CN103214260B - Method for performing diffusion bonding on DD3 high-temperature alloy and Ti3AlC2 ceramic by adopting Nb/Ni composite middle layer - Google Patents
Method for performing diffusion bonding on DD3 high-temperature alloy and Ti3AlC2 ceramic by adopting Nb/Ni composite middle layer Download PDFInfo
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- CN103214260B CN103214260B CN201310139849.2A CN201310139849A CN103214260B CN 103214260 B CN103214260 B CN 103214260B CN 201310139849 A CN201310139849 A CN 201310139849A CN 103214260 B CN103214260 B CN 103214260B
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- superalloy
- alc
- pottery
- paper tinsel
- composite interlayer
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- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 229910009818 Ti3AlC2 Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract 8
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910000601 superalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 74
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004506 ultrasonic cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 29
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000037656 Respiratory Sounds Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for performing the diffusion bonding on a DD3 high-temperature alloy and a Ti3AlC2 ceramic by adopting an Nb/Ni composite middle layer, relates to a method for bonding the DD3 high-temperature alloy and the Ti3AlC2 ceramic, and aims to solve the problem that the DD3 high-temperature alloy and the Ti3AlC2 ceramic are difficult to bond. The method comprises the following steps of: 1, cutting raw materials; 2, grinding, polishing and cleaning the raw materials; 3, forming an assembled piece made of the DD3 high-temperature alloy/Nb foil/Ni foil/Ti3AlC2; and 4, executing the method for performing the diffusion bonding on the DD3 high-temperature alloy and the Ti3AlC2 ceramic by adopting the Nb/Ni composite middle layer. By utilizing the method, the bonding between the DD3 high-temperature alloy and the Ti3AlC2 ceramic is realized, and a reliable joint is obtained. The room temperature shearing strength of the joint is up to 86.3 MPa at most. According to the method, the DD3 high-temperature alloy and the Ti3AlC2 ceramic are connected through the Nb/Ni composite middle layer.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to connect DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the method of pottery.
Background technology
Superalloy is widely used in aircraft engine hot-end component as moving turbine blade and turning vane because having good high-temperature behavior.Single crystal super alloy is owing to having eliminated crystal boundary completely, thereby eliminated grain boundary segregation and the intrinsic defect of crystal boundary, greatly reduces crackle tendency, and its high-temperature behavior is obviously better than conventional cast superalloy.DD3 superalloy is the first-generation nickel-base high-temperature single crystal alloy of domestic development, and its composition is comparatively simple, and not containing rare noble metal, cost is lower, and medium and high temperature performance is good.
The practical application of DD3 superalloy will inevitably relate to self and being connected of other materials.Chinese scholars is being launched serial work aspect the soldering of DD3 superalloy self and transition liquid phase diffusion weld.Aspect brazing, be mainly adopt using B as the nickel-based solder that falls molten element with high temperature, technique is tested when long, and has obtained the joint with certain high-temperature behavior.Aspect transition liquid phase diffusion weld, be to adopt the alloy of certain special composition as intermediate layer material, in the time of the certain temperature of heating, intermediate layer material fusing joint filling, and become solid phase by diffusion in the time being incubated subsequently, and making microstructure and composition homogenizing, the high-performance that finally realizes superalloy connects.Up to the present, DD3 superalloy is connected with other materials, rarely has report.
Ti
3alC
2pottery is the one of novel tertiary laminate ceramic, becomes because it has excellent properties the focus that recent year is numerous material scholar researchs.It had both had the performance of metal, had good heat conductivility and conductivity, had lower hardness, as metal, can carry out mechanical workout, had again ceramic performance, high-melting-point, high thermal stability and good antioxidant property simultaneously.These excellent properties make it have wide application prospect.
Ti
3alC
2pottery is because of himself intrinsic fragility, and the block materials that makes to prepare high purity, high-compactness is very difficult, is mainly the Ti to reduced size and simple shape at present
3alC
2pottery adopts the means that connect, and obtains the Ti of needed large-size or complicated shape
3alC
2ceramic component.In addition, in view of Ti
3alC
2the excellent properties of pottery, inevitably relates to and the connectivity problem of other materials, gives full play to its potential value with this.
Consider DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the comprehensive excellent properties of pottery, connects together this bi-material to be prepared into composite component, can give full play to both performance advantages, particularly manufactures field at thermal structure component such as aerospace, has great application prospect.Up to the present, also do not have both at home and abroad about DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the bibliographical information that pottery connects.
Summary of the invention
The present invention will solve DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2pottery is difficult to the problem connecting, and provides the diffusion of a kind of Nb/Ni of employing composite interlayer to connect DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the method of pottery.
A kind of Nb/Ni of employing composite interlayer of the present invention diffusion connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the method of pottery, specifically completes according to following steps:
One, by DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2pottery carries out line cutting, obtains DD3 superalloy and Ti to be connected
3alC
2pottery;
Joint face and the Ti of the DD3 superalloy to be connected two, step 1 being obtained
3alC
2the joint face of pottery all adopts sand papering, polishing, then by the joint face of DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the joint face of pottery is put into acetone ultrasonic cleaning 5~15min;
Three, Nb paper tinsel and Ni paper tinsel are placed in to joint face and the Ti of DD3 superalloy to be connected
3alC
2between the joint face of pottery, be assembled into DD3 superalloy/Nb paper tinsel/Ni paper tinsel/Ti
3alC
2the assembly parts of pottery, wherein the thickness of Nb paper tinsel is 25 μ m~200 μ m, the thickness of Ni paper tinsel is 25 μ m~150 μ m;
Four, the assembly parts that step 3 obtained are placed in vacuum furnace, and pressure to the vacuum furnace vacuum tightness that applies 20MPa~40MPa reaches (1.3~2.0) × 10
-3after Pa, energising heating, controlling heat-up rate is 20 DEG C/min~40 DEG C/min, be warming up to 900 DEG C~1000 DEG C, then be incubated 30min~120min, then to control speed of cooling be 5 DEG C/min~15 DEG C/min, be cooled to 300 DEG C, and then furnace cooling, complete and adopt the diffusion of Nb/Ni composite interlayer to connect DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2pottery.
The present invention comprises following beneficial effect:
The present invention selects Nb paper tinsel and Ni paper tinsel as composite interlayer material, can realize the connection of joint.First, Ni is by diffusion and Ti
3alC
2the reaction such as Ti and Al in pottery, has formed compound, has realized connection, and secondly, Nb reacts the intermetallic species generating with Ni less, and the compound N i generating
3nb at room temperature has higher intensity and plasticity, has ensured to a certain extent the mechanical property of joint.
The present invention adopts the diffusion of Nb/Ni composite interlayer to connect DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2pottery, spread and connect temperature (900 DEG C~1000 DEG C) and soaking time (30~120min) by control, to control the distribution of reacting phase in the thickness of responding layer and joint, and then reach the object of controlling joint microstructure and performance, successfully realized DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the connection of pottery, and obtained reliable joint.The room temperature shearing resistance of joint reaches as high as 86.3MPa.
DD3 superalloy of the present invention and Ti
3alC
2the successful connection of pottery, by DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the web member of pottery, for the aviation component of thermal structure, can effectively improve specific tenacity, creep-resistant property and the antioxidant property of existing device, has great application prospect.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is DD3 superalloy and the Ti that embodiment mono-obtains
3alC
2the backscattered electron photo of the joint interface weave construction of pottery.
Embodiment
Technical solution of the present invention is not limited to following cited embodiment, also comprises the arbitrary combination between each embodiment.
Embodiment one: the diffusion of a kind of Nb/Ni of employing of present embodiment composite interlayer connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the method of pottery, specifically completes according to following steps:
One, by DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2pottery carries out line cutting, obtains DD3 superalloy and Ti to be connected
3alC
2pottery;
Joint face and the Ti of the DD3 superalloy to be connected two, step 1 being obtained
3alC
2the joint face of pottery all adopts sand papering, polishing, then by the joint face of DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the joint face of pottery is put into acetone ultrasonic cleaning 5~15min;
Three, Nb paper tinsel and Ni paper tinsel are placed in to joint face and the Ti of DD3 superalloy to be connected
3alC
2between the joint face of pottery, be assembled into DD3 superalloy/Nb paper tinsel/Ni paper tinsel/Ti
3alC
2the assembly parts of pottery, wherein the thickness of Nb paper tinsel is 25 μ m~200 μ m, the thickness of Ni paper tinsel is 25 μ m~150 μ m;
Four, the assembly parts that step 3 obtained are placed in vacuum furnace, and pressure to the vacuum furnace vacuum tightness that applies 20MPa~40MPa reaches (1.3~2.0) × 10
-3after Pa, energising heating, controlling heat-up rate is 20 DEG C/min~40 DEG C/min, be warming up to 900 DEG C~1000 DEG C, then be incubated 30min~120min, then to control speed of cooling be 5 DEG C/min~15 DEG C/min, be cooled to 300 DEG C, and then furnace cooling, complete and adopt the diffusion of Nb/Ni composite interlayer to connect DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2pottery.
In present embodiment step 3, be assembled into DD3 superalloy/Nb paper tinsel //Ni paper tinsel/Ti
3alC
2the structure of pottery, ensures that [001] direction of DD3 superalloy is vertical with to be connected all the time, and Nb paper tinsel is positioned near DD3 superalloy side, and Ni paper tinsel is positioned near Ti
3alC
2pottery side.By Nb, Ni and DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the reacting to each other and spread of element in pottery, has realized reliable connection.
Present embodiment adopts the diffusion of Nb/Ni composite interlayer to connect DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2pottery, spread and connect temperature (900 DEG C~1000 DEG C) and soaking time (30~120min) by control, to control the distribution of reacting phase in the thickness of responding layer and joint, and then reach the object of controlling joint microstructure and performance, successfully realized DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the connection of pottery, and obtained reliable joint.The room temperature shearing resistance of joint reaches as high as 86.3MPa.
Present embodiment DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the successful connection of pottery, by DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the web member of pottery, for the aviation component of thermal structure, can effectively improve specific tenacity, creep-resistant property and the antioxidant property of existing device, has great application prospect.
Embodiment two: present embodiment is different from embodiment one: put into acetone ultrasonic cleaning 10min described in step 2.Other are identical with embodiment one.
Embodiment three: present embodiment is different from embodiment one or two: the thickness of the Nb paper tinsel described in step 3 is 50 μ m~150 μ m, the thickness of Ni paper tinsel is 50 μ m~100 μ m.Other are identical with embodiment one or two.
Embodiment four: present embodiment is different from one of embodiment one to three: the thickness of the Nb paper tinsel described in step 3 is 100 μ m, the thickness of Ni paper tinsel is 80 μ m.Other are identical with one of embodiment one to three.
Embodiment five: present embodiment is different from one of embodiment one to four: the pressure that applies 30MPa described in step 4.Other is identical with one of embodiment one to four.
Embodiment six: present embodiment is different from one of embodiment one to five: the vacuum furnace vacuum tightness described in step 4 reaches 1.5 × 10
-3pa.Other is identical with one of embodiment one to five.
Embodiment seven: present embodiment is different from one of embodiment one to six: the control heat-up rate described in step 4 is 30 DEG C/min.Other is identical with one of embodiment one to six.
Embodiment eight: present embodiment is different from one of embodiment one to seven: be warming up to 925 DEG C~975 DEG C described in step 4.Other are identical with one of embodiment one to seven.
Embodiment nine: present embodiment is different from one of embodiment one to eight: be warming up to 950 DEG C described in step 4.Other are identical with one of embodiment one to eight.
Embodiment ten: embodiment eight: present embodiment is different from one of embodiment one to nine: the insulation 45min~90min described in step 4.Other is identical with one of embodiment one to nine.
Embodiment 11: present embodiment is different from one of embodiment one to ten: the insulation 60min described in step 4.Other is identical with one of embodiment one to ten.
Embodiment 12: present embodiment is different from one of embodiment one to 11: the speed of cooling described in step 4 is 10 DEG C/min.Other is identical with one of embodiment one to 11.
Adopt following examples to verify beneficial effect of the present invention:
Embodiment mono-:
The diffusion of a kind of Nb/Ni of employing of the present embodiment composite interlayer connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the method of pottery, specifically completes according to following steps:
One, by DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2line cutting for pottery, obtains DD3 superalloy and Ti to be connected
3alC
2pottery, wherein, DD3 superalloy to be connected is of a size of 20mm × 8mm × 3mm, Ti
3alC
2pottery is of a size of 4mm × 4mm × 3mm;
Two, DD3 superalloy and the Ti to be connected that step 1 are obtained
3alC
2polishing after the joint face employing sand papering of pottery, then by DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the joint face of pottery is put into acetone ultrasonic cleaning 10min;
Three, Nb paper tinsel and Ni paper tinsel are placed in to DD3 superalloy and Ti to be connected
3alC
2between the joint face of pottery, be assembled into DD3 superalloy/Nb paper tinsel/Ni paper tinsel/Ti
3alC
2the assembly parts of pottery, wherein the thickness of Nb paper tinsel is 100 μ m, the thickness of Ni paper tinsel is 80 μ m;
Four, the assembly parts that step 3 obtained are placed in vacuum furnace, apply the pressure of 30MPa, when vacuum furnace vacuum tightness reaches 1.5 × 10
-3when Pa, energising heating, controlling heat-up rate is 30 DEG C/min, be warming up to 950 DEG C, be then incubated 60min, then to control speed of cooling be 10 DEG C/min, be cooled to 300 DEG C, and then furnace cooling, complete and adopt the diffusion of Nb/Ni composite interlayer to connect DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the method of pottery.
DD3 superalloy and Ti that the present embodiment obtains
3alC
2as shown in Figure 1, in figure, left side is DD3 superalloy to the backscattered electron photo of the Diffusion Bonding Joint interface microstructure of pottery, and right side is Ti
3alC
2pottery, the complete densification of joint that adopts present embodiment to obtain, the defects such as flawless, have realized DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the reliable connection of pottery.After tested, the room temperature average shear intensity of joint reaches 86.3MPa.
Claims (9)
1. one kind adopts the diffusion of Nb/Ni composite interlayer to connect DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the method of pottery, is characterized in that adopting the diffusion of Nb/Ni composite interlayer to connect DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the method of pottery, specifically completes according to following steps:
One, by DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2pottery carries out line cutting, obtains DD3 superalloy and Ti to be connected
3alC
2pottery;
Joint face and the Ti of the DD3 superalloy to be connected two, step 1 being obtained
3alC
2the joint face of pottery all adopts sand papering, polishing, then by the joint face of DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the joint face of pottery is put into acetone ultrasonic cleaning 5~15min;
Three, Nb paper tinsel and Ni paper tinsel are placed in to joint face and the Ti of DD3 superalloy to be connected
3alC
2between the joint face of pottery, be assembled into DD3 superalloy/Nb paper tinsel/Ni paper tinsel/Ti
3alC
2the assembly parts of pottery, ensure that [001] direction of DD3 superalloy is vertical with to be connected all the time, and Nb paper tinsel is positioned near DD3 superalloy side, and Ni paper tinsel is positioned near Ti
3alC
2pottery side, wherein the thickness of Nb paper tinsel is 25 μ m~200 μ m, the thickness of Ni paper tinsel is 25 μ m~150 μ m;
Four, the assembly parts that step 3 obtained are placed in vacuum furnace, and pressure to the vacuum furnace vacuum tightness that applies 20MPa~40MPa reaches (1.3~2.0) × 10
-3after Pa, energising heating, controlling heat-up rate is 20 DEG C/min~40 DEG C/min, be warming up to 925 DEG C~975 DEG C, then be incubated 30min~120min, then to control speed of cooling be 5 DEG C/min~15 DEG C/min, be cooled to 300 DEG C, and then furnace cooling, complete and adopt the diffusion of Nb/Ni composite interlayer to connect DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2pottery.
2. a kind of Nb/Ni of employing composite interlayer according to claim 1 diffusion connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the method of pottery, is characterized in that putting into acetone ultrasonic cleaning 10min described in step 2.
3. a kind of Nb/Ni of employing composite interlayer according to claim 1 diffusion connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the method of pottery, the thickness that it is characterized in that the Nb paper tinsel described in step 3 is 50 μ m~150 μ m, the thickness of Ni paper tinsel is 50 μ m~100 μ m.
4. a kind of Nb/Ni of employing composite interlayer according to claim 3 diffusion connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the method of pottery, the thickness that it is characterized in that the Nb paper tinsel described in step 3 is 100 μ m, the thickness of Ni paper tinsel is 80 μ m.
5. a kind of Nb/Ni of employing composite interlayer according to claim 1 diffusion connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the method of pottery, is characterized in that the pressure that applies 30MPa described in step 4.
6. a kind of Nb/Ni of employing composite interlayer according to claim 1 diffusion connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the method of pottery, is characterized in that the vacuum furnace vacuum tightness described in step 4 reaches 1.5 × 10
-3pa.
7. a kind of Nb/Ni of employing composite interlayer according to claim 1 diffusion connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the method of pottery, is characterized in that the control heat-up rate described in step 4 is 30 DEG C/min.
8. a kind of Nb/Ni of employing composite interlayer according to claim 1 diffusion connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the method of pottery, is characterized in that the insulation 45min~90min described in step 4.
9. a kind of Nb/Ni of employing composite interlayer according to claim 1 diffusion connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3alC
2the method of pottery, is characterized in that the speed of cooling described in step 4 is 10 DEG C/min.
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CN201310139849.2A CN103214260B (en) | 2013-04-22 | 2013-04-22 | Method for performing diffusion bonding on DD3 high-temperature alloy and Ti3AlC2 ceramic by adopting Nb/Ni composite middle layer |
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CN201310139849.2A CN103214260B (en) | 2013-04-22 | 2013-04-22 | Method for performing diffusion bonding on DD3 high-temperature alloy and Ti3AlC2 ceramic by adopting Nb/Ni composite middle layer |
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Cited By (1)
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WO2020083493A1 (en) * | 2018-10-25 | 2020-04-30 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Max phase coupons for high temperature applications and method |
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CN103698183B (en) * | 2013-12-23 | 2016-04-27 | 北京科技大学 | A kind of artificial crystal boundary preparation method for detecting nickel-base high-temperature single crystal alloy crystal interface stability |
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CN1850731A (en) * | 2006-05-15 | 2006-10-25 | 西北工业大学 | Connection method for carbon/carbon, carbon/silicon carbonate composite material and thermal-resisting alloy |
CN101352772A (en) * | 2008-08-13 | 2009-01-28 | 西北工业大学 | Diffusion welding method of TiAl/Nb based alloy and Ni based high-temperature alloy |
CN101391901A (en) * | 2008-11-07 | 2009-03-25 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Brazing method Al2O3 ceramic and metallic material |
CN102060556A (en) * | 2010-11-30 | 2011-05-18 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Method for soldering TiAlC ceramic and copper by using Ag-Cu eutectic solder |
CN102643104A (en) * | 2012-05-15 | 2012-08-22 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Diffusion bonding method of zirconium diboride-silicon carbide composite material and metal alloy |
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2013
- 2013-04-22 CN CN201310139849.2A patent/CN103214260B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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CN1850731A (en) * | 2006-05-15 | 2006-10-25 | 西北工业大学 | Connection method for carbon/carbon, carbon/silicon carbonate composite material and thermal-resisting alloy |
CN101352772A (en) * | 2008-08-13 | 2009-01-28 | 西北工业大学 | Diffusion welding method of TiAl/Nb based alloy and Ni based high-temperature alloy |
CN101391901A (en) * | 2008-11-07 | 2009-03-25 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Brazing method Al2O3 ceramic and metallic material |
CN102060556A (en) * | 2010-11-30 | 2011-05-18 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Method for soldering TiAlC ceramic and copper by using Ag-Cu eutectic solder |
CN102643104A (en) * | 2012-05-15 | 2012-08-22 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Diffusion bonding method of zirconium diboride-silicon carbide composite material and metal alloy |
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WO2020083493A1 (en) * | 2018-10-25 | 2020-04-30 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Max phase coupons for high temperature applications and method |
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