CN103098335A - 用于为机动车的电池充电的方法 - Google Patents

用于为机动车的电池充电的方法 Download PDF

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CN103098335A
CN103098335A CN2011800440627A CN201180044062A CN103098335A CN 103098335 A CN103098335 A CN 103098335A CN 2011800440627 A CN2011800440627 A CN 2011800440627A CN 201180044062 A CN201180044062 A CN 201180044062A CN 103098335 A CN103098335 A CN 103098335A
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R·霍夫曼
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B60L58/22Balancing the charge of battery modules
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44Methods for charging or discharging
    • H01M10/441Methods for charging or discharging for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/545Temperature
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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    • B60L2240/00Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
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    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/40The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种为机动车的电池(10)充电的方法,该电池包括多个电化学电池单体(12),其中在第一次为所述电池(10)充电时,所有电化学电池单体(12)以预定的充电电流充电一预定充电时间。第一次充电之后确定每个电化学电池单体(12)的充电状态,其中为每个电池单体存储与目标充电状态的偏差。随后平衡所述电池单体(12)。在后来的充电过程中,根据第一次充电后存储的与目标充电状态的偏差为每个电化学电池单体(12)确定用于将来充电过程的充电电流和/或充电时间。用于单个电池单体(12)的充电电流和充电时间这样匹配其特定特性,使得在后来的充电过程中无需单独进行平衡而一直保证所述电池(10)的最佳充电状态。

Description

用于为机动车的电池充电的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种为机动车的电池充电的方法,该电池包括多个电化学电池单体。
背景技术
由于制造公差等原因,在这种电池中,每个电化学电池单体通常在其特性方面存在轻微差异。因此电池单体在相同的负载下不同程度地充电和放电。因此需要在充电过程之后实施所谓的平衡。在此将各个电化学电池单体的充电状态与各自的目标充电状态进行比较。如果电池单体的电荷超过目标充电状态,则其再次部分放电,直到其充电状态符合目标值。反之,其电荷低于目标充电状态的电池单体需要继续充电到达到目标充电状态。理想地,使用存储在过强充电的电池单体中的电能以继续给未足够充电的电池单体充电。这种已知的平衡方法的缺陷在于,其在各个电池单体完全充电后才进行。由此可能导致单个电池单体的过充电,这会减少其使用寿命。同时这种平衡也会延长充电过程的时间。
由US2010/0109610A1已知一种方法,其中各个电池单体的平衡在充电过程中便已发生。在此,充电阶段、平衡阶段和无电荷的测量阶段交替进行。由此可以避免单个电池单体过充电。但是由于充电过程的各个阶段的频繁交替,该充电过程也被延长。
发明内容
因此本发明的目的在于,提供一种开头所述类型的方法,其可以对机动车的电池的电化学电池单体特别快速地充电并同时进行电荷平衡。
该目的通过具有权利要求1的特征的方法得以实现。
在根据本发明的方法中,在第一次给电池充电时,以预定的充电电流为该电池的所有电化学电池单体充电一预定的充电时间。接着确定每个电化学电池单体的充电状态并为每个电池单体存储与目标充电状态的偏差。然后进行电池单体的平衡。基于所存储的每个电池单体各自的充电状态的偏差,在后来的充电过程中,为每个电化学电池单体适配充电电流和/或充电时间。通过这种适配可以保证,在该后来的充电过程中所有电池单体在充电后便已尽可能地接近其目标充电状态,从而不再需要进行平衡。因此这种方法实现了特别快速和高效的电池充电,而不存在单个电池单体过充电的危险。通常只须在第一次充电过程中进行平衡。
因为单个电池单体所需的充电电流或充电时间会随着老化而发生变化,所以有利的是也在每次后来的充电过程之后确定每个电化学电池单体的充电状态并且各自再为每个电池单体存储与目标充电状态的偏差。如果该偏差超过预定极限值,则在该后来的充电过程之后也进行平衡。由此可以确保,即使老化的电池也在每次充电过程之后达到其最佳充电状态。
在本发明的一特别优选的实施方式中,由于这样确定的偏差,所以在后来的充电过程中再次适配用于将来的充电过程的充电电流和/或充电时间。因此电池的充电参数被不断迭代地改良,从而可以在很大程度上不使用平衡过程并且总是保证最佳的充电状态。
优选地,其充电状态在一次充电过程之后超过目标充电状态的电化学电池单体的充电电流和/或充电时间在下次充电过程中减少一预定值。反之,如果电化学电池单体在一次充电过程之后的充电状态低于目标充电状态,则该电化学电池单体的充电电流和/或充电时间在下次充电过程中增加一预定值。这使得可以使单个电池单体的充电电流和/或充电时间特别简单地适配于其充电特性。
在一种特别优选的实施方式中,根据各个电池单体的充电状态与目标充电状态的偏差的大小来选择所述充电电流和/或充电时间增加或减少的预定值。由此可以避免由于所述适配在下一次充电过程中引起在相反方向上的与目标充电状态的偏差。在此特别有利的是,和与目标充电状态的偏差的大小成比例地选择所述预定值。因此,电池的电化学电池单体在一次充电过程之后越接近其目标充电状态,则在下次充电过程中为该电化学电池单体的充电电流和/或充电时间进行的修正就越小。当然也可以近似任意地选择适宜的函数,该函数给出离目标充电状态的偏差的大小和由此得出的修正之间的相互关系。
附图说明
下面借助附图详细阐述本发明和其实施方式。此处唯一的附图示出了用于实施根据本发明的方法的实施例的机动车电池的示意图。
具体实施方式
总体以10标记的用于电驱动机动车的电池包括多个电化学电池单体12,这些电池单体在所示示例中彼此串联。为每个电池单体12分配有一个监测和控制单元14,借助该监测和控制单元可以检查电化学电池单体12的运行参数,例如其端子电压、温度等。在给该电池充电时,还可以借助监测和控制单元14为每个电化学电池单体调整/设定特定的充电电流和/或特定的充电时间。监测和控制单元14与一负责监测和控制电池10的所有运行参数的电池控制单元16通信。
由于制造公差和老化效应,电池10的各个电化学电池单体12在其储电容量方面存在差异。如果对电池10充电时,所有的电化学电池单体12都在相同的条件下、亦即例如以相同的充电电流和充电时间进行充电,则由于电化学电池单体12之间的差异可能会导致各个电池单体12中不同的充电状态。下述事实是可以预料的:由此例如在电池10的各个电化学电池单体12上得到不均匀的负荷。单个电池单体12在此例如可能更快老化,从而在整体上缩短电池10的使用寿命。
由于这个原因,因此通常在电池10充电之后进行电化学电池单体12的所谓的平衡。在此将单个电池单体12的充电状态与各自的目标值进行比较。如果单个电化学电池单体12比期望的更强地被充电,则所述电池单体再放电一相应的量。而过弱充电的电池单体12则继续充电,直到达到期望的充电状态。理想地,使用存储在过强充电的电化学电池单体12中的电能来给过弱充电的电化学电池单体12继续充电。这个过程可以由监测和控制单元14控制。但是电化学电池单体12的这种平衡会不利地增加电池10的总充电持续时间。同时可能导致单个电池单体12这样强地被过充电,使得损伤所述电池单体。
因此值得期待且有利的是,电化学电池单体12的平衡直接与充电过程相连。为此在每个电化学电池单体12第一次充电时设定预定的充电电流和预定的充电时间。在此,这个电流和时间对于所有电化学电池单体12都是一致的。在充电之后,如惯例那样,由监测和控制单元14测量单个电池单体12的充电状态以及实施平衡。各个充电状态由监测和控制单元传输到电池控制单元16并存储在那里。在后来的充电过程中,基于第一次充电之后所确定的充电状态而对单个电化学电池单体12的充电电流和充电时间进行适配。通过减小充电电流和/或缩短充电时间,使在第一次充电时被过强充电的电化学电池单体12在随后的充电过程中被较弱地充电。反之,通过增大充电电流或延长充电时间,使在第一次充电时被过弱充电的电化学电池单体12在后来的充电过程中被较强地充电。通过充电电流和充电时间的这种适配可以取消单独的平衡。
因为电化学电池单体12随着逐渐老化而表现出物理特性的变化,所以有利的是,定期检查电化学电池单体12所使用的充电电流和充电时间是否还会导致期望的结果。这可以在每次单个充电过程之后实施。像在第一次充电过程之后一样,在此通过监测和控制单元14确定各自相配属的电化学电池单体12的充电状态,获得与目标充电状态的偏差并发送到电池控制单元16,最后,如果该偏差过大,则进行平衡。通过电池控制单元16基于所测得的与目标充电状态的偏差而确定所有电化学电池单体12的修正的新的充电时间和充电电流。在此充电时间和充电电流减小和增大的大小可取决于电化学电池单体12的充电状态与其目标充电状态之间的差别的大小。在此,在最简单的情况下,充电电流和充电时间的修正量与充电状态离目标充电状态的偏差之间直接成比例。通过这种方式可以迭代地优化电池10的每个单个电化学电池单体12的充电电流和充电时间,从而电池控制单元16了解到:单个电化学电池单体12各自被最佳地充电,由此完全取消存在平衡阶段的必要性并避免单个电池单体过充电。

Claims (7)

1.一种用于给机动车的电池(10)充电的方法,该电池包括多个电化学电池单体(12),其中
-在第一次给所述电池(10)充电时,以预定的充电电流给所有电化学电池单体(12)充电预定的充电时间,
-在第一次充电后确定每个电化学电池单体(12)的充电状态,其中,为每个电池单体存储与目标充电状态的偏差,并随后平衡所述电池单体(12),
-在后来的充电过程中,根据第一次充电后存储的与目标充电状态的偏差为每个电化学电池单体(12)确定用于将来的充电过程的充电电流和/或充电时间。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,
其特征在于,
在后来的充电过程之后也确定每个电化学电池单体(12)的充电状态,其中为每个电池单体(12)存储与目标充电状态的偏差并且随后平衡所述电池单体。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,
其特征在于,
根据各自最后一次充电后存储的与目标充电状态的偏差为每个电池单体(12)确定用于将来充电过程的充电电流和/或充电时间。
4.根据权利要求1-3之一所述的方法,
其特征在于,
对于在一次充电过程之后其充电状态超过目标充电状态的电化学电池单体(12),充电电流和/或充电时间减少一预定值。
5.根据权利要求1-4之一所述的方法,
其特征在于,
对于在一次充电过程之后其充电状态低于目标充电状态的电化学电池单体(12),充电电流和/或充电时间增加一预定值。
6.根据权利要求4或5所述的方法,
其特征在于,
根据各个电池单体的充电状态与目标充电状态的偏差的大小来分别选择充电电流和/或充电时间增加或减少的预定值。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,
其特征在于,
和与目标充电状态的偏差的大小成比例地选择所述预定值。
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