick becomes the technical problem that this area needs to be resolved hurrily.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of equipment for the preparation of composite water permeable brick, this equipment can be made profile, true-to-size composite water permeable brick easily.
To achieve these goals, the invention provides a kind of equipment for preparing composite water permeable brick, wherein, this equipment comprises shaped device and is positioned at the shearing device in this shaped device downstream, described shaped device comprise inside be formed with the housing of die cavity, be arranged in the described die cavity and link to each other with drive unit extrude bar, bed material bucket and be positioned at the fabric bucket in this bed material bucket downstream, described bed material bucket and described fabric bucket all are connected with described die cavity.
Preferably, described die cavity is divided into three parts along its length: the third part between the second portion between the upstream side of the first corresponding with described bed material bucket, this first and described fabric bucket and the outlet of this second portion and described die cavity, the height of described first and described third part are all greater than the height of described second portion.
Preferably, the described bar of extruding is that spiral is extruded bar.
Preferably, described shaped device comprises gear, and this gear is connected described extruding between bar and the described drive unit.
Preferably, be provided with screw distribution mechanism in described bed material bucket and/or the described fabric bucket.
Preferably, described screw distribution mechanism comprises screw rod, and this screw rod extends to the opposite side of this bed material bucket from a side of described bed material bucket; And/or described screw rod extends to the opposite side of this fabric bucket from a side of described fabric bucket.
Preferably, the y direction of described screw rod is perpendicular to the length direction of described die cavity.
Preferably, described screw distribution mechanism comprises a plurality of described screw rods that be arranged in parallel.
Preferably, described shaped device comprises frame, and described housing is arranged on the described frame, and the upper surface of described housing and described frame surrounds described die cavity jointly.
Preferably, this equipment comprises Cutting platform, and this Cutting platform is arranged on the downstream of the outlet of described die cavity, and the upper surface of described Cutting platform is concordant with the upper surface of described frame, and described shearing device is arranged on the described Cutting platform.
Preferably, described shearing device comprises the brick cutting machine that cuts off the frequency adjustable joint.
Preferably, described brick cutting machine comprises cutting part and is used for the control part of this cutting part of control.
Preferably, described cutting part comprises chain saw or grinding wheel.
Device structure for the preparation of composite water permeable brick of the present invention is simple, processing ease.By adding bed material in the die cavity of bed material bucket in the housing, by adding fabric in the die cavity of fabric bucket in the housing, and utilize and to extrude bar and extrude the composite permeable adobe that bed material and fabric can access compact structure, and, die cavity in the housing of described shaped device is not yielding, and the composite permeable adobe profile of acquisition, size are accurate.Can obtain to have the composite water permeable brick of different length by shearing device, not need more exchange device.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will partly be described in detail in the specific embodiment subsequently.
Description of drawings
Accompanying drawing is to be used to provide further understanding of the present invention, and constitutes the part of specification, is used from explanation the present invention with the following specific embodiment one, but is not construed as limiting the invention.In the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of equipment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of equipment of the present invention when the moulding composite water permeable brick; With
Fig. 3 is the bed material bucket of the shaped device in the equipment among Fig. 1 and the schematic diagram in the screw rod in this bed material bucket.
Description of reference numerals
10 housings, 11 die cavities
20 drive units 30 are extruded bar
41 bed material buckets, 42 fabric buckets
50 screw rods, 60 gears
70 Cutting platforms, 80 frames
The 11b of 11a first second portion
11c third part 41a porous base course
The permeable top layer of 42a
The specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing the specific embodiment of the present invention is elaborated.Should be understood that the specific embodiment described herein only is used for description and interpretation the present invention, is not limited to the present invention.
In the present invention, " bed material " refers to the material for the porous base course of moulding composite water permeable brick, and " fabric " refers to the material for the permeable top layer of moulding composite water permeable brick.
As shown in Figure 1, the invention provides a kind of equipment for preparing composite water permeable brick, wherein, this equipment comprises shaped device and is positioned at the shearing device in this shaped device downstream, described shaped device comprise inside be formed with the housing 10 of die cavity 11, be arranged in the die cavity 11 and link to each other with drive unit 20 extrude bar 30, bed material bucket 41 and be positioned at the fabric bucket 42 in these bed material bucket 41 downstreams, bed material bucket 41 and fabric bucket 42 all are connected with die cavity 11.
Composite water permeable brick described in the present invention comprises permeable top layer and porous base course, permeable top layer and porous base course are closely as one, comprise the binding agent that contains aggregate and bonding aggregate in permeable top layer and the porous base course respectively, comprise hydrophilic agglomerant in the binding agent in the described permeable top layer.This composite water permeable brick can keep good water penetration, and the brick surface densification of described composite water permeable brick is difficult for being damaged.
May further comprise the steps in the method for utilizing equipment provided by the present invention to prepare described composite water permeable brick:
Step 1: preparation forms the fabric of described permeable top layer 42a and forms the bed material of described porous base course 41a;
Step 2: be added into described bed material in the die cavity 11 of shaped device by bed material bucket 41, utilize fabric bucket 42 places that bar 30 is squeezed to described bed material in the downstream that is positioned at described bed material bucket 41 that extrude in this die cavity 11, then described fabric is added into the top of the described bed material in the described die cavity 11 by described fabric bucket 42, and utilize the described bar 30 of extruding that described bed material and described fabric are extruded, to obtain to have the composite permeable adobe of described permeable top layer 42a and described porous base course 41a;
Step 3: utilize shearing device to cut off described composite permeable adobe, to obtain described composite water permeable brick.
Certainly, with also needing the composite water permeable brick that obtains is cured after the composite permeable adobe cut-out, repeat no more here.
As depicted in figs. 1 and 2, preferably, die cavity 11 is divided into three parts along its length: the third part 11c between the second portion 11b between the 11a of first, the 11a of this first corresponding with bed material bucket 41 and the upstream side of fabric bucket 42 and the outlet of this second portion 11b and die cavity 11, the height of the 11a of first and third part 11c are all greater than the height of second portion 11b.
After bed material enters the 11a of first from the outlet of bed material bucket 41, extruding bar 30 promotion bed materials moves towards second portion 11b, after bed material enters second portion 11b, it is fine and close that bed material becomes, and have certain shape, along with extrude bar 30 continue extrude, bed material enters the 11a of first from second portion 11b, at this moment, fabric drops in the space between the top of the upper surface of described bed material and third part 11c.Can control the thickness (that is the thickness on the permeable top layer of composite water permeable brick) of fabric by the difference in height between adjustment second portion 11b and the third part 11c.
Compare with disclosed make-up machine among the CN 201824450U, the advantage of the equipment for the preparation of composite water permeable brick of the present invention is: the first, and bar is extruded in this equipment utilization and housing is plastic described composite water permeable brick, and is simple in structure, realizes easily.Second, the die cavity 11 of housing 10 inside is not yielding, the composite water permeable brick shape, the size that obtain are comparatively accurate, and, at the preparation width, thickness is identical but during composite water permeable brick that length is different, need not more exchange device, only needing to regulate a frequency of cutting off the composite permeable adobe can realize, for example, shaped device provided by the present invention can need not more exchange device for the production of the composite water permeable brick of 300*300*50,300*150*50 and three kinds of different sizes of 300*600*50.The 3rd, the composite water permeable brick compact structure that utilizes extrusion molding to obtain, not fragile; The 4th, utilize permeable top layer and the porous base course combination of extruding the composite water permeable brick that obtains tight.
In the present invention, the fabric of described composite water permeable brick and the bed material of described composite water permeable brick can comprise the binding agent of aggregate and bonding aggregate respectively, comprise hydrophilic agglomerant in the binding agent of described fabric at least.After utilizing the composite water permeable brick curing molding that above-mentioned material prepares, form the hydrophily capillary of countless mutual perforations between the aggregate.When rainwater etc. is trickled down hydrophily seepy material surperficial, the rapid wetting capillary wall of raindrop, liquid level will be spill in the pipe, the curved liquid surface that forms will produce downward additonal pressure, under the force action of described additonal pressure and liquid self gravitation, rainwater permeates the ground rapidly along the capillary of these perforations.
In the present invention, described aggregate can be one of natural siliceous sand, synthetic quartz sand, flyash, melting waste slag or its any combination, the quartz sand in the most promising quartz sand, the especially desert.The aggregate of the above-mentioned type all has more excellent water penetration.And, comprise hydrophilic agglomerant in the binding agent of fabric, can improve the water penetration of described composite water permeable brick.
Preferably, the hydrophilic agglomerant in the described fabric is the hydrophilic resin binding agent, and the grain diameter of the aggregate in the described fabric is 0.05mm to 2mm.Thereby can guarantee the densification, permeable of the brick surface of described composite water permeable brick, effectively improve water penetration.Described hydrophilic resin binding agent can be in epoxy resin, polyurethane and the acrylic resin one or more; Molecular side chain in above-mentioned epoxy resin, polyurethane and the acrylic resin contains enough, and hydrophilic carboxylate, sulfonate, ammonium salt, hydroxyl or main chain contain the non-ionic hydrophilic segment.Thereby can guarantee the rotor surface densification, permeable of composite water permeable brick, thereby effectively improve water penetration, and the raising of this water penetration is not permeable by big space.
Further preferably, the grain diameter of the aggregate in the fabric is 0.05mm to 0.85mm, thereby improves the capillary infiltration ability on the permeable top layer of composite water permeable brick, is not easy to be blocked by dust.
In order to reduce the cost of described composite water permeable brick, preferably, the binding agent in the described bed material comprises cement.For the water permeability of the porous base course that strengthens composite water permeable brick, preferably, the grain diameter that forms the aggregate in the described bed material of described porous base course is 2mm to 10mm.
Water permeability for the porous base course that improves described composite water permeable brick, preferably, binding agent in the described bed material can also comprise the resinae binding agent of hydrophilic agglomerant, and similarly, the grain diameter that forms the aggregate in the described bed material of described porous base course is 2mm to 10mm.
And in order to reduce the cost of described composite water permeable brick, preferably, the aggregate in the described fabric can be quartz sand.Further preferably, described quartz sand is the drift-sand that is selected from the desert.
In the present invention, extruding bar 30 and can extrude bar for spiral, also can be the other forms of bar of extruding.Certainly, preferably, in order to make described shaped device compact conformation, extrude bar 30 and can form spiral and extrude bar, in this case, drive unit 20 can be motor.Drive unit 20 drives to be extruded bar 30 and rotates, and extrudes the materials of permeable brick raw material in die cavity 11 that bar 30 can promote in the die cavity 11 and moves towards the outlet of die cavity 11.Certainly, extrude bar 30 and drive unit 20 can also have other forms, as long as bed material and fabrics in the die cavity 11 can be extruded.
When drive unit 20 was the higher equipment of rotating speeds such as motor, described shaped device can also comprise gear 60, and this gear 60 is connected to be extruded between bar 30 and the drive unit 20, thereby makes the rotating speed of extruding bar 30 be lower than the rotating speed of drive unit 20.As shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, gear 60 can be speed-changing gear box.In order to simplify the structure of described shaped device, described gear 60 can be set to one-level and slow down, that is, gear 60 comprises two spur gears that diameter is different, the less gear of diameter links to each other with output shaft with drive unit 20, the bigger gear of diameter with extrude bar 30 and link to each other.
The extruded velocity of extruding bar 30 is different and different according to the viscosity of described bed material and fabric, can utilize gear 60 to regulate the rotating speed of extruding bar 30, so that described shaped device is suitable for extruding bed material and the fabric with different viscosities.Usually, when extruding bar 30 and extrude bar for spiral, when utilizing device of the present invention to prepare above-mentioned composite water permeable brick, extrude the rotating speed of bar 30 for can be 80r/min to 200r/min.
Usually, bed material and fabric all have certain viscosity, in order to make bed material and/or fabric enter die cavity 11 inside equably and to be evenly distributed in this die cavity 11, preferably, are provided with screw distribution mechanism in bed material bucket 41 and/or the fabric bucket 42.That is, screw distribution mechanism can only be set in bed material bucket 41, also screw distribution mechanism can only be set in fabric bucket 42, can also in bed material bucket 41 and fabric bucket 42, screw distribution mechanism be set simultaneously.Preferably, as shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, be provided with screw distribution mechanism in bed material bucket 41 and the fabric bucket 42.This screw distribution mechanism by the drive unit that is arranged on bed material bucket 41 and fabric bucket 42 outsides (as, motor) drive.Bed material is added in the bed material bucket 41, and after being added into fabric in the fabric bucket 42, starting screw distribution mechanism, thereby make bed material and fabric enter die cavity 11 inside equably.
Preferably, as shown in Figure 3, described screw distribution mechanism comprises screw rod 50.When being provided with screw distribution mechanism in the bed material bucket 41, the screw rod 50 of this screw distribution mechanism extends to the opposite side of this bed material bucket 41 from a side of bed material bucket 41; When being provided with screw distribution mechanism in the hopper 42 face to face, the screw rod 50 of this screw distribution mechanism extends to the opposite side of this fabric bucket 42 from a side of fabric bucket 42.When screw distribution mechanism opened, screw rod 50 was broken up thereby will be added on bed material bucket 41 interior bed materials, thereby this bed material is entered among the 11a of first of die cavity 11 equably around self axis rotation.
Preferably, the y direction of screw rod 50 is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of hopper 40.Further preferably, the longitudinal axis of screw rod 50 is perpendicular to the length direction of die cavity 11.
Similarly, can enter die cavity 11 inside equably in order to make bed material and/or fabric, described screw distribution mechanism comprises a plurality of screw rods that be arranged in parallel 50.As shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, be provided with a pair of screw rod parallel to each other 50 in bed material bucket 41 and the fabric bucket 42.
For the ease of the setting of described shaped device, preferably, describedly can also comprise frame 80 for the preparation of composite water permeable brick equipment, described shaped device is arranged on the frame 80, and the upper surface of housing 10 and frame 80 surrounds die cavity 11 jointly.When being the plane, the upper surface of frame 80 can form the plane when the lower surface (that is the contacted surface of lower surface of described bed material and frame 80) of composite water permeable brick; When the lower surface of composite water permeable brick has reservation shape (for example, groove), can be in advance arrange and the lower surface of the composite water permeable brick shape to coupling at the upper surface of frame 80.
Preferably, the equipment for the preparation of composite water permeable brick of the present invention can also comprise Cutting platform 70, and this Cutting platform 70 is arranged on the downstream of the outlet of die cavity 11, and the upper surface of this Cutting platform 70 is concordant with the upper surface of frame 80.And the upper surface of Cutting platform 70 should form the identical structure that has with the corresponding part of frame 80 and die cavity 11.That is, when frame 80 and die cavity 11 corresponding parts were the plane, the upper surface of Cutting platform 70 also should be set to the plane; When frame 80 and die cavity 11 corresponding parts are formed with predetermined structure, also should be formed with identical with it structure on the upper surface of Cutting platform 70.The composite permeable adobe of extruding in the die cavity 11 when frame 80 can directly extend on the Cutting platform 70, utilizes shearing device that it is cut then, to obtain composite water permeable brick with preliminary dimension.Cutting platform 70 can form as one with frame 80, also can not form as one.
In order to obtain to have the composite water permeable brick of predetermined length, can utilize shearing device that it is cut with after the composite permeable adobe with permeable top layer 42a and porous base course 41a of extruding in the die cavity 11.And, can adjust the length of composite water permeable brick as required.
In order to realize the automation of composite water permeable brick preparation process, preferably, described shearing device comprises the brick cutting machine that cuts off the frequency adjustable joint.Shearing device can be arranged on the Cutting platform 70, and when the composite permeable adobe of extruding in the described shaped device arrived the position of brick cutting machine, brick cutting machine can be according to demand with the certain composite water permeable brick of composite permeable adobe cut growth degree.
For the ease of controlling the cut-out frequency of described brick cutting machine, preferably, described brick cutting machine can comprise cutting part and be used for the control part of this cutting part of control.In the present invention, described control part is used for starting or stoping of the described cutting part of control.
Generally, the extruded velocity of described shaped device is 30mm/s, and therefore, preferably, the cut-out frequency of described shearing device is at 5s
-1To 20s
-1Between regulate, thereby produce the composite water permeable brick with different length.When the cut-out frequency is 5s
-1The time (, cutting in per 5 seconds is once) time, can prepare the composite water permeable brick that length is 150mm, when cutting frequency is 10s
-1When (that is, cutting in per 10 seconds once), can prepare the composite water permeable brick that length is 300mm, when cutting frequency is 20s
-1When (that is, cutting in per 20 seconds once), can prepare the composite water permeable brick that length is 600mm.
Preferably, described cutting part can be chain saw or grinding wheel.Control part can be the PLC controller, by the cutting frequency of PLC controller control chain saw or grinding wheel.
Device structure for the preparation of composite water permeable brick of the present invention is simple, processing ease.By adding bed material in the die cavity of bed material bucket in the housing, by adding fabric in the die cavity of fabric bucket in the housing, and utilize and to extrude bar and extrude the composite permeable adobe that bed material and fabric can access compact structure, and, die cavity in the housing of described shaped device is not yielding, and the composite permeable adobe profile of acquisition, size are accurate.Can obtain to have the composite water permeable brick of different length by shearing device, not need more exchange device.
Below describe preferred embodiment of the present invention by reference to the accompanying drawings in detail; but; the present invention is not limited to the detail in the above-mentioned embodiment; in technical conceive scope of the present invention; can carry out multiple simple variant to technical scheme of the present invention, these simple variant all belong to protection scope of the present invention.
Need to prove that in addition each the concrete technical characterictic described in the above-mentioned specific embodiment under reconcilable situation, can make up by any suitable manner.For fear of unnecessary repetition, the present invention is to the explanation no longer separately of various possible compound modes.
In addition, also can carry out any combination between the various embodiment of the present invention, as long as it is without prejudice to thought of the present invention, it should be considered as content disclosed in this invention equally.
Claims (13)
1. equipment for the preparation of composite water permeable brick, it is characterized in that, this equipment comprises shaped device and is positioned at the shearing device in this shaped device downstream, described shaped device comprise inside be formed with the housing of die cavity (11) (10), be arranged in the described die cavity (11) and link to each other with drive unit (20) extrude bar (30), bed material bucket (41) and be positioned at the fabric bucket (42) in this bed material bucket (41) downstream, described bed material bucket (41) and described fabric bucket (42) all are connected with described die cavity (11).
2. equipment according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described die cavity (11) is divided into three parts along its length: the third part (11c) between the second portion (11b) between the upstream side of first (11a), this first (11a) and the described fabric bucket (42) corresponding with described bed material bucket (41) and the outlet of this second portion (11b) and described die cavity (11), the height of described first (11a) and described third part (11c) are all greater than the height of described second portion (11b).
3. equipment according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the described bar (30) of extruding is extruded bar for spiral.
4. according to any described equipment in the claim 1 to 3, it is characterized in that described shaped device comprises gear (60), this gear (60) is connected described extruding between bar (30) and the described drive unit (20).
5. according to any described equipment in the claim 1 to 3, it is characterized in that, be provided with screw distribution mechanism in described bed material bucket (41) and/or the described fabric bucket (42).
6. equipment according to claim 5 is characterized in that, described screw distribution mechanism comprises screw rod (50), and this screw rod (50) extends to the opposite side of this bed material bucket (41) from a side of described bed material bucket (41); And/or described screw rod (50) extends to the opposite side of this fabric bucket (42) from a side of described fabric bucket (42).
7. equipment according to claim 6 is characterized in that, the y direction of described screw rod (50) is perpendicular to the length direction of described die cavity (11).
8. equipment according to claim 7 is characterized in that, described screw distribution mechanism comprises a plurality of described screw rods (50) that be arranged in parallel.
9. according to any described equipment in the claim 1 to 3, it is characterized in that, this equipment comprises frame (80), and described shaped device is arranged on the described frame (80), and the upper surface of described housing (10) and described frame (80) surrounds described die cavity (11) jointly.
10. equipment according to claim 9, it is characterized in that, this equipment comprises Cutting platform (70), this Cutting platform (70) is arranged on the downstream of the outlet of described die cavity (11), and the upper surface of described Cutting platform (70) is concordant with the upper surface of described frame (80), and described shearing device is arranged on the described Cutting platform (70).
11. equipment according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described shearing device comprises the brick cutting machine that cuts off the frequency adjustable joint.
12. equipment according to claim 11 is characterized in that, described brick cutting machine comprises cutting part and is used for the control part of this cutting part of control.
13. equipment according to claim 12 is characterized in that, described cutting part comprises chain saw or grinding wheel.
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| CN201210042193.8A CN103286848B (en) | 2012-02-22 | 2012-02-22 | Equipment used for producing composite water permeable brick |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN105384464A (en) * | 2015-11-10 | 2016-03-09 | 河海大学 | Preparation method and device for bottom blowing type photocatalytic porous permeable brick |
| CN106042165A (en) * | 2016-07-26 | 2016-10-26 | 福建海源自动化机械股份有限公司 | Manufacturing device for bricks permeable to water |
| CN111469260A (en) * | 2020-04-28 | 2020-07-31 | 王安全 | Gypsum block produced and prepared by dry method |
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| CN111469260A (en) * | 2020-04-28 | 2020-07-31 | 王安全 | Gypsum block produced and prepared by dry method |
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