CN103227054A - 染料敏化太阳能电池的硫化锑对电极及其制备方法 - Google Patents
染料敏化太阳能电池的硫化锑对电极及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种染料敏化太阳能电池的硫化锑对电极及其制备方法,它是在导电基底上负载硫化锑纳米线,具体制备工艺:将新合成的硫化锑分散在有机粘合剂溶液中,通过刮涂、旋转涂膜或丝网印刷镀膜于导电基底上,将镀膜后的导电基底干燥,400-500℃真空、氩气或氮气气氛下煅烧0.5-3小时,自然冷却到室温,得到染料敏化太阳能电池的硫化锑对电极。与Pt对电极相比,该类型材料在自然界储量丰富,可以实现大批量工业化生产。与其他同类型半导体对电极材料相比,硫化锑纳米结构制备方法简便、工艺成熟,因此该硫化锑纳米结构材料在染料敏化太阳能电池领域有广泛的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种新型染料敏化太阳能电池对电极及其制备方法。
背景技术
因具有环境友好、工艺简便和循环稳定性高等特点,染料敏化太阳能电池正在逐步显现其潜在的应用价值。近年来有研究表明,染料敏化太阳能电池的光电转换效率可达到10%以上,尤其是该电池能经受1000Wm-2可见光1000个小时以上持续照射,仍能保证其效率维持在10%附近。然而,受成本和效率因素制约,染料敏化太阳能电池离正式商业化推广还有不小的距离。近年来为了进一步提高此类电池的光电转换效率,大量的研究工作致力于进一步降低其生产成本和提高光电转换效率。
染料敏化太阳能电池由染料敏化的纳米二氧化钛半导体光阳极﹑碘/碘离子氧化还原电对电解液和镀贵金属铂对电极构成。对电极作为染料敏化太阳能电池极为关键和不可或缺的组件,在降低成本和提高效率方面起着举足轻重的作用。目前,在氟离子掺杂的二氧化锡导电玻璃上镀铂是染料敏化太阳能电池常用的对电极,它对碘还原成碘离子的反应具有良好的催化作用。然而,由于铂是一种贵金属,资源稀缺而且价格昂贵,因此,研究寻找价格低﹑储量丰富和性能良好的铂的替代物作染料敏化太阳能电池的对电极材料是一项关键的工作,比如采用高空隙柔性碳、高活性介孔碳、碳纳米管、石墨烯、石墨烯复合多孔材料等碳材料对电极[CN200610114581.7; CN200710177810.4; CN200710010546.5; CN200810118071.6; CN200810227107.4; CN201010212640];聚噻吩、聚吡咯、聚苯胺、聚对苯、聚苯乙烯等导电聚合物对电极[CN200910043344.X; CN200910072716.1; CN200910072714.2];TiN等氮化物对电极[CN200910068409.6; CN201110004928.8; Chem. Commun. 2009, 6720; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 3653];硫化钴、硫化镍、硫化亚铜、硫化锡和硫化铋等硫化物对电极[J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 15976; Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 2630; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 11739; Aust. J. Chem. 2012, 65, 1342; J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 18572];以及以上各种材料的复合物对电极,均可以达到与Pt对电极相比拟的效果,并大大改善了染料敏化太阳能电池的光电转换效率并有效降低了电池的成本。
金属硫化物作为对电极材料的成功,为寻找成本低廉的Pt金属替代材料开辟了一条全新的路径。尽管如此,上述材料普遍工艺复杂,循环稳定性不高,离实际应用尚有较大差距。尤其是金属硫化物对电极通常采用与石墨烯复合的方法以改善其导电性,从而进一步提高其催化效率,然而受目前技术水平的制约,石墨烯制备成本并不低。因此找到一种全新的催化效率高、成本低廉、工艺简单和耐腐蚀性能好的对电极材料对整个染料敏化太阳能电池的产业化进程具有巨大的推动作用。
硫化锑目前常用于铁电、压电和光电材料,是常见的窄带隙半导体材料,在常温下具有一定的导电性,而且纳米结构具有超高的比表面积、特殊的量子效应等优越性。鉴于此,硫化锑纳米结构兼具良好导电性和出色催化活性的双重要求。不仅如此,硫化锑纳米结构制备工艺简单易行,原料来源相对丰富,作为Pt金属替代材料具有成本上的优势。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种染料敏化太阳能电池的硫化锑对电极及其制备方法,将纳米结构硫化锑作为染料敏化太阳能电池对电极材料,以优化染料敏化太阳能电池对电极的催化性能,进一步提高电池的光电转换效率并降低电池成本,加快染料敏化太阳能电池的工业化生产进程。
本发明提供的染料敏化太阳能电池的硫化锑对电极是在导电基底上负载硫化锑纳米线,具体制备工艺:将新合成的硫化锑分散在有机粘合剂溶液中,通过刮涂、旋转涂膜或丝网印刷镀膜于导电基底上,将镀膜后的导电基底干燥,400-500℃真空、氩气或氮气气氛下煅烧0.5-3小时,自然冷却到室温,得到染料敏化太阳能电池的硫化锑对电极。
本发明提供的染料敏化太阳能电池的硫化锑对电极的制备方法包括以下步骤:
1)将可溶性锑盐与硫化剂在水、乙醇或二者以任何比例混合的溶剂中和表面活性剂混合均匀,充分搅拌后,得到反应物悬浮液;
2)反应物悬浮液在密闭条件下进行加热反应,反应条件为:温度100~180℃,时间10~32小时;冷却至室温,反应生成物用水和无水乙醇分别洗涤,得到硫化锑粉末;
3)将制得的硫化锑粉末分散在粘合剂溶液中,充分搅拌或研磨制得浆料;将浆料均匀刮涂、丝网印刷或旋转涂膜在导电基底上,在60~110oC干燥;
4)在真空、氩气或氮气气氛下,将上述镀膜导电基底在400-500℃下煅烧0.5-3个小时,然后自然冷却到室温,得到硫化锑对电极。
所述的锑盐、硫化剂与表面活性剂的质量比:3 : 3-6 : 1-6。
所述的可溶性锑盐为:氯化锑、硫酸锑、硝酸锑或醋酸锑。
所述的硫化剂是硫脲、硫代乙酰胺。
所述的表面活性剂是聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(如PVP 40000)、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、吐温(Tween)中的至少一种,或任意两种或多种任意比例的混合物。
所述的粘结剂为聚乙二醇(PEG)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF) 中的至少一种,或任意两种或多种任意比例的混合物。
所述的导电基底为导电玻璃或金属。
本发明是以N-719染料敏化的TiO2膜作为光阳极。采用的电解液是由0.05摩尔 I2、0.1摩尔LiI、0.6摩尔1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (DMPII)和0.5摩尔4-tert-butyl pyridine溶解于氰化甲烷(acetonitrile)配制而成。采用本发明制备硫化锑样品镀膜于导电基体,共同组成模拟电池系统进行测试。
本发明结合硫化锑纳米结构的诸多优势,材料表现出较好的导电性和催化性能,电池表现出与Pt电极相当的填充因子和光电转换效率。与其它无机对电极材料相比,纳米结构硫化锑可能作为Pt电极取代材料,即用硫化锑纳米线作染料敏化太阳能电池对电极材料,有效改善半导体对电极材料的催化效率并简化整套工艺和降低原料成本。本发明工艺可以实现大批量工业化生产。与其它同类型半导体对电极材料相比,硫化锑纳米结构制备方法简便、工艺成熟,因此该硫化锑纳米结构材料在染料敏化太阳能电池领域有广泛的应用前景。
图1中(a)、(b)分别是由实施例1和实施例2得到的两组Sb2S3样品的XRD图与标准谱图的对照图,由图可知该两组硫化锑纳米结构属于斜方晶系(JCPDS No. 42-1393)。
图2中(a)、(b)分别是由实施例1和实施例2得到的两组Sb2S3样品的扫描电镜图,由图可知硫化锑样品由是纳米线组装而成三维簇状结构,具有较大比表面积。因此,可以大大增加与氧化还原对的有效接触面积,并提高催化效率。图2(c)、(d)分别是由实施例1和实施例2得到的两组Sb2S3样品的透射电镜图,而图2(e)、(f)分别是由实施例1和实施例2得到的两组Sb2S3样品的高分辨透射电镜图,说明该样品结晶程度很高,并进一步验证了该样品是斜方晶系(JCPDS No. 42-1393)。
图3中(a)、(b)分别是由实施例1和实施例2得到的两组Sb2S3样品的阻抗图。硫化锑样品的导电性良好,作为对电极受导电性能方面的限制不大。另外通过电流-电压曲线的测量我们计算出两组样品的填充因子分别为55.54%和54.10%。
图4中(a)、(b)分别是由实施例1和实施例2得到的两组Sb2S3样品的电流-电压曲线,两组硫化锑样品作为染料敏化太阳能电池对电极材料具有与Pt电极相比拟的电流-电压特性。
附图说明
图1 为实施例1(a)和实施例2(b)两组样品的X射线衍射图及硫化锑标准谱图(c, JCPDS No. 42-1393)。
图2分别为实施例1(a,c,e)和实施例2(b,d,f)两组样品的扫描电镜、透射电镜和高分辨投射电镜图。
图3为实施例1(a)和实施例2(b)两组硫化锑样品的阻抗曲线。
图4为实施例1(a)和实施例2(b)两组硫化锑作为对电极测得电流-电压曲线。
具体实施方式
下面结合实例对本发明作进一步说明,但不限于此。
实施例1:
(1) Sb2S3的合成:氯化锑0.3克、硫脲0.4克、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP40000)0.4克加入38毫升无水乙醇,搅拌悬浮液20分钟,直到形成浅黄色沉淀。而后将黄色沉淀悬浮液移入聚四氟乙烯内衬的高压反应釜,并加水填满反应釜在150℃下加热24小时后使其自然冷却至室温。最后收集反应釜中生成物,并用水和无水乙醇将其洗净待用。
(2) 取硫化锑粉末0.05克与0.5毫升质量百分比为2.5wt%的聚二乙醇(PEG20000)水溶液混合并搅拌均匀。然后用刮刀法将混合液镀膜于导电玻璃上。
(3) 在氩气条件下,将上述镀膜导电玻璃在450℃高温下烧制1个小时,得到硫化锑对电极。
(4) 电解液由0.05摩尔 I2、0.1摩尔LiI、0.6摩尔1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (DMPII)和0.5摩尔4-tert-butyl pyridine溶解于氰化甲烷(acetonitrile)配制而成。
将上述对电极、N-719染料敏化TiO2光阳极及上述配比电解液组成模拟染料敏化太阳能电池,在模拟太阳光源Global AM 1.5的100 mW cm-2的照射条件下测其光伏曲线。
实施例2:
(1) Sb2S3的合成:氯化锑0.3克、硫代乙酰胺(thiacetamide)0.4克、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP 40000)0.4克加入38毫升无水乙醇, 搅拌悬浮液20分钟, 直到形成浅黄色沉淀。而后将浅黄色沉淀悬浮液移入聚四氟乙烯内衬的高压反应釜,并加水填满反应釜在150℃下加热24小时后使其自然冷却至室温。最后收集反应釜中生成物,并用水和无水乙醇将其洗净待用。
(2) 取硫化锑粉末0.05克与0.5毫升2.5wt%聚二乙醇(PEG20000)溶液混合并搅拌均匀。然后用刮刀法将混合液镀膜于导电玻璃。
(3) 在氩气条件下,将上述镀膜导电玻璃在450℃高温下烧制1个小时,得到硫化锑对电极。
(4) 电解液由0.05摩尔 I2、0.1摩尔LiI、0.6摩尔1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (DMPII)和0.5摩尔4-tert-butyl pyridine溶解于氰化甲烷(acetonitrile)配制而成。
将上述对电极、N-719染料敏化TiO2光阳极及上述配比电解液组成模拟染料敏化太阳能电池,在模拟太阳光源Global AM 1.5的100 mW cm-2的照射条件下测其光伏曲线。
Claims (10)
1.一种染料敏化太阳能电池的硫化锑对电极,其特征在于:是在导电基底上负载硫化锑纳米线,具体制备工艺:将新合成的硫化锑分散在有机粘合剂溶液中,通过刮涂、旋转涂膜或丝网印刷镀膜于导电基底上,将镀膜后的导电基底干燥,400-500℃真空、氩气或氮气气氛下煅烧0.5-3小时,自然冷却到室温,得到染料敏化太阳能电池的硫化锑对电极。
2.一种权利要求1所述的染料敏化太阳能电池的硫化锑对电极的制备方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:
1)将可溶性锑盐与硫化剂在水、乙醇或二者以任何比例混合的溶剂中和表面活性剂混合均匀,充分搅拌后,得到反应物悬浮液;
2)反应物悬浮液在密闭条件下进行加热反应,反应条件为:温度100~180℃,时间10~32小时;冷却至室温,反应生成物用水和无水乙醇分别洗涤,得到硫化锑粉末;
3)将制得的硫化锑粉末分散在粘合剂溶液中,充分搅拌或研磨制得浆料;将浆料均匀刮涂、丝网印刷或旋转涂膜在导电基底上,在60~110oC干燥;
4)在真空、氩气或氮气气氛下,将上述镀膜导电基底在400-500℃下煅烧0.5-3个小时,然后自然冷却到室温,得到硫化锑对电极。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于所述的锑盐、硫化剂与表面活性剂的质量比:3 : 3-6 : 1-6。
4.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于所述的可溶性锑盐为:氯化锑、硫酸锑、硝酸锑或醋酸锑。
5.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于所述的硫化剂是硫脲、硫代乙酰胺。
6.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于所述的表面活性剂为聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、吐温(Tween) 中的至少一种,或任意两种或多种任意比例的混合物。
7.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于所述粘合剂为聚乙二醇(PEG)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF) 中的至少一种,或任意两种或多种任意比例的混合物。
8.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于所述的导电基底为导电玻璃或金属;所述的溶剂为乙醇。
9.权利要求1所述的硫化锑对电极组成的染料敏化太阳能电池。
10.一种染料敏化太阳能电池的硫化锑对电极,其特征在于它的制备方法包括以下步骤:
1)将氯化锑与硫化剂按计量在乙醇溶剂中和表面活性剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮混合均匀,充分搅拌后,得到反应物悬浮液;氯化锑、硫化剂与表面活性剂的质量比:3 : 3-6 : 1-6;
2)反应物悬浮液在密闭条件下进行加热反应,反应条件为:温度100~180℃,时间10~32小时;冷却至室温,反应生成物用水和无水乙醇分别洗涤,得到硫化锑粉末;
3)将制得的硫化锑粉末分散在聚乙二醇溶液中,充分搅拌或研磨制得浆料;将浆料均匀刮涂、丝网印刷或旋转涂膜在导电玻璃上,在60~110oC干燥;
4)在真空、氩气或氮气气氛下,将上述镀膜导电玻璃在400-500℃下煅烧0.5-3个小时,然后自然冷却到室温,得到硫化锑对电极。
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