CN103016887A - 三通管 - Google Patents

三通管 Download PDF

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CN103016887A
CN103016887A CN2012103537885A CN201210353788A CN103016887A CN 103016887 A CN103016887 A CN 103016887A CN 2012103537885 A CN2012103537885 A CN 2012103537885A CN 201210353788 A CN201210353788 A CN 201210353788A CN 103016887 A CN103016887 A CN 103016887A
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Prior art keywords
pipe
intersecting line
welded
approximate
radius
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J.韦梅林格
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GEORGE FISHER PIPELINE SYSTEM CO Ltd
Georg Fischer Rohrleitungssysteme AG
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GEORGE FISHER PIPELINE SYSTEM CO Ltd
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Publication of CN103016887A publication Critical patent/CN103016887A/zh
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L47/00—Connecting arrangements or other fittings specially adapted to be made of plastics or to be used with pipes made of plastics
    • F16L47/26—Connecting arrangements or other fittings specially adapted to be made of plastics or to be used with pipes made of plastics for branching pipes; for joining pipes to walls; Adaptors therefor
    • F16L47/32—Branch units, e.g. made in one piece, welded, riveted
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/18—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated tools
    • B29C65/20—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated tools with direct contact, e.g. using "mirror"
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/114—Single butt joints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/116—Single bevelled joints, i.e. one of the parts to be joined being bevelled in the joint area
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/116—Single bevelled joints, i.e. one of the parts to be joined being bevelled in the joint area
    • B29C66/1162—Single bevel to bevel joints, e.g. mitre joints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
    • B29C66/522—Joining tubular articles
    • B29C66/5224—Joining tubular articles for forming fork-shaped connections, e.g. for making Y-shaped pieces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
    • B29C66/522—Joining tubular articles
    • B29C66/5224—Joining tubular articles for forming fork-shaped connections, e.g. for making Y-shaped pieces
    • B29C66/52241—Joining tubular articles for forming fork-shaped connections, e.g. for making Y-shaped pieces with two right angles, e.g. for making T-shaped pieces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7392—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7392—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
    • B29C66/73921—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic characterised by the materials of both parts being thermoplastics
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/81—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/814—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/8141—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/81411—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined characterised by its cross-section, e.g. transversal or longitudinal, being non-flat
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/81—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/814—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/8145—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the constructional aspects of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/81451—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the constructional aspects of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps being adaptable to the surface of the joint
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/301—Three-dimensional joints, i.e. the joined area being substantially non-flat
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/71—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the composition of the plastics material of the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
    • B29L2031/24—Pipe joints or couplings
    • B29L2031/246—T-joints
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T156/00—Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
    • Y10T156/10—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor
    • Y10T156/1052—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor with cutting, punching, tearing or severing
    • Y10T156/1062—Prior to assembly
    • Y10T156/1066—Cutting to shape joining edge surfaces only

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及三通管和由热塑性塑料制造焊接三通管的方法，其中待接合在一起的管沿着其近似相贯线进行焊接。

Description

三通管
技术领域
本发明涉及热塑性塑料的焊接三通管和用于制造其的方法。
背景技术
三通管在管系中用于产生管出口或支管。由于重量和腐蚀的原因，热塑性塑料越来越多地用于管系构造中。诸如气体、水、废水或实际上化学品的流体优选地在这样的管系中输送。
从现有技术中已知用于制造塑料三通管的各种方法。
通常，使用注塑法制造三通管。该方法尤其适合不超出一定尺寸的管系或三通管。其原因在于，一方面，该方法在经济上不可行，除非制造一定单位数量的三通，对于较大尺寸来说很少出现这种情况；另一方面，就一定壁厚的流变性而言，也达到了可行性的边界。注塑法仅在有限范围内适合大尺寸。
US 5,551,733公开了使用注塑法制造的三通管。为了增强三通管，沿周向表面装配了直接合并到模具中的十字状支撑杆。这赋予三通管更大刚度并允许更大的耐压性。
另一种制造塑料三通管的方法在于将以45°角切断的管焊接在一起。为此需要两道焊缝，这又是对于三通管耐压性的主要缺点，其中不得不预期0.6的耐压折减系数。为了补偿该折减系数，有可能要提供额外的增强，这又与提高的成本和大量的劳力相关联。
从现有技术已知一种制造焊接三通管的方法，该方法通过在车床上车削中空杆的两个外端形成对齐的连接件。在中空杆的中部，在一点处适当地铣削外轮廓以产生用于焊上外部连接件的平面支承表面。EP 1431649B1公开一种这样的方法，其中所述方法通过额外装配的加固环而增加了三通管的压缩强度。
这样的方法与通过再加工中空杆而提高材料消耗的缺点以及涉及后续增强件装配的额外的劳力相关。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提出一种装置和方法，该装置和方法增加焊接三通管的压缩强度，而在制造三通管期间不造成大量的材料损耗，并且不需要额外的增强。
根据本发明实现所述目的，其中将待接合在一起的管沿着它们的近似相贯线焊接。
因为将待接合在一起的管沿着它们的相贯线焊接，所以提高了耐压性。根据现有技术焊接的三通管显示了0.6的耐压折减系数。根据本发明的方法在不需要装配额外的增强件的情况下显著地提高了耐压性。精确分析已显示，有可能焊接具有接近相贯线的轮廓的管，并且相对于精确沿着相贯线的焊缝来说耐压性不因此而降低。
在待焊接在一起的管具有不同管径的情况中，近似相贯线优选地对应于主管半径的轮廓，而在待焊接在一起的管具有相同管径的情况中，对应于在顶点处以一半径倒圆的相贯线。
该近似相贯线的路线对应于主管（即，外管所焊接到的管或管件）的半径的轮廓，这仅适用于其中待焊接在一起的管具有不同直径的焊接操作的情况。在具有相同直径的管被焊接在一起的情况中，焊接沿相贯线进行，其中相贯线不直接延伸成顶点中而是以一半径倒圆，因为急剧收敛的轮廓不适合经受压力的部件。优选地用于倒圆的半径等于待焊接在一起的管的半径的五分之一。
为了能沿其近似相贯线来焊接管，在管的接触表面的位置处（即在支管的情况中的端面处和在主管的情况中的对应凹部中）提供一轮廓，不论是通过铣削或是以其它方式加工，所述轮廓对应于近似相贯线。
为了使接触表面达到所需温度，以便接着将塑料管焊接在一起，使用热板加热接触表面。作为热板的变型，也可以使用柔性加热垫，该加热垫自身完美地贴靠近似相贯线的轮廓并且从而确保对接触表面的加热。接触表面与热板或加热垫保持接触，直到达到所需的温度或弹性。为了最佳的热传递，热板和加热垫必须完全抵靠管的接触表面搁置。对待焊接在一起的两个管的加热优选地同时进行。此外，热板优选地被构造使得在热板的一侧上存在用于与支管的接触表面的最佳接触的合适的轮廓，并且热板的相对侧被构造使得热板最佳地抵靠主管中的凹部的接触表面搁置。这使得可以仅用一个热板或加热垫同时加热接触表面。然而，用两个单独的热板或加热垫加热待焊接在一起的接触表面也是可行的。为了确保最佳的热传递，热板必须显示具有待焊接的管的近似相贯线的轮廓，以便沿近似相贯线的轮廓的整个表面搁置。
这样的方法通常仅适用于具有至少400mm的主管直径，而不考虑支管连接的直径。
待焊接的管优选地是相同的塑料，其中PE、PP、PB、PA或PVDF尤其适合。
在本发明的一个构造中，另外的管作为增强件套在待焊接在一起的管道上，在主管中的凹部中和支管的端面处，在所述另外的管上同样铣削出近似相贯线的轮廓。作为另外的步骤，借助于热板或加热垫在接触表面处加热增强的管。该增强件还起到壁厚补偿的作用，即，如果待焊接的管在壁厚方面具有过大的差值，则存在根据管的壁厚来选择作为增强件使用的管的可能，以便增强的管在焊接时显示或多或少相同的壁厚。
附图说明
结合附图描述本发明的示例性实施例，本发明不仅仅限于示例性实施例。在附图中：
图1示出了沿焊接三通管的剖面线的纵剖面图和剖面图，其中待焊接的管具有不同的直径；
图2示出了沿焊接三通管的剖面线的纵剖面图和剖面图，其中待焊接的管具有相同的直径；
图3示出了沿带有增强件的焊接三通管的剖面线的纵剖面图和剖面图；
图4示出了沿焊接三通管的剖面线的纵剖面图和剖面图，其中待焊接的管具有不同的直径，支管以非垂直方式从主管分出；以及
图5示出了制造方法的各个制造步骤，其中各个部件以纵剖面图示出。
附图标记列表
1 三通管
2 主管
3 支管
4 相贯线
5 近似相贯线
6 内部近似相贯线
7 增强件
8 增强件
9 顶点
10 热板
11 铣刀
d1 主管直径
d2 支管直径
e1 主管壁厚
e2 支管壁厚
e3 支管的加宽壁厚
Ra1 具有不相等管径的三通管的近似相贯线的半径和主管的半径
Ra2 具有相同管径的三通管的近似相贯线的倒圆半径
Ra3 未垂直焊接的管的近似相贯线的半径之一
Ra4 未垂直焊接的管的近似相贯线的半径之一。
具体实施方式
图1示出了焊接三通管1，其中支管3以90°角延伸到主管2或垂直接合到主管2。支管3的直径d2与主管2的直径d1不匹配。因此，在图1中将显示具有不同直径d1、d2的管2、3焊接在一起。为了形成良好的焊缝，有利的是壁厚e1、e3在焊缝区域中大约相等，从而导致相同的接头压力条件。此外，加宽的壁厚导致增加的强度。因此有利的是，例如通过增加支管3中的壁厚e3使待接合在一起的管的壁厚一致或者适应该壁厚，如图1所示。在将两个管2、3接合在一起时将出现的理论相贯线4在图1中由虚线4示出。由半径Ra1的轮廓获得近似相贯线5，半径Ra1对应于主管2的半径Ra1。这与下面这样的优点相关联：近似相贯线5易于制作且显示具有与在三通管1沿着相贯线4精密地焊接时相同的耐压性。内部相贯线6通过制作近似相贯线5而形成，因而自动形成。如已经提及的，通过沿着近似相贯线5焊接三通管1来实现更高的耐压性。迄今为止从现有技术已知的唯一的焊接三通管仅经得起相当于对应管尺寸的耐压性的0.6倍的耐压性，因为它们不是沿着近似相贯线而是沿着直边缘焊接。为了实现更高的耐压性，有必要装配合适的增强件。在根据本发明的用于制造三通管的方法中，由于沿着近似相贯线5进行焊接，实现了更高的耐压性。此外，另外的优点是由简单的弧形轮廓产生近似相贯线5，且仍然实现高耐压性。
图2示出了三通管1的纵剖面图，其中待焊接在一起的管2、3具有相同的直径d1、d2，出于这样的原因相贯线4对应于在顶点9处汇聚收敛的两条直线。由于就实现高耐压性而言急剧收敛的直线或焊接轮廓不理想，顶点9以一半径Ra2被倒圆。半径Ra2等于相同尺寸管径d1、d2的十分之一或半径Ra1的五分之一。相比现有技术所已知的，沿着近似相贯线5焊接确保在也具有相同管径d1、d2的三通管1的该实施例更好的耐压性。图3示出了增强的三通管1，管7、8预先套在待焊接的管2、3上，并且然后在管2、3上且同时地在相同的操作中在外套的增强管7、8上铣削出近似相贯线5的轮廓。该增强件导致耐压性的额外增加。
图4示出了其中待焊接的管2、3不以90°角接合在一起的三通管1。对于其中管以任何所需角度接合在一起的这样的三通管，焊接也沿着近似相贯线5进行，并且相应地制备管或提供合适的轮廓。这样，支管3或支管3的端面以及主管2中的凹部具有合适的近似相贯线5，以便随后将它们接合在一起。就未以90°焊接在一起的管中的近似相贯线5而言，可能不仅由一个半径来限定轮廓，而是至少需要两个半径Ra4、Ra5来限定沿着其来焊接管2、3的近似相贯线5。理论上确定的相贯线规定了近似相贯线的大致路线。通过诸如应用于理论相贯线的Ra4和Ra5的限定的半径，获得近似相贯线。因此，理想的是需要尽可能少的连续半径，但重要的是近似相贯线接近理论相贯线。
图5示出了制造焊接三通管1的方法的各个步骤。第一幅图示出了优选地通过铣削将近似相贯线5施加到支管3的端面以及在主管2中产生具有近似相贯线5的轮廓的凹部，其中图5所示的管2、3包括具有套在其上的管7、8形式的增强件。当然，对管2、3、7、8的铣削不必如图5所示并行地进行，也可以单独加工支管3和主管2并且仅在焊接过程或加热期间对它们进行并行处理。然后，由第二幅图所示，借助于同样表现出近似相贯线5的形状或轮廓的热板10来加热近似相贯线5的轮廓，其中，热板10的一侧优选地被构造使得支管3的端面的近似相贯线5可最佳地抵靠热板搁置以允许最佳热传递。也就是说，在热板10和待焊接的管2、3、7、8的接触表面之间尽可能不出现空间或腔体。另外有利的是，热板10的另一侧表现出主管2中的凹部的轮廓的形状，以便通过与热板10的充分接触而实现良好的热传递。使用具有两个轮廓的热板10同样使得可以仅用一个热板10同时加热两个管。就该目的而言，使用柔性加热垫也是理想的。在加热阶段之后，移除热板并且将包括增强件7、8的两个管2、3压在一起，由此沿近似相贯线5出现焊缝。

Claims (15)

1.一种由热塑性塑料制造焊接三通管的方法，其特征在于，将待接合在一起的管(2,3)沿着其近似相贯线(5)进行焊接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，在待焊接在一起的所述管(2,3)具有不同管径(d1, d2)的情况中，所述近似相贯线(5)优选地对应于所述主管(2)的半径(Ra1)的轮廓，并且在待焊接在一起的所述管(2,3)具有相同管径(d1, d2)的情况中，所述近似相贯线(5)优选地对应于在顶点(9)处以一半径(Ra2)被倒圆的相贯线(4)。
3.根据权利要求1和2中的一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述顶点(9)的所述倒圆半径(Ra2)对应于所述待焊接的管(2,3)的所述半径(Ra1)的五分之一。
4.根据权利要求1至3中的一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在所述管(2,3)的待焊接的接触表面处形成与所述待接合在一起的管(2,3)的所述近似相贯线(5)相对应的轮廓。
5.根据权利要求1至4中的一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述接触表面借助于热板(10)来加热。
6.根据权利要求1至5中的一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述接触表面借助于柔性加热垫来加热。
7.根据权利要求3至6中的一项所述的方法，其特征在于，同时加热待焊接在一起的所述管(2,3)的所述接触表面。
8.根据权利要求4和6中的一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述热板(10)表现出所述近似相贯线(5)的所述轮廓。
9.根据权利要求4至7中的一项所述的方法，其特征在于，相同的所述热板(10)或相同的所述柔性加热垫被用于所述支管(3)的所述轮廓和所述主管(2)中的凹部的所述接触表面两者。
10.根据前述权利要求中的一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述主管(2)具有400mm的最小外径(d1)。
11.根据前述权利要求中的一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述待焊接的管(2,3)由相同的塑料制成，优选地由PE、PP、PB、PA或PVDF制成。
12.根据前述权利要求中的一项所述的方法，其特征在于，沿着所述管(2,3)在所述焊缝区域中的周边提供用于壁厚的增强件(7,8)。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法，其特征在于，在焊接之前装配用于增强所述三通管(1)的管(7,8)。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法，其特征在于，在相同操作中在所述增强管(7,8)上和在形成所述主管或支管(2,3)的所述管(2,3)上同时铣削出所述近似相贯线的所述轮廓。
15.一种热塑性塑料的焊接三通管，其特征在于，着待接合在一起的管(2,3)沿着其近似相贯线(5)被焊接，其中，在待焊接在一起的所述管(2,3)具有不同管径(d1, d2)的情况中，所述近似相贯线(5)优选地对应于所述主管(2)的半径(Ra1)的轮廓，并且在待焊接在一起的所述管(2,3)具有相同管径(d1, d2)的情况中，所述近似相贯线(5)优选地对应于在顶点(9)处以一半径(Ra2)被倒圆的相贯线(4)。
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