CN103042318A - Environment friendly tin zinc manganese copper alloy new material used for welding and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Environment friendly tin zinc manganese copper alloy new material used for welding and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN103042318A CN103042318A CN2013100164191A CN201310016419A CN103042318A CN 103042318 A CN103042318 A CN 103042318A CN 2013100164191 A CN2013100164191 A CN 2013100164191A CN 201310016419 A CN201310016419 A CN 201310016419A CN 103042318 A CN103042318 A CN 103042318A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
- B23K35/302—Cu as the principal constituent
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/28—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 950 degrees C
- B23K35/282—Zn as the principal constituent
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
- B23K35/0255—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in welding
- B23K35/0261—Rods, electrodes, wires
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/40—Making wire or rods for soldering or welding
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/02—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C30/00—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent
- C22C30/06—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent containing zinc
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/16—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of other metals or alloys based thereon
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- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Arc Welding In General (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses an environment friendly tin zinc manganese copper alloy new material used for welding and a preparation method thereof. The copper alloy new material is composed of copper, tin, manganese and zinc and the mass percent of the copper is 19-41%. Preferably, the copper alloy new material is composed of, by mass percent, 29-32% of tin, 1-3% of manganese, 29-31% of zinc, and the balance is copper. Preferably, the copper alloy new material is composed of, by mass percent, 33-36% of tin; 6-9% of manganese, 33-36% of zinc, and the balance is copper. According to the copper alloy new material, the performance of the traditional welding material is ensured while the element of lead is replaced, so that the ROHS (Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances) requirement is met, and the element of manganese is added to prevent the oxidation of zinc, so that the material cost is greatly reduced and the stability of the welding carrier is improved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the manufacturing technology field of welding material, relate in particular to a kind of environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material for welding and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
Existing welding material is generally two kinds on the market: a kind of is the SAC alloy, and another kind is the tin cupro lead.Along with " about being limited in the instruction of using some harmful components in the electronic and electrical equipment " (Restriction of Hazardous Substances, ROHS) policy execution of the plumbous instruction of the taboo in electronics industry, leaded soldering material can not satisfy high-level environmental requirement.And the application difficult point of SAC alloy is not only requirement brazier temperature than high 30 degree of original metal, and its cost is also high by 25% than tin cupro lead, the more important thing is that the raising meeting of this temperature reduces the stability that exposes components and parts greatly.Therefore, red brass is further studied.But the oxidation of zinc has stoped the application of red brass.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is for above-mentioned the deficiencies in the prior art, a kind of environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material for welding and preparation method thereof is provided.This Alloy Materials can play the purpose that stops the zinc oxidation, and has also improved the stability of welding carrier when greatly reducing material cost.
For achieving the above object, the technical solution used in the present invention is as follows.
A kind of environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material for welding is comprised of copper, tin, manganese, zinc, and wherein, the mass percent of copper is 19-41%.
Preferably, the environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material for welding provided by the invention, the mass percent of tin, manganese, zinc, copper is: tin 29-32%; Manganese 1-3%; Zinc 29-31%; Surplus is copper.
The present invention further provides a kind of above-mentioned preferred method that is used for the environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material of welding of producing, comprised the following steps:
1) according to proportioning Xi ﹑ Xin ﹑ Meng ﹑ copper is placed in the main frequency furnace, be heated to the 1150-1200 degree, be incubated after the fusing to 1100 degree fully.
After the alloy liquid that 2) will melt fully with graphite rod fully stirs, cover high-purity flaky graphite powder to prevent its oxidation, thickness is 25-30cm.
3) insulation was produced the Spike direct-reading spectrometer with Germany the sample that takes out in main frequency furnace is carried out three composition checks after 1-1.5 hour, to determine that its alloying component is within prescribed limit.
4) further be incubated 30-35 minute after, again be warming up to 1200 degree, and open the vibrating device of main frequency furnace, vibration frequency is 1 time/second; Adopting horizontal continuous casting method to be cast as diameter is that 25mm, length are the solid alloy bar material of 600mm.
5) adopt 800 tons of single action extruder extruding, the alloy pig heating-up temperature is the 100-150 degree, and extrusion temperature is 200 degree, extrusion speed V=15mm/s; The diameter of alloy bar is that 12mm, length are 2500mm after the extruding, then use high accuracy wolfram steel thin skin mould with the alloy bar peeling once to 11mm.
6) with box-annealing furnace the alloy bar after pushing is carried out annealing in process, annealing temperature is the 80-100 degree, and annealing time is 1-1.5 hour.
7) making length with alloy bar one end of a system machine after annealing is finished is that 100mm, diameter are the drawing section of 8mm; With finishing die with the alloy bar multi-drawing after and annealing, to make it finally become diameter be 5mm, tolerance for+/-the welding wire base rod of 0.05mm; Then welding wire base rod is cut into length and is 500mm, tolerance and be the specification of+1/-0mm.
8) packing and warehouse-in.
Preferably, the environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material for welding provided by the invention, the mass percent of tin, manganese, zinc, copper is: tin 33-36%; Manganese 6-9%; Zinc 33-36%; Surplus is copper.
The present invention further provides a kind of above-mentioned preferred method that is used for the environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material of welding of producing, comprised the following steps:
1) according to proportioning Xi ﹑ Xin ﹑ Meng ﹑ copper is placed in the main frequency furnace, be heated to the 1300-1350 degree, be incubated after the fusing to 1200 degree fully.
After the alloy liquid that 2) will melt fully with graphite rod fully stirs, cover high-purity flaky graphite powder to prevent its oxidation, thickness is 15-20cm.
3) insulation was produced the Spike direct-reading spectrometer with Germany the sample that takes out in main frequency furnace is carried out three composition checks after 2-2.5 hour, to determine that its alloying component is within prescribed limit.
4) further be incubated 50-60 minute after, again be warming up to 1300 degree, and open the vibrating device of main frequency furnace, vibration frequency is 1 time/second; Adopting horizontal continuous casting method to be cast as diameter is that 40mm, length are the solid alloy bar material of 600mm.
5) adopt 800 tons of single action extruder extruding, the alloy pig heating-up temperature is the 100-150 degree, and extrusion temperature is 200 degree, extrusion speed V=10mm/s; The diameter of alloy bar is that 31mm, length are 990mm after the extruding, then use high accuracy wolfram steel thin skin mould with the alloy bar peeling once to 30mm.
6) with box-annealing furnace the alloy bar after pushing is carried out annealing in process, annealing temperature is the 80-100 degree, and annealing time is 1-1.5 hour.
7) making length with alloy bar one end of a system machine after annealing is finished is that 50mm, diameter are the drawing section of 25mm; With finishing die with the alloy bar multi-drawing after and annealing, to make it finally become diameter be 10mm, tolerance for+/-the welding wire base rod of 0.05mm; Then welding wire base rod is cut into length and is 500mm, tolerance and be the specification of+1/-0mm.
8) packing and warehouse-in.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
The present invention replaces lead element when guaranteeing original traditional welding material property, has satisfied the ROHS requirement.Add manganese element at the environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material for welding of the present invention, can reach the purpose that stops the zinc oxidation, when greatly reducing material cost, also improved the stability of welding carrier.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the preparation method's of the environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material for welding of the present invention flow chart.
The specific embodiment
In order to make purpose of the present invention, technical scheme and advantage clearer, below in conjunction with drawings and Examples the present invention is described in further detail.Should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein only in order to explain the present invention, is not intended to limit the present invention.
(1) embodiment 1
A kind of environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material for welding, the mass percent of tin, manganese, zinc, copper is: tin 29%; Manganese 3%; Zinc 29%; Surplus is copper.
The preparation method of the environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material that is used for welding of embodiment 1 as shown in Figure 1, comprises the steps:
1) according to proportioning Xi ﹑ Xin ﹑ Meng ﹑ copper is placed in the main frequency furnace, be heated to the 1150-1200 degree, be incubated after the fusing to 1100 degree fully.
After the alloy liquid that 2) will melt fully with graphite rod fully stirs, cover high-purity flaky graphite powder to prevent its oxidation, thickness is 25-30cm.
3) insulation was produced the Spike direct-reading spectrometer with Germany the sample that takes out in main frequency furnace is carried out three composition checks after 1-1.5 hour, to determine that its alloying component is within prescribed limit.
4) further be incubated 30-35 minute after, again be warming up to 1200 degree, and open the vibrating device of main frequency furnace, vibration frequency is 1 time/second; Adopting horizontal continuous casting method to be cast as diameter is that 25mm, length are the solid alloy bar material of 600mm.
5) adopt 800 tons of single action extruder extruding, the alloy pig heating-up temperature is the 100-150 degree, and extrusion temperature is 200 degree, extrusion speed V=15mm/s; The diameter of alloy bar is that 12mm, length are 2500mm after the extruding, then use high accuracy wolfram steel thin skin mould with the alloy bar peeling once to 11mm.
6) with box-annealing furnace the alloy bar after pushing is carried out annealing in process, annealing temperature is the 80-100 degree, and annealing time is 1-1.5 hour.
7) making length with alloy bar one end of a system machine after annealing is finished is that 100mm, diameter are the drawing section of 8mm; With finishing die with the alloy bar multi-drawing after and annealing, to make it finally become diameter be 5mm, tolerance for+/-the welding wire base rod of 0.05mm; Then welding wire base rod is cut into length and is 500mm, tolerance and be the specification of+1/-0mm.
8) packing and warehouse-in.
(2) embodiment 2
A kind of environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material for welding, the mass percent of tin, manganese, zinc, copper is: tin 32%; Manganese 1%; Zinc 31%; Surplus is copper.
The environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material that is used for welding of embodiment 2 obtains by the method identical with embodiment 1.
(3) embodiment 3
A kind of environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material for welding, the mass percent of tin, manganese, zinc, copper is: tin 30%; Manganese 2%; Zinc 30%; Surplus is copper.
The environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material that is used for welding of embodiment 3 obtains by the method identical with embodiment 1.
(4) embodiment 4
A kind of environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material for welding, its mass percent consists of: tin 33%; Manganese 9%; Zinc 33%; Surplus is copper.
The preparation method of the environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material that is used for welding of embodiment 4 as shown in Figure 1, comprises the steps:
1) according to proportioning Xi ﹑ Xin ﹑ Meng ﹑ copper is placed in the main frequency furnace, be heated to the 1300-1350 degree, be incubated after the fusing to 1200 degree fully.
After the alloy liquid that 2) will melt fully with graphite rod fully stirs, cover high-purity flaky graphite powder to prevent its oxidation, thickness is 15-20cm.
3) insulation was produced the Spike direct-reading spectrometer with Germany the sample that takes out in main frequency furnace is carried out three composition checks after 2-2.5 hour, to determine that its alloying component is within prescribed limit.
4) further be incubated 50-60 minute after, again be warming up to 1300 degree, and open the vibrating device of main frequency furnace, vibration frequency is 1 time/second; Adopting horizontal continuous casting method to be cast as diameter is that 40mm, length are the solid alloy bar material of 600mm.
5) adopt 800 tons of single action extruder extruding, the alloy pig heating-up temperature is the 100-150 degree, and extrusion temperature is 200 degree, extrusion speed V=10mm/s; The diameter of alloy bar is that 31mm, length are 990mm after the extruding, then use high accuracy wolfram steel thin skin mould with the alloy bar peeling once to 30mm.
6) with box-annealing furnace the alloy bar after pushing is carried out annealing in process, annealing temperature is the 80-100 degree, and annealing time is 1-1.5 hour.
7) making length with alloy bar one end of a system machine after annealing is finished is that 50mm, diameter are the drawing section of 25mm; With finishing die with the alloy bar multi-drawing after and annealing, to make it finally become diameter be 10mm, tolerance for+/-the welding wire base rod of 0.05mm; Then welding wire base rod is cut into length and is 500mm, tolerance and be the specification of+1/-0mm.
8) packing and warehouse-in.
(5) embodiment 5
A kind of environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material for welding, the mass percent of tin, manganese, zinc, copper is: tin 36%; Manganese 6%; Zinc 36%; Surplus is copper.
The environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material that is used for welding of embodiment 5 obtains by the method identical with embodiment 4.
(6) embodiment 6
A kind of environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material for welding, the mass percent of tin, manganese, zinc, copper is: tin 34%; Manganese 7%; Zinc 35%; Surplus is copper.
The environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material that is used for welding of embodiment 6 obtains by the method identical with embodiment 4.
Environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material and the performance of traditional welding material for welding provided by the invention is as shown in table 1.
Table 1 is used for the environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material of welding and the performance comparison of traditional welding material
The above is preferred embodiment of the present invention only, is not to limit practical range of the present invention; If do not break away from the spirit and scope of the present invention, the present invention is made amendment or is equal to replacement, all should be encompassed in the middle of the protection domain of claim of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. an environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material that is used for welding is comprised of copper, tin, manganese, zinc, and wherein, the mass percent of copper is 19-41%.
2. the environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material for welding according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the mass percent of tin, manganese, zinc, copper is: tin 29-32%; Manganese 1-3%; Zinc 29-31%; Surplus is copper.
3. the environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material for welding according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the mass percent of tin, manganese, zinc, copper is: tin 33-36%; Manganese 6-9%; Zinc 33-36%; Surplus is copper.
4. a method of producing the environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material for welding claimed in claim 2 comprises the following steps:
1) according to proportioning Xi ﹑ Xin ﹑ Meng ﹑ copper is placed in the main frequency furnace, be heated to the 1150-1200 degree, be incubated after the fusing fully to 1100 degree;
After the alloy liquid that 2) will melt fully with graphite rod fully stirs, cover high-purity flaky graphite powder to prevent its oxidation, thickness is 25-30cm;
3) insulation was produced the Spike direct-reading spectrometer with Germany the sample that takes out in main frequency furnace is carried out three composition checks after 1-1.5 hour, to determine that its alloying component is within prescribed limit;
4) further be incubated 30-35 minute after, again be warming up to 1200 degree, and open the vibrating device of main frequency furnace, vibration frequency is 1 time/second, adopting horizontal continuous casting method to be cast as diameter is that 25mm, length are the solid alloy bar material of 600mm;
5) adopt 800 tons of single action extruder extruding, the alloy pig heating-up temperature is the 100-150 degree, and extrusion temperature is 200 degree, extrusion speed V=15mm/s, the diameter of alloy bar is that 12mm, length are 2500mm after the extruding, then use high accuracy wolfram steel thin skin mould with the alloy bar peeling once to 11mm;
6) with box-annealing furnace the alloy bar after pushing is carried out annealing in process, annealing temperature is the 80-100 degree, and annealing time is 1-1.5 hour;
7) making length with alloy bar one end of a system machine after annealing is finished is that 100mm, diameter are the drawing section of 8mm, with finishing die with the alloy bar multi-drawing after and annealing, to make it finally become diameter be 5mm, tolerance for+/-the welding wire base rod of 0.05mm, then welding wire base rod is cut into length and is 500mm, tolerance and be the specification of+1/-0mm;
8) packing and warehouse-in.
5. a method of producing the environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material for welding claimed in claim 3 comprises the following steps:
1) according to proportioning Xi ﹑ Xin ﹑ Meng ﹑ copper is placed in the main frequency furnace, be heated to the 1300-1350 degree, be incubated after the fusing fully to 1200 degree;
After the alloy liquid that 2) will melt fully with graphite rod fully stirs, cover high-purity flaky graphite powder to prevent its oxidation, thickness is 15-20cm;
3) insulation was produced the Spike direct-reading spectrometer with Germany the sample that takes out in main frequency furnace is carried out three composition checks after 2-2.5 hour, to determine that its alloying component is within prescribed limit;
4) further be incubated 50-60 minute after, again be warming up to 1300 degree, and open the vibrating device of main frequency furnace, vibration frequency is 1 time/second, adopting horizontal continuous casting method to be cast as diameter is that 40mm, length are the solid alloy bar material of 600mm;
5) adopt 800 tons of single action extruder extruding, the alloy pig heating-up temperature is the 100-150 degree, and extrusion temperature is 200 degree, extrusion speed V=10mm/s, the diameter of alloy bar is that 31mm, length are 990mm after the extruding, then use high accuracy wolfram steel thin skin mould with the alloy bar peeling once to 30mm;
6) with box-annealing furnace the alloy bar after pushing is carried out annealing in process, annealing temperature is the 80-100 degree, and annealing time is 1-1.5 hour;
7) making length with alloy bar one end of a system machine after annealing is finished is that 50mm, diameter are the drawing section of 25mm, with finishing die with the alloy bar multi-drawing after and annealing, to make it finally become diameter be 10mm, tolerance for+/-the welding wire base rod of 0.05mm, then welding wire base rod is cut into length and is 500mm, tolerance and be the specification of+1/-0mm;
8) packing and warehouse-in.
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CN201510387325.4A CN104942473B (en) | 2013-01-16 | 2013-01-16 | Environment-protecting tin zinc manganese copper alloy new material for welding and preparing method thereof |
CN201510387204.XA CN104942472B (en) | 2013-01-16 | 2013-01-16 | Environment-protecting tin zinc manganese copper alloy new material for welding and preparing method thereof |
CN201510386865.0A CN104942471B (en) | 2013-01-16 | 2013-01-16 | Environment-protecting tin zinc manganese copper alloy new material for welding and preparing method thereof |
CN201510386863.1A CN104942470B (en) | 2013-01-16 | 2013-01-16 | Environment-protecting tin zinc manganese copper alloy new material for welding and preparing method thereof |
CN201310016419.1A CN103042318B (en) | 2013-01-16 | 2013-01-16 | A kind of environmental protection tin zinc-manganese copper alloy new material for welding and preparation method thereof |
CN201510386864.6A CN104942464B (en) | 2013-01-16 | 2013-01-16 | Environment-protecting tin zinc manganese copper alloy new material for welding and preparing method thereof |
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CN201510386864.6A Division CN104942464B (en) | 2013-01-16 | 2013-01-16 | Environment-protecting tin zinc manganese copper alloy new material for welding and preparing method thereof |
CN201510387325.4A Division CN104942473B (en) | 2013-01-16 | 2013-01-16 | Environment-protecting tin zinc manganese copper alloy new material for welding and preparing method thereof |
CN201510387204.XA Division CN104942472B (en) | 2013-01-16 | 2013-01-16 | Environment-protecting tin zinc manganese copper alloy new material for welding and preparing method thereof |
CN201510386865.0A Division CN104942471B (en) | 2013-01-16 | 2013-01-16 | Environment-protecting tin zinc manganese copper alloy new material for welding and preparing method thereof |
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN104353939A (en) * | 2014-11-17 | 2015-02-18 | 安徽瑞研新材料技术研究院有限公司 | Novel lead-free copper alloy new material and processing technology thereof |
CN109175571A (en) * | 2018-10-19 | 2019-01-11 | 广汽本田汽车有限公司 | Laser brazing method for welding automobile parts by copper-manganese-zinc welding wire |
US11473172B2 (en) | 2017-03-24 | 2022-10-18 | Ihi Corporation | Wear-resistant copper-zinc alloy and mechanical device using same |
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CN111761156A (en) * | 2020-07-22 | 2020-10-13 | 厦门福鑫特工贸有限公司 | Brazing method for large computer radiator |
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CN104942473A (en) | 2015-09-30 |
CN103042318B (en) | 2015-08-05 |
CN104942464B (en) | 2017-05-03 |
CN104942471A (en) | 2015-09-30 |
CN104942464A (en) | 2015-09-30 |
CN104942473B (en) | 2017-05-03 |
CN104942472A (en) | 2015-09-30 |
CN104942472B (en) | 2017-05-03 |
CN104942470A (en) | 2015-09-30 |
CN104942470B (en) | 2017-05-03 |
CN104942471B (en) | 2017-05-03 |
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