CN103149342B - A kind of arid and semi-arid district high mountain snowmelt runoff observation procedure - Google Patents
A kind of arid and semi-arid district high mountain snowmelt runoff observation procedure Download PDFInfo
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- CN103149342B CN103149342B CN201310053181.XA CN201310053181A CN103149342B CN 103149342 B CN103149342 B CN 103149342B CN 201310053181 A CN201310053181 A CN 201310053181A CN 103149342 B CN103149342 B CN 103149342B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of arid and semi-arid district high mountain snowmelt runoff observation procedure, this observation procedure comprises: select snowmelt runoff observation site; The construction site of snowmelt runoff field is determined; Build snowmelt runoff field and measure cabin.According to the theory of forest ecology and forest hydrology, observe and study generation and the rule of development of its snowmelt runoff, by observation, research, analyze, the Changing Pattern of snowmelt runoff under announcement DIFFERENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, Different Forest vegetation, Different Forest coverage rate, the different artificial mode of action, thus find how to increase snowflow discharge, make up river course water flow in dry season, in alleviation, the effective way of downstream spring ploughing use water contradiction, solve current agricultural and produce the practical problems being badly in need of solving.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to snowmelt runoff observation technology field, alpine region, particularly relate to a kind of arid and semi-arid district high mountain snowmelt runoff observation procedure.
Background technology
By Ministry of Forestry science and technology department chief editor, China Science Tech Publishing House publish " forest ecosystem Position Research method " and by " Chinese ecosystem research network observation and analysis standard method---the seawater environmental parameters observation and analysis " that published by China Standards Press, to the observation of runoff of sloping field, and detailed introduction has been done in the setting of artificial runoff field.About the hydrologic process of forest, and under precipitation condition the characteristic sum rule of runoff of sloping field, the abundant in content forest hydrology process study of domestic many institutions conduct, many research conclusions having learning value are drawn, but at present most research is all conduct a research for the rainwash of Lower and middle mountain areas, for the research of arid and semi-arid alpine region snowmelt runoff, there is not been reported.Accumulated snow is the most active and have the natural cause of multiple attributes as earth's surface, particularly in the high and cold mountain area of China and Arid&semi-arid area, as a considerable freshwater resources deposit, significant in the development of the national economy and sustainable development.In High aititude forest zone, the Qilian mountains, snowfall accounts for 10% ~ 20% of year gross precipitation, the accumulated snow phase reaches half a year, the very long accumulated snow phase not only contributes to the generation preventing forest fire in winter, also effectively can suppress the generation of forest disease and pest, the snowmelt runoff of forest accounts for 10% ~ 15%. of year yielding flow to making up river course runoff in low water season. and the growth in early spring alleviating river middle and lower reaches industrial and agricultural production water and forest all plays a very important role.Therefore, how to increase snowflow discharge, make up river course water flow in dry season, in alleviation, water contradiction is used in downstream spring ploughing, is the practical problems when Eco-environmental Forestry and agricultural production urgent need solve.
Summary of the invention
The object of the embodiment of the present invention is to provide a kind of arid and semi-arid district high mountain snowmelt runoff observation procedure, is intended to solve the problem lacking the effective observation procedure of arid and semi-arid district high mountain snowmelt runoff at present.
The embodiment of the present invention is achieved in that a kind of arid and semi-arid district high mountain snowmelt runoff observation procedure, and this observation procedure comprises:
Select snowmelt runoff observation field place;
The construction site of snowmelt runoff field is determined;
Build snowmelt runoff field and measure cabin.
Further, snowmelt runoff observation field place election: select representative plot in the region of research, according to different Forest Types, Different Forest coverage rate, different soil, different artificial manner, the area of general snowmelt runoff field is the design specification of 10 meters × 20 meters, 10 meters × 40 meters, 20 meters × 40 meters, 20 meters × 80 meters.
Further, the construction site of snowmelt runoff field requires:
(1) retain natural condition, the barrier of runoff, without ditch, hollow, road, is detained in surface, hillside fields without mound and lowland; Should there be the basically identical gradient in the whole location in hillside fields, and earth's surface is without the outlet of underground water;
(2) plant is by multiple consistent with soil characteristic;
(3) gradient is greater than to the hillside fields of 10 ° of degree, as far as possible westwards or eastwards exposes;
(4) forest is multiple should be destroyed.
Further, the construction of snowmelt runoff field and measurement cabin:
Snowmelt runoff observation field is the one piece of hillside fields separated from surrounding, has the facility measuring snowmelt runoff above;
The runoff field of research hillside fields snowmelt runoff process is a rectangle, and surrounding has been set up defences revetment; The below of field has intake chamber to be connected with the cabin that measurement mechanism is housed; At cabin built with weir case, water flowed into case from intake chamber through communicating pipe; In order to from the draining of measurement cabin, be provided with catch gutter; Intercepting ditch is had, in order to tackle the runoff on runoff field surrounding hillside fields along the top of snowmelt runoff field and both sides;
Undersized snowmelt runoff field adapts in the gradient comparatively large, and water permeability is little, the area that soil moisture is large.Snowmelt runoff observation field is in the layout of slope, and long limit should be made perpendicular to level line, and minor face is parallel to level line;
High mountain snowmelt runoff field is built into a pair, and at this moment wherein one revetment is that two runoff fields are used, and weir case be placed on one within doors little; Also the snowmelt runoff observation field that three or more is linked togather can be built;
The revetment of runoff field can be made with concrete, timber, clay or galvanized sheet; Because High aititude region winter snow cover is thicker, revetment is above ground level is no less than 40 ~ 60cm, is buried in the earth 60cm.The slope that accumulated snow is very thick below runoff field or 1/3rd places below runoff field, the height of revetment should increase by 10 ~ 20cm.Intercepting ditch, near the side slope of field, should not be less than 0.5 meter apart from revetment; The average-size of ditch is as follows: dark 30cm, top width 50cm, bottom width 30cm;
The size of ditch is depending on length of grade above and the gradient and consider the excretion of maximum flow; The length of ditch should be longer than the length of side revetment, to ensure fully to discharge the water of runoff field and to eliminate ditch by the possibility of flooding;
The intake chamber of runoff field is generally done orthogonal, is made by the reinforced concrete of high grade, and the thickness of bottom land and outside cell wall is 10cm, and the thickness towards the internal groove side wall of runoff field one side is 15cm; The basal area of groove is generally determined by computing formula; Computing formula is:
W in formula---the basal area of intake chamber flowing water
The maximum flow of Q---employing
V---the mean flow rate of current in groove
V value is determined by thanking to (chezy) formula:
coefficient
concrete roughness n adopts 0.011, and hydraulic gradient i adopts the gradient of groove.Hydraulic radius presses formula
determine, the wetted perimeter of X in formula---groove, index is by formula
determine;
Water inlet groove width should not be less than 20cm.Fill in some cases and permitted to build trogue, the inner face of bottom land and wall coats pitch; The outer wall of groove exceeds inwall 20cm, 10cm above ground level, and intake chamber moves towards to measure the gradient that cabin should have 0.02 ~ 0.03; The inseparable part of intake chamber is the shield covered wherein, is combined into, overlaps each other by many iron plates or malthoid, and shield borrows the longitudinal axis to be fixed on groove; The longitudinal axis is one and is fixed on metal on water jacket or wooden stick, the shape that outside respectively has pole can support shield or open or close in shield.
Further, in order to anti-sealing enters intake chamber from side location, the side revetment around runoff field should along hillside fields from intake chamber to downward 0.5m; It is the pipe be connected with intake chamber that water enters measurement mechanism from intake chamber, and it through the wall of cabin, and has the gradient of 0.03 ~ 0.05.The cross section of pipe should be equivalent to the latter end of intake chamber the fullest time cross-sectional area.Generally be located at end or the centre of intake chamber communicating pipe, in pipe and the connection place of intake chamber, groove dug dark 8 ~ 10cm.The conveyance power of water of communicating pipe and drainpipe can adopt hydraulic formula to calculate:
The diameter (m) of a in formula---pipe
Conveyance power of water (the m of Q---pipe
3/ s)
The gradient of I---pipe
The inside dimension of the cabin of single runoff field: plane is 1.5 × 2.0m, high 1.8 ~ 2.0m, and paired runoff field is of a size of 2.0 × 2.0m, high 1.8 ~ 2.0m; Each runoff field has weir case, water gauge, water-level gauge.
Further, weir case is welded into by the iron plate of thick 2.0 ~ 4mm, its standard size is long 1.5m, wide 0.4m, high 1.0m, the endoseptum that case is made by the iron plate of two pieces of thick 2 ~ 4mm is divided into three parts, to make case indeformable when water filling, two end portions uses wide 5cm in side, and the seam contour with the sidewall of case is communicating together.The long 40cm of a part of rear end, as the well logging of mareograph, lay float in its central authorities, center section is of a size of 35 × 40cm, is a raingauge receiver, bears from intake chamber by entering the water of weir case communicating pipe; At distance case upper limb 10cm place, a removable metalolic network is housed below communicating pipe, and its hole size is 1 ~ 2mm
2as the auxiliary unrestrained device and stop rubbish of disappearing; In the bottom of the cross wall of segmentation second and Part III, often wide 0.6cm is had to play the longitudinal crack of 50cm the end of from through 2cm; Front cell wall is used bolt fixed weir; The case drift angle of above-mentioned size is 45 °, the triangle weir of 60 ° and 90 °.Head is 18 ~ 30cm.On the weir case sidewall near room wall, apart from 60cm place, weir, wooden or metal framework is fixed with hook-type water gauge; The bottom of case antetheca, is welded with a bleeder cock below weir, to guarantee rapid emptying weir case; Weir case is placed on the wooden frame on cabin floor, and its both sides building concrete fixes it.Arranging of weir case must make the angular bisector at weir crest angle be vertical.Mareograph is arranged on the specific supports in case overhead.
Further, measuring runoff on snowmelt runoff field can by three kinds of method; (a) weir, the volumetric method that (b) increases according to weir case middle water level; C () is according to the Timing measurement method of measuring device infusion time; With volumetric method Timing measurement flow, on runoff field, following measuring appliance must be had: the water-masuring box of volume 20 ~ 30L, the measuring device of 10L and 2L and 500m
3graduated cylinder.
The techniques and methods of arid and semi-arid district of the present invention high mountain snowmelt runoff observation, according to the theory of forest ecology and forest hydrology, observe and study generation and the rule of development of its snowmelt runoff, by observation, research, analyze, disclose DIFFERENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, Different Forest vegetation, Different Forest coverage rate, the Changing Pattern of snowmelt runoff under the different artificial mode of action, thus find how to increase snowflow discharge, make up river course water flow in dry season, in alleviation, the effective way of downstream spring ploughing use water contradiction, solve current agricultural and produce the practical problems being badly in need of solving.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the intake chamber transverse section, high mountain snowmelt runoff field that the embodiment of the present invention provides;
Fig. 2 is weir, the high mountain snowmelt runoff field case design diagram that the embodiment of the present invention provides.
Embodiment
In order to make object of the present invention, technical scheme and advantage clearly understand, below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, the present invention is further elaborated.Should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein only in order to explain the present invention, be not intended to limit the present invention.
The object of the invention is by simple and easy to do method, by the foundation of alpine region snowmelt runoff and the process of observation and understanding arid and semi-arid district Diagnostic predictor snowmelt runoff and mechanism, understanding merging into nature, the effective ways and the approach that increase snowflow discharge are proposed, thus alleviate in, downstream spring ploughing use water contradiction, with solve agricultural production be badly in need of solve practical problems.
The object of the invention is to be achieved through the following technical solutions:
1, snowmelt runoff observation field place election: select representative plot in the region of research, according to different Forest Types, Different Forest coverage rate, different soil, different artificial manner, whether the area of runoff field be 10 meters × 20 meters, 10 meters × 40 meters, 20 meters × 40 meters, 20 meters × 80 meters design specifications waited or not.
2, the construction site of snowmelt runoff field requires:
(1) retain natural condition, the barrier of runoff, without ditch, hollow, road, is detained in surface, hillside fields without mound and lowland etc.; Should there be the basically identical gradient in the whole location in hillside fields, and earth's surface is without the outlet of underground water.
(2) plant is by multiple consistent with soil characteristic.
(3) gradient is greater than to the hillside fields of 10 ° of degree, as far as possible westwards or eastwards exposes.
(4) forest is multiple should be destroyed.
3, the construction of snowmelt runoff field and measurement cabin
Snowmelt runoff observation field is the one piece of hillside fields separated from surrounding, has the facility measuring snowmelt runoff above.
The runoff field of research hillside fields snowmelt runoff process is a rectangle, and surrounding has been set up defences revetment.The below of field has intake chamber to be connected with the cabin that measurement mechanism is housed.At cabin built with weir case, water flowed into case from intake chamber through communicating pipe.In order to from the draining of measurement cabin, be provided with catch gutter.Intercepting ditch is had, in order to tackle the runoff on runoff field surrounding hillside fields along the top of snowmelt runoff field and both sides.
Undersized snowmelt runoff field adapts in the gradient comparatively large, and water permeability is little, the area that soil moisture is large.Snowmelt runoff observation field is in the layout of slope, and long limit should be made perpendicular to level line, and minor face is parallel to level line.
High mountain snowmelt runoff field is built into a pair, and at this moment wherein one revetment is that two runoff fields are used, and weir case be placed on one within doors little.Also fill and permitted to build three or more snowmelt runoff observation field be linked togather.
The revetment of runoff field can be made with concrete, timber, clay or galvanized sheet.Because High aititude region winter snow cover is thicker, revetment is above ground level is no less than 40 ~ 60cm, is buried in the earth 60cm.The slope that accumulated snow is very thick below runoff field or 1/3rd places below runoff field, the height of revetment should increase by 10 ~ 20cm.Intercepting ditch, near the side slope of field, should not be less than 0.5 meter apart from revetment. and the average-size of ditch is as follows: dark 30cm, top width 50cm, bottom width 30cm.
The size of ditch is depending on length of grade above and the gradient and consider the excretion of maximum flow.The length of ditch slightly should be longer than the length of side revetment, to ensure fully to discharge the water of runoff field and to eliminate ditch by the possibility of flooding.
The intake chamber of runoff field is generally done orthogonal, is made by the reinforced concrete of high grade, and the thickness of bottom land and outside cell wall is 10cm, and the thickness towards the internal groove side wall of runoff field one side is 15cm.The basal area of groove is generally determined by computing formula.Computing formula is:
W in formula---the basal area of intake chamber flowing water
The maximum flow of Q---employing
V---the mean flow rate of current in groove
V value is determined by thanking to (chezy) formula:
coefficient
concrete roughness n adopts 0.011, and hydraulic gradient i adopts the gradient of groove.Hydraulic radius presses formula
determine, the wetted perimeter of X in formula---groove, index is by formula
determine.
Water inlet groove width should not be less than 20cm.Fill in some cases and permitted to build trogue, bottom land and wall inner face coat pitch.The outer wall of groove exceeds inwall 20cm, 10cm above ground level, and intake chamber moves towards to measure the gradient that cabin should have 0.02 ~ 0.03.The inseparable part of intake chamber is the shield (iron plate, plank or malthoid) covered wherein, and they are combined into (Fig. 1) by many iron plates or malthoid, overlap each other, and shield borrows the longitudinal axis to be fixed on groove.The longitudinal axis is one and is fixed on metal on water jacket or wooden stick, the shape that outside respectively has pole can support shield or open or close in shield.
In order to anti-sealing enters intake chamber from side location, the side revetment around runoff field should along hillside fields from intake chamber to downward 0.5m.
It is the pipe (communicating pipe) be connected with intake chamber that water enters measurement mechanism from intake chamber, and it through the wall of cabin, and has the gradient of 0.03 ~ 0.05.The cross section of pipe should be equivalent to the latter end of intake chamber the fullest time cross-sectional area.Generally be located at end or the centre of intake chamber communicating pipe, in pipe and the connection place of intake chamber, groove dug dark 8 ~ 10cm.The conveyance power of water of communicating pipe and drainpipe can adopt hydraulic formula to calculate:
The diameter (m) of a in formula---pipe
Conveyance power of water (the m of Q---pipe
3/ s)
The gradient of I---pipe
The inside dimension of the cabin of single runoff field: plane is 1.5 × 2.0m, high 1.8 ~ 2.0m, and paired runoff field is of a size of 2.0 × 2.0m, each runoff field of high 1.8 ~ 2.0m. has weir case, water gauge, water-level gauge.
Weir case (Fig. 2) is welded into by the iron plate of thick 2.0 ~ 4mm, its standard size is long 1.5m, wide 0.4m, high 1.0m, the endoseptum that case is made by the iron plate of two pieces of thick 2 ~ 4mm is divided into three parts, to make case indeformable when water filling, two end portions uses wide 5cm in side, and the seam contour with the sidewall of case is communicating together.The long 40cm of a part of rear end, as the well logging of mareograph, lay float in its central authorities, center section is of a size of 35 × 40cm, is a raingauge receiver, bears from intake chamber by entering the water of weir case communicating pipe.At distance case upper limb 10cm place, a removable metalolic network is housed below communicating pipe, and its hole size is 1 ~ 2mm
2as the auxiliary unrestrained device and stop rubbish of disappearing.In the bottom of the cross wall of segmentation second and Part III, often wide 0.6cm is had to play the longitudinal crack of 50cm the end of from through 2cm.Front cell wall is used bolt fixed weir.The case drift angle of above-mentioned size is 45 °, the triangle weir of 60 ° and 90 °.Head is 18 ~ 30cm.On the weir case sidewall near room wall, apart from 60cm place, weir, wooden or metal framework is fixed with hook-type water gauge.The bottom of case antetheca, is welded with a bleeder cock below weir, to guarantee rapid emptying weir case.Weir case is placed on the wooden frame on cabin floor, and its both sides building concrete fixes it.Arranging of weir case must make the angular bisector at weir crest angle be vertical.Mareograph is arranged on (Fig. 2) on the specific supports in case overhead.
Measuring runoff on snowmelt runoff field can by three kinds of method; (a) weir, the volumetric method that (b) increases according to weir case middle water level; C () is according to the Timing measurement method of measuring device infusion time.
With volumetric method Timing measurement flow, on runoff field, following measuring appliance must be had: the water-masuring box of volume 20 ~ 30L, the measuring device of 10L and 2L and 500m
3graduated cylinder.
As can be seen from technical scheme provided by the invention, the techniques and methods of arid and semi-arid district of the present invention high mountain snowmelt runoff observation, according to the theory of forest ecology and forest hydrology, observe and study generation and the rule of development of its snowmelt runoff, by observation, research, analyze, disclose DIFFERENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, Different Forest vegetation, Different Forest coverage rate, the Changing Pattern of snowmelt runoff under the different artificial mode of action, thus find how to increase snowflow discharge, make up river course water flow in dry season, in alleviation, the effective way of downstream spring ploughing use water contradiction, solve current agricultural and produce the practical problems being badly in need of solving.
Below the embodiment of embody rule of the present invention, so that the present invention is further illustrated.
Particular content comprises:
1, the observation of snowmelt runoff and research under DIFFERENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Accumulated snow is thicker in the winter time for High aititude location, arid and semi-arid district, and especially height above sea level more than 3100 meters most areas belong to stable accumulated snow district, be Seasonal Snow Cover water resource mainly contain district.Its annual accumulated snow time, maximum snow depth extremum was at about 120cm more than 150 days.Snow depth and duration change with the change of temperature.Annual October ~ April next year is snowfall accumulated phase, by the end of April at the beginning of 5 months along with temperature go up, turbulent flow heat interchange (comprising sensible heat and latent heat) between snow deposit surface and air, and from the heat interchange between snow deposit and soil, snow deposit inside is caused to heat or melt, when temperature is more than 0 DEG C, snow surface radiation equilibrium value be on the occasion of time, snow deposit surface starts thawing.The annual early spring, the radiation balance on snow deposit on daytime surface slightly on the occasion of, turbulence flux is also very little, and melting of snow deposit surface is faint.Under dry and cold state, after snow deposit reaches minimum saturation moisture content, the melt water in layer is just seeped into snow deposit interface with the form of finger-like stream or background stream and freezes, and form the borneol in snow deposit, during condensation, heat release changes again the temperature regime of snow deposit.If snow face continues to melt, lower water percolating capacity constantly increases, then melted ice sheet, and snow melt sharp side declines gradually, makes whole snow deposit be in melting state, and melt water assembles formation saturated aqueous band (layer).From the melt water that saturated aqueous band oozes out, part infiltrates soil layer, and part fills out low-lying area, and evaporated on a small quantity, all the other import rivers along ground, become snowmelt runoff.
From snowmelt runoff early period of origination (by the end of April at the beginning of 5 months), carry out time sight, terminate to the snow melt phase.The time that observation snowmelt runoff occurs and process, comprise the time that each runoff starts and terminates, run-off etc., and research, discussion climatic factor are to the influencing mechanism in snow melt footpath.
2, the observation of snowmelt runoff and research under Different Forest Vegetation condition
Under arid and semi-arid district Different Forest Vegetation condition, the time that its snowmelt runoff occurs, process and character are had nothing in common with each other, observation and the snowmelt runoff feature under studying differ ent vegetation condition, disclose different forest covers to the contribution rate of snowmelt runoff, thus carry out effective orest management, increase river flow to reach, make up river course water flow in dry season, in alleviation, the object of downstream spring ploughing use water contradiction.
3, the observational study of snowmelt runoff under Different Forest cover rate condition
Utilize the snowmelt runoff field of building under Different Forest cover rate condition to carry out observation and the research of snowmelt runoff, inquire into the standing forest of Different Forest cover and the relation of snowflow discharge, thus the understanding percentage of forest cover is to the influencing mechanism of snowmelt runoff.
4, the observational study of snowmelt runoff under the different artificial mode of action
Utilize observation and the research of snowmelt runoff under the different artificial mode of action, inquire into mankind's activity and the relation of snowflow discharge under different artificial mode, understand and be familiar with mankind's activity to the influencing mechanism of snowmelt runoff.
The foregoing is only preferred embodiment of the present invention, not in order to limit the present invention, all any amendments done within the spirit and principles in the present invention, equivalent replacement and improvement etc., all should be included within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. an arid and semi-arid district high mountain snowmelt runoff observation procedure, is characterized in that, this observation procedure comprises:
Select snowmelt runoff observation field place;
The construction site of snowmelt runoff observation field is determined;
Build snowmelt runoff observation field and measure cabin;
Snowmelt runoff observation field place election: select representative plot in the region of research, according to different Forest Types, Different Forest coverage rate, different soil, different artificial manner, the area of runoff observation field is the design specification of 10 meters × 20 meters, 10 meters × 40 meters, 20 meters × 40 meters, 20 meters × 80 meters;
The construction site of snowmelt runoff observation field requires:
(1) retain natural condition, the barrier of runoff, without ditch, hollow, road, is detained in surface, hillside fields without mound and lowland; Should there be the basically identical gradient in the whole location in hillside fields, and earth's surface is without the outlet of underground water;
(2) vegetation cover is consistent with soil characteristic;
(3) gradient is greater than to the hillside fields of 10 °, as far as possible westwards or eastwards exposes;
(4) forest-floor should be destroyed;
The construction of snowmelt runoff observation field and measurement cabin:
Snowmelt runoff observation field is the one piece of hillside fields separated from surrounding, has the facility measuring snowmelt runoff above;
The runoff observation field of research hillside fields snowmelt runoff process is a rectangle, and surrounding has been set up defences revetment; The below of field has intake chamber to be connected with the cabin that measurement mechanism is housed; At cabin built with weir case, water flowed into case from intake chamber through communicating pipe; In order to from the draining of measurement cabin, be provided with catch gutter; Intercepting ditch is had, in order to tackle the runoff on runoff observation field surrounding hillside fields along the top of snowmelt runoff observation field and both sides;
Undersized snowmelt runoff observation field adapts in the gradient comparatively large, and water permeability is little, the area that soil moisture is large; Snowmelt runoff observation field is in the layout of slope, and long limit should be made perpendicular to level line, and minor face is parallel to level line;
High mountain snowmelt runoff observation field is built into a pair, and at this moment wherein one revetment is that two runoff observation site share, and weir case be placed on one within doors little; Also the snowmelt runoff observation field that three or more is linked togather can be built;
The revetment concrete of runoff observation field, timber, clay or galvanized sheet are made; Because High aititude region winter snow cover is thicker, revetment is above ground level is no less than 40 ~ 60cm, is buried in the earth 60cm; The slope that accumulated snow is very thick below runoff observation field or 1/3rd places below runoff observation field, the height of revetment should increase by 10 ~ 20cm; Intercepting ditch, near the side slope of field, should not be less than 0.5 meter apart from revetment; The average-size of ditch is as follows: dark 30cm, top width 50cm, bottom width 30cm;
The size of ditch is depending on length of grade above and the gradient and consider the excretion of maximum flow; The length of ditch should be longer than the length of side revetment, to ensure fully to discharge the water of runoff observation field and to eliminate ditch by the possibility of flooding;
The intake chamber of runoff observation field is done orthogonal, is made by the reinforced concrete of high grade, and the thickness of bottom land and outside cell wall is 10cm, and the thickness towards the internal groove side wall of runoff observation field one side is 15cm; The basal area of groove is determined by computing formula; Computing formula is:
W in formula---the basal area of intake chamber flowing water
The maximum flow of Q---employing
V---the mean flow rate of current in groove
V value is determined by thanking to (chezy) formula:
coefficient
concrete roughness n adopts 0.011, and hydraulic gradient i adopts the gradient of groove; Hydraulic radius presses formula
determine, the wetted perimeter of X in formula---groove, index is by formula
determine;
Water inlet groove width should not be less than 20cm, and the inner face of bottom land and wall coats pitch; The outer wall of groove exceeds inwall 20cm, 10cm above ground level, and intake chamber moves towards to measure the gradient that cabin should have 0.02 ~ 0.03; The inseparable part of intake chamber is the shield covered wherein, is combined into, overlaps each other by many iron plates or malthoid, and shield borrows the longitudinal axis to be fixed on groove; The longitudinal axis is one and is fixed on metal on water jacket or wooden stick, the shape that outside respectively has pole can support shield or open or close in shield;
In order to anti-sealing enters intake chamber from side location, the side revetment around runoff observation field should along hillside fields from intake chamber to downward 0.5m; Water enters the communicating pipe be connected with intake chamber from intake chamber, through the wall of cabin, and there is the gradient of 0.03 ~ 0.05 communicating pipe; The cross section of pipe should be equivalent to the latter end of intake chamber the fullest time cross-sectional area; Be located at end or the centre of intake chamber communicating pipe, in the connection place of communicating pipe and intake chamber, groove dug dark 8 ~ 10cm; The conveyance power of water of communicating pipe can adopt hydraulic formula to calculate:
The diameter of a in formula---pipe
The conveyance power of water of Q---pipe
The gradient of I---pipe
The inside dimension of the cabin of single runoff observation field: plane is 1.5 × 2.0m, high 1.8 ~ 2.0m, the inside dimension of the cabin of paired runoff observation field: plane is 2.0 × 2.0m, high 1.8 ~ 2.0m; Each runoff observation field has weir case, water gauge, water-level gauge;
Weir case is welded into by the iron plate of thick 2.0 ~ 4mm, its standard size is long 1.5m, wide 0.4m, high 1.0m, the endoseptum that case is made by the iron plate of two pieces of thick 2 ~ 4mm is divided into three parts, to make case indeformable when water filling, weir case two end portions uses wide 5cm in side, and the seam contour with the sidewall of case is communicating together; The long 40cm of a part of weir box back, as the well logging of mareograph, lay float in its central authorities, center section is of a size of 35 × 40cm, is a raingauge receiver, bears from intake chamber by entering the water of weir case communicating pipe; At distance case upper limb 10cm place, a removable metalolic network is housed below communicating pipe, and its hole size is 1 ~ 2mm
2as the auxiliary unrestrained device and stop rubbish of disappearing; In the bottom of the cross wall of segmentation second and Part III, often wide 0.6cm is had to play the longitudinal crack of 50cm the end of from through 2cm; Front cell wall is used bolt fixed weir; The case drift angle of above-mentioned size is 45 °, the triangle weir of 60 ° and 90 °, and head is 18 ~ 30cm; On the weir case sidewall near room wall, apart from 60cm place, weir, wooden or metal framework is fixed with hook-type water gauge; The bottom of case antetheca, is welded with a bleeder cock below weir, to guarantee rapid emptying weir case; Weir case is placed on the wooden frame on cabin floor, and its both sides building concrete is fixed; Arranging of weir case must make the angular bisector at weir crest angle be vertical; Mareograph is arranged on the specific supports in case overhead;
Measuring runoff on snowmelt runoff observation field can by three kinds of method; (α) weir, the volumetric method that (b) increases according to weir case middle water level; C () is according to the Timing measurement method of measuring device infusion time; With volumetric method Timing measurement flow, on runoff observation field, following measuring appliance must be had: the water-masuring box of volume 20 ~ 30L, the measuring device of 10L and 2L and 500m
3graduated cylinder.
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| CN104021283B (en) * | 2014-05-23 | 2017-02-15 | 清华大学 | Prediction method and device of day runoff volume of snowmelt period |
| CN106547038A (en) * | 2017-01-17 | 2017-03-29 | 水利部交通运输部国家能源局南京水利科学研究院 | A kind of snow melt mountain torrent monitoring experimental rig and method |
| CN107727801A (en) * | 2017-10-09 | 2018-02-23 | 上海市政工程设计研究总院（集团）有限公司 | A kind of sponge city implementation result monitoring method of roof greening |
| CN111122116B (en) * | 2020-01-10 | 2021-03-05 | 河海大学 | Experimental device for simulating coarse sublayer flow velocity distribution and method for determining coarse sublayer flow velocity distribution |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN1361411A (en) * | 2000-12-26 | 2002-07-31 | 中国科学院长沙农业现代化研究所 | Surface runoff measuring facility and method |
| US7136756B1 (en) * | 2004-11-02 | 2006-11-14 | Vieux And Associates, Inc. | Method for determining runoff |
| CN101713771A (en) * | 2009-11-23 | 2010-05-26 | 浙江大学 | Construction method of sloping surface runoff field |
| CN103116001A (en) * | 2013-01-21 | 2013-05-22 | 甘肃省祁连山水源涵养林研究院 | Method for observing preferential flows in arid and semi-arid alpine regions |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN1361411A (en) * | 2000-12-26 | 2002-07-31 | 中国科学院长沙农业现代化研究所 | Surface runoff measuring facility and method |
| US7136756B1 (en) * | 2004-11-02 | 2006-11-14 | Vieux And Associates, Inc. | Method for determining runoff |
| CN101713771A (en) * | 2009-11-23 | 2010-05-26 | 浙江大学 | Construction method of sloping surface runoff field |
| CN103116001A (en) * | 2013-01-21 | 2013-05-22 | 甘肃省祁连山水源涵养林研究院 | Method for observing preferential flows in arid and semi-arid alpine regions |
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