CN103131816A - Method for producing spongy iron through dual-based reduction and special chamber type smelting vertical furnace therefor - Google Patents
Method for producing spongy iron through dual-based reduction and special chamber type smelting vertical furnace therefor Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for producing spongy iron through dual-based reduction and a special chamber type smelting vertical furnace therefor. By using both low-ash coal or coke and CO and H2 in coal gas as reducing agents to reduce iron concentrate ores into spongy iron, the method comprises the following steps: (1) preparing pellets; (2) smelting, and reducing; (3) cooling; and (4) grinding, performing magnetic separation, and pressing into blocks. The chamber type smelting vertical furnace comprises a plurality of smelting chambers and combustion chambers which are arranged alternately; the outside is an outer wall composed of refractory bricks, heat-insulating bricks and external wall bricks; a furnace protection frame is further arranged outside the vertical furnace; refractory bricks and heat-insulating bricks are laid on the top; the furnace bottom is a reinforced concrete foundation; each combustion chamber is shaped like an inverted trapezoid, the lower part is provided with an air/coal gas inlet and a burner, and a cooler is arranged below the combustion chamber; each smelting chamber is shaped like a trapezoid, and the top is provided with a feed pipe; the vertical furnace is divided into a preheating section, a reduction section and a cooling section from top to bottom; and the undermost part is provided with a discharge conveyor. By using smelting coal gas to save reducing agent fixed carbon and heating coal gas, the invention lowers the cost of spongy iron and is applicable to spongy iron production enterprises.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the smelting of iron, in particular to direct-reduction sponge iron smelting in shaft furnace.
Background technology
Sponge iron is the good raw material of electrosmelting high-quality steel, special steel.Existing production of sponge iron has two classes: gas reduction method and solid reduction method claim again gas base method and coal-based method.Gas base method be with Sweet natural gas, petroleum gas, coke-oven gas and gas maked coal etc. through being converted to highly purified gaseous reducing agent carbon monoxide and hydrogen, smart iron ore reduction is become sponge iron in shaft furnace or retort or fluidized-bed; Coal-based method is with the reductive agent of fixed carbon in coal as ferriferous oxide, multiplex rotary kiln, tunnel furnace, down-draft kiln and turn end kiln and make reduction apparatus.No matter gas base method or coal-based method, all need external heat source, so that reactant reaches the required temperature of reduction of ferrous oxide, and can make reduction reaction carry out thoroughly just obtaining qualified sponge iron product.As seen, high-quality iron ore, cleaned coal are the necessary raw materials that sponge iron is produced.How soaring along with Iron ore price and energy prices, reduce the technical barrier that energy consumption just becomes reduction method producing sponge iron in recent years.
In Chinese patent database, the application part that relates to sponge iron production is a lot, relate to and make reductive agent with coal and produce the new solution of sponge iron and also have, for example No. 200510012508.4 " producing the method for low-carbon (LC) sponge iron with microwave vertical furnace ", No. 201010200213.0 " producing the method for sponge iron with reduction smelting in rotary kiln refractory iron ore (slag) " and No. 201210190427.3 " manufacture method of sponge iron " etc.But it is unknown whether these technical schemes can reduce the production energy consumption of sponge iron.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide the also method of original production sponge iron of double-basis, the smelting coal gas and the combustion exhaust that produce to take full advantage of reduction process are saved reductive agent fixed carbon and heating gas, reduce energy consumption, thereby reduce the sponge iron production cost.
Another purpose of the present invention is to provide the special-purpose cell-type of also original production sponge iron process of double-basis and smelts shaft furnace, the needs of producing to satisfy double-basis reduction method sponge iron.
The double-basis that the contriver provides is the method for original production sponge iron also, and principle is both to have used solid-state coal or coke as reductive agent, uses again CO and H in coal gas
2As reductive agent, in smelting the chamber, smart iron ore reduction is become sponge iron.The concrete production stage of the method is:
(1) preparation pellet
The massfraction of getting iron content carries out respectively fragmentation higher than 60% smart iron ore, ash content lower than 15% coal or the slaked lime after coke and removal of impurities, and batching metering is laggard to be entered ball mill and mix and wear into mixing fine powders; The mixing fine powders that obtains is sent into pan-pelletizer, adds water and makes the wet feed ball, and screening is got qualified wet feed ball and sent into dryer, utilizes out the combustion exhaust of shaft furnace to be dried into the siccative ball, then sieves and remove dust, obtains qualified pellet standby; Twice screening obtains underproof material and all returns to pan-pelletizer for ball processed;
(2) smelting reducing
The pellet of drying is sent into it from the top that cell-type is smelted shaft furnace smelt the chamber, smelt the combustion chambers burn coal gas indirect heating that the chamber relies on shaft furnace, be heated in the pellet dropping process, temperature rises gradually; Pass into firing tunnel in coking furnace from furnace bottom simultaneously, utilize carbon and the CO in firing tunnel in coking furnace and the H of coal tar in pellet
2Ferriferous oxide in the reduction pellet; Controlling smelting temperature is＜1050 ℃, until the ferriferous oxide in pellet is reduced into metallic iron more than 90%, the crude iron ball material of smelting the chamber is discharged from the bottom;
In this step, the carbon of coal tar produces the ironmaking coal gas take CO as main component when the direct-reduction ferriferous oxide; And the CH in coke-oven gas
4, C
mH
nMore than 700 ℃, cracking generation simple substance C and H can occur
2Thereby, strengthen reduction effect;
(3) cooling
Enter cooling section from the crude iron ball material of smelting the high temperature red heat of discharging the chamber, carry out indirectly cooling with the freezing air that is about to burning and cooled coal gas and cold water, pass into the direct cooling crude iron ball material of furnace bottom with the cold gas that melts down again, its temperature is reduced to below 30 ℃, then transports outside stove;
(4) levigate, magnetic separation, briquetting
Transporting the outer crude iron ball material of stove, to send into ball mill levigate, then deliver to magnetic separator and carry out magnetic separation, and the total iron of sponge iron charge of selecting reaches more than 95%; Again qualified sponge iron charge is delivered to powerful briquetting press and be pressed into bulk, namely obtain the sponge iron product.
In (1) step of aforesaid method, the fineness of described mixing fine powders is-200 orders; The moisture massfraction of described wet feed ball is 8%～10%; After described screening, qualified wet feed ball is the spheroid of diameter 8～25mm; The described moisture quality of siccative ball point Shuo＜=1% that is dried into.
In (2) step of aforesaid method, described coal gas is dimeric, a part is outer for combustion gas or provide water-gas that producer gas generator makes or the semi-water gas purified gas after through dedusting, desulfurizing and purifying for oneself, and another part is that cell-type is smelted top gas that shaft furnace discharges through gas-liquid separation, the cooling and smelting furnace gas that purifies.
In (3) step of aforesaid method, the described cold gas that melts down is to remove CO after smelting gas purification again
2With dry, cooled purified gas again.
In (4) step of aforesaid method, described levigate, magnetic separation, briquetting process are wanted blanketing with inert gas, and oxidized with the fe that prevents nascent state, described rare gas element is through desulfurization, dedusting, cooled combustion exhaust or nitrogen; The described levigate crude iron ball material fineness of ball mill of sending into is-200 orders.
The special-purpose cell-type of the also original production sponge iron process of double-basis that the contriver provides is smelted shaft furnace, designs in conjunction with the sponge iron need of production on the basis of original chamber type coke furnace and the perpendicular tank of zinc metallurgy.It is a kind of high temperature smelting furnace that this cell-type is smelted shaft furnace, and it is smelted chamber layouts alternate with the combustion chamber by several and forms, and main body two ends are the combustion chamber; The outside of main body also has furnace retaining frame by the furnace outer wall that is comprised of refractory brick, insulating brick, exterior wall tile outside it; The main body top has been built refractory brick and insulating brick by laying bricks or stones, and furnace bottom is the basis of Steel Concrete; The combustion chamber is inverted trapezoidal, and is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, and import and the burner of air, coal gas arranged at the bottom of each combustion chamber, and coal gas and air after preheating burn at this, and the heat of generation is passed to by locular wall and smelted the chamber; Water cooler below the combustion chamber, with the sponge iron charge of coal gas, the indirect cooling smelting of empty G﹠W chamber hypomere; It is trapezoidal smelting the chamber, low wide and up narrow, and a feed-pipe is arranged at each top that smelts the chamber; Smelt the chamber during operation and be divided into preheating section, reduction section and cooling section from top to bottom, smelt the sponge iron charge that obtains cooling at cooling section; What its bottom was useful on cooling gentle base reduction melts down the gas import, and bottommost has outfeed belt conveyor, in order to crude iron ball material is transported outside stove.
Above-mentioned water cooler comprises air cooling section, coal gas cooling section and water cooling section.
Above-mentioned combustion chamber is by the laying fireproof bricks of silicon-carbide series or diamond spar series or high alumina series or magnesia brick series or zirconia block series.
The method that the contriver provides takes full advantage of the coal of the high and unsuitable coking of various coals, the especially volatile content such as brown coal, long-flame coal, and ironmaking coal gas and the coke-oven gas of pyrolysis of coal and the generation of iron reduction process, both saved the fixed carbon as reductive agent, and shortened the recovery time, improved degree of metalization, also can reduce the production cost of sponge iron, being a kind of energy-conservation, Technology of taking full advantage of the energy, is also the new and high technology that belongs to recycling economy, is applicable to the manufacturing enterprise of sponge iron; It is a kind of high temperature smelting furnace take destructive distillation as feature that the cell-type that provides is smelted shaft furnace, smelts that chamber and combustion chamber are conducive to conduct heat alternately and the taking full advantage of of heat; The number of chambers arranges flexibly, and production capacity is changeable; And reactant carries out reduction reaction under the condition of isolated air, can reduce reacting initial temperature, fast reaction speed.This cell-type is smelted shaft furnace and be can be used for multi mineral and the reduction reaction of industrial residue under the condition of isolated air.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the FB(flow block) of the inventive method, and Fig. 2 is that cell-type of the present invention is smelted shaft furnace sectional elevation schematic diagram.
In figure, 1 for smelting the chamber, and 2 is the combustion chamber, 3 is feed bin, and 4 is tremie pipe, and 5 is fire brick layer, 6 is insulating brick-layer, and 7 is exterior wall tile, and 8 are the furnace retaining frame, 9 is reinforced concrete foundation, and 10 is burner, and 11 are the air cooling section, 12 is the coal gas cooling section, and 13 is water cooling section, and 14 is sponge iron charge cooling section, 15 for melting down the gas import, and 16 is outfeed belt conveyor, and 17 is refractory brick and insulating brick layer.
Embodiment
Embodiment
Following examples can illustrate the present invention better.
First build one and smelt shaft furnace as the cell-type of Fig. 2, its main body smelts chambers by 20 and 21 alternate layouts in combustion chamber form, and main body two ends are the combustion chamber.In order to bear the pressure of furnace roof machinery and building block, metope at high temperature will stand the erosion of dry distillation gas, combustion exhaust, lime-ash and reduzate, and the wall pressure of material expanded by heating, the combustion chamber is by the silicon-carbide series laying fireproof bricks, and be provided with the furnace outer wall that is formed by refractory brick, insulating brick, exterior wall tile in the outside of main body, its outer furnace retaining brandreth in addition; The main body top has been built refractory brick and insulating brick by laying bricks or stones, and furnace bottom is the basis of Steel Concrete.The combustion chamber is inverted trapezoidal, and is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, and import and the burner of air, coal gas arranged at the bottom of each combustion chamber, and coal gas and air after preheating burn at this, and the heat of generation is passed to by locular wall and smelted the chamber; Be water cooler below the combustion chamber, water cooler comprises air cooling section, coal gas cooling section and water cooling section, uses respectively the sponge iron charge of air, the indirect cooling smelting of coal G﹠W chamber hypomere.It is trapezoidal smelting the chamber, low wide and up narrow, and a feed-pipe is arranged at each top that smelts the chamber, smelts the chamber during operation and is divided into preheating section, reduction section and cooling section from top to bottom, and cooling section is positioned at the bottom, smelts the sponge iron charge that obtains cooling at this; The wide 280mm in preheating section top, the reduction section wide 480mm in bottom, cooling section is 480mm up and down; What its bottom was useful on cooling gentle base reduction melts down the gas import, and bottommost has outfeed belt conveyor, in order to crude iron ball material is transported outside stove.
Double-basis of the present invention is the method for original production sponge iron also, has both used solid-state cleaned coal or coke as reductive agent, uses again CO and H in coal gas
2As reductive agent, in smelting the chamber, smart iron ore reduction is become sponge iron.Concrete production stage is:
(1) preparation pellet
The iron ore that the enters factory massfraction of iron content after testing lower than 60%, must carry out fragmentation, the massfraction that levigate, magnetic separation makes its iron content higher than 60%, obtains smart iron ore.Advance the raw coal of factory and pick out spoil, fragmentation and coal separation through artificial selection, detect pit ash lower than 15%, obtain low culm.
The slaked lime of getting after smart iron ore, low culm and removal of impurities carries out respectively fragmentation, and batching metering is laggard to be entered ball mill and mix and wear into mixing fine powders, and fineness is-200 orders; The mixing fine powders that obtains is sent into pan-pelletizer, adds water and makes the wet feed ball, and the moisture massfraction of wet feed ball is 8%～10%; Screening, the wet feed ball of cut-off footpath 8～25mm is sent into
Dryer is that the combustion exhaust of 1000 ℃ is dried into the siccative ball with the temperature that goes out shaft furnace, the moisture quality point Shuo of siccative ball＜=1%; Sieve removes dust again, obtains qualified pellet standby; Twice screening obtains underproof material and all returns to pan-pelletizer and be reused for ball processed;
(2) smelting reducing
The pellet of drying is sent into it from the top that cell-type is smelted shaft furnace smelt the chamber, smelt the combustion chambers burn coal gas indirect heating that the chamber relies on shaft furnace, be heated in the pellet dropping process, temperature rises gradually, pellet is dried before reaching 150 ℃; The bottom passes into and melts down gas simultaneously, utilizes carbon and the CO in coal gas and the H of coal tar in pellet
2Ferriferous oxide in the reduction pellet, its process is: after 200 ℃, coal begins a pyrolysis, contained CH in the coal gas that coal discharges
4, C
mH
nMore and H
2Less, after 677 ℃, the indirect reduction of iron ore begins to accelerate:
Fe
2O
3 + 3CO = 2Fe + 3CO
2 Fe
2O
3 + 3H
2 = 2Fe + 3H
2O
To more than 700 ℃, gas secondary pyrolysis, CH
4, C
mH
nThrough cracking, dehydrogenation and condensation, have more simple substance carbon and H
2Generate, increase the decomposition-reduction that reductive agent is accelerated ferriferous oxide; The direct-reduction that reaches 800 ℃ of ferriferous oxides more obviously begins to carry out; Temperature is during near 1000 ℃, and the direct-reduction of ferriferous oxide can fierceness carry out:
Fe
2O
3 + 3C = 2Fe + 3CO
But the ferrous metasilicate (FeSiO in mineral
3) fusing point be 1050 ℃, its melting meeting is bonded on the furnace wall, be＜1050 ℃ therefore must control smelting temperature, until the ferriferous oxide in pellet is reduced into metallic iron more than 90%, then the crude iron ball material that will smelt the chamber is discharged from the bottom;
(3) cooling
Enter cooling section from the crude iron ball material of smelting the high temperature red heat of discharging the chamber, carry out indirectly coolingly with the freezing air that is about to burning and cooled coal gas and cold water, arrive at furnace bottom, again with the cold gas that melts down---remove again CO after namely smelting gas purification
2With drying, cooled purified gas passes into the direct cooling crude iron ball material of furnace bottom again, its temperature is reduced to below 30 ℃, then transports outside stove;
(4) levigate, magnetic separation, briquetting
Transport the outer crude iron ball material of stove and send into levigate extremely-200 orders of ball mill, then deliver to magnetic separator and carry out magnetic separation, the total iron of sponge iron charge of selecting reaches more than 95%, qualified sponge iron charge is delivered to powerful briquetting press be pressed into bulk, namely obtains the sponge iron product.Levigate, magnetic separation, briquetting process will be with being protection of inert gas through desulfurization, dedusting, cooled combustion exhaust, and be oxidized with the fe that prevents nascent state.
Claims (8)
1. the double-basis method of original production sponge iron also, be both to have used solid-state coal or coke as reductive agent, uses again CO and H in coal gas
2As reductive agent, in smelting the chamber, smart iron ore reduction is become sponge iron, its feature comprises following production stage:
(1) preparation pellet
The massfraction of getting iron content carries out respectively fragmentation higher than 60% smart iron ore, ash content lower than 15% coal or the slaked lime after coke and removal of impurities, and batching metering is laggard to be entered ball mill and mix and wear into mixing fine powders; The mixing fine powders that obtains is sent into pan-pelletizer, adds water and makes the wet feed ball, and screening is got qualified wet feed ball and sent into dryer, utilizes out the combustion exhaust of shaft furnace to be dried into the siccative ball, then sieves and remove dust, obtains qualified pellet standby; Twice screening obtains underproof material and all returns to pan-pelletizer for ball processed;
(2) smelting reducing
The pellet of drying is sent into it from the top that cell-type is smelted shaft furnace smelt the chamber, smelt the combustion chambers burn coal gas indirect heating that the chamber relies on shaft furnace, be heated in the pellet dropping process, temperature rises gradually; Pass into firing tunnel in coking furnace from furnace bottom simultaneously, utilize carbon and the CO in firing tunnel in coking furnace and the H of coal tar in pellet
2Ferriferous oxide in the reduction pellet; Controlling smelting temperature is＜1050 ℃, until the ferriferous oxide in pellet is reduced into metallic iron more than 90%, the crude iron ball material of smelting the chamber is discharged from the bottom;
(3) cooling
Enter cooling section from the crude iron ball material of smelting the high temperature red heat of discharging the chamber, carry out indirectly cooling with the freezing air that is about to burning and cooled coal gas and cold water, pass into the direct cooling crude iron ball material of furnace bottom with the cold gas that melts down again, its temperature is reduced to below 30 ℃, then transports outside stove;
(4) levigate, magnetic separation, briquetting
Transporting the outer crude iron ball material of stove, to send into ball mill levigate, then deliver to magnetic separator and carry out magnetic separation, and the total iron of sponge iron charge of selecting reaches more than 95%; Again qualified sponge iron charge is delivered to powerful briquetting press and be pressed into bulk, namely obtain the sponge iron product.
2. the method for claim 1, is characterized in that in (1) step, the fineness of described mixing fine powders is-200 orders; The moisture massfraction of described wet feed ball is 8%～10%; After described screening, qualified wet feed ball is the spheroid of diameter 8～25mm; The moisture quality point Shuo of the described siccative ball that is dried into＜=1%.
3. the method for claim 1, it is characterized in that in (2) step, described coal gas is dimeric, a part is outer for combustion gas or provide water-gas that producer gas generator makes or the semi-water gas purified gas after through dedusting, desulfurizing and purifying for oneself, and another part is that cell-type is smelted top gas that shaft furnace discharges through gas-liquid separation, the cooling and smelting furnace gas that purifies.
4. the method for claim 1, is characterized in that in (3) step, and the described cold gas that melts down is to remove CO after smelting gas purification again
2With dry, cooled purified gas.
5. the method for claim 1, it is characterized in that in (4) step, described levigate, magnetic separation, briquetting process are wanted blanketing with inert gas, and oxidized with the fe that prevents nascent state, described rare gas element is through desulfurization, dedusting, cooled combustion exhaust or nitrogen; The described levigate crude iron ball material fineness of ball mill of sending into is-200 orders.
6. the special-purpose cell-type that is used for claim 1 is smelted shaft furnace, it is characterized in that this smeltings shaft furnace is formed by several smelting chamber layouts alternate with the combustion chamber, and main body two ends are the combustion chamber; The outside of main body also has furnace retaining frame by the furnace outer wall that is comprised of refractory brick, insulating brick, exterior wall tile outside it; The main body top has been built refractory brick and insulating brick by laying bricks or stones, and furnace bottom is the basis of Steel Concrete; The combustion chamber is inverted trapezoidal, and is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, and import and the burner of air, coal gas arranged at the bottom of each combustion chamber, and coal gas and air after preheating burn at this, and the heat of generation is passed to by locular wall and smelted the chamber; Water cooler below the combustion chamber, with the sponge iron charge of coal gas, the indirect cooling smelting of empty G﹠W chamber hypomere; It is trapezoidal smelting the chamber, low wide and up narrow, and a feed-pipe is arranged at each top that smelts the chamber; Smelt the chamber during operation and be divided into preheating section, reduction section and cooling section from top to bottom, smelt the sponge iron charge that obtains cooling at cooling section; What its bottom was useful on cooling gentle base reduction melts down the gas import, and bottommost has outfeed belt conveyor, in order to crude iron ball material is transported outside stove.
7. cell-type as claimed in claim 6 is smelted shaft furnace, it is characterized in that described water cooler comprises air cooling section, coal gas cooling section and water cooling section.
8. cell-type as claimed in claim 6 is smelted shaft furnace, it is characterized in that described combustion chamber is by the laying fireproof bricks of silicon-carbide series or diamond spar series or high alumina series or magnesia brick series or zirconia block series.
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Cited By (9)
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| CN104862438A (en) * | 2015-06-01 | 2015-08-26 | 晋城市鑫金铸业有限公司 | Method for iron-making through liquefied petroleum gas |
| CN106755687A (en) * | 2016-11-24 | 2017-05-31 | 武汉科思瑞迪科技有限公司 | A kind of based shaft kiln directly reduced technique of coal |
| CN106834668A (en) * | 2016-12-01 | 2017-06-13 | 神雾环保技术股份有限公司 | The system and method for middle low-order coal sub-prime cascade utilization |
| CN106893867A (en) * | 2017-03-10 | 2017-06-27 | 武汉科思瑞迪科技有限公司 | A kind of method that muffle shaft furnace treatment feed powder containing zinc-iron dirt reclaims zinc |
| CN109457075A (en) * | 2018-12-20 | 2019-03-12 | 中冶南方工程技术有限公司 | A kind of coal-based DR process using assisted Reduction |
| CN111304395A (en) * | 2020-03-31 | 2020-06-19 | 钢铁研究总院 | Iron-making method adopting carbon thermal pre-reduction, gas-based deep reduction and synchronous cooling |
| CN112877491A (en) * | 2021-01-14 | 2021-06-01 | 益晖国际有限公司 | Vertical coal-based and gas-based mixed metal iron direct reduction furnace and process thereof |
| CN113684337A (en) * | 2021-07-29 | 2021-11-23 | 张雷 | Method and device for optimizing iron ore by gas coal double-base direct reduction and magnetic separation |
| CN114574692A (en) * | 2022-02-23 | 2022-06-03 | 中南大学 | Preparation method of carbon-containing micro-electrolysis material |
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| CN104862438A (en) * | 2015-06-01 | 2015-08-26 | 晋城市鑫金铸业有限公司 | Method for iron-making through liquefied petroleum gas |
| CN106755687A (en) * | 2016-11-24 | 2017-05-31 | 武汉科思瑞迪科技有限公司 | A kind of based shaft kiln directly reduced technique of coal |
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| CN106834668A (en) * | 2016-12-01 | 2017-06-13 | 神雾环保技术股份有限公司 | The system and method for middle low-order coal sub-prime cascade utilization |
| CN106893867A (en) * | 2017-03-10 | 2017-06-27 | 武汉科思瑞迪科技有限公司 | A kind of method that muffle shaft furnace treatment feed powder containing zinc-iron dirt reclaims zinc |
| CN106893867B (en) * | 2017-03-10 | 2019-05-03 | 武汉科思瑞迪科技有限公司 | A kind of method of the muffle shaft furnace processing dirt of feed powder containing zinc-iron recycling zinc |
| CN109457075A (en) * | 2018-12-20 | 2019-03-12 | 中冶南方工程技术有限公司 | A kind of coal-based DR process using assisted Reduction |
| CN111304395A (en) * | 2020-03-31 | 2020-06-19 | 钢铁研究总院 | Iron-making method adopting carbon thermal pre-reduction, gas-based deep reduction and synchronous cooling |
| CN112877491A (en) * | 2021-01-14 | 2021-06-01 | 益晖国际有限公司 | Vertical coal-based and gas-based mixed metal iron direct reduction furnace and process thereof |
| CN113684337A (en) * | 2021-07-29 | 2021-11-23 | 张雷 | Method and device for optimizing iron ore by gas coal double-base direct reduction and magnetic separation |
| CN114574692A (en) * | 2022-02-23 | 2022-06-03 | 中南大学 | Preparation method of carbon-containing micro-electrolysis material |
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