CN102946987B - 氢气/合成气发生器 - Google Patents

氢气/合成气发生器 Download PDF

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CN102946987B
CN102946987B CN201180017343.3A CN201180017343A CN102946987B CN 102946987 B CN102946987 B CN 102946987B CN 201180017343 A CN201180017343 A CN 201180017343A CN 102946987 B CN102946987 B CN 102946987B
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gas
generator
reactor
fuel
hydrogen
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CN102946987A (zh
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G·R·凯尔
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Council of Scientific and Industrial Research CSIR
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种无需任意外部加热用于制备氢气/合成气的紧凑型、同轴自热氢气/合成气发生器。此外,本发明的自热氢气/合成气发生器涉及以下反应的结合,所述反应是例如部分氧化反应、蒸汽重整反应、干重整反应、自热重整反应、干自热重整反应、水煤气变换反应、优先氧化反应或者甲烷化反应,且这些反应无需外部加热就能进行,用于将空气、蒸汽和燃料转换成主要含CO、CO2、N2、CH4以及H2O的重整物,随后转换成氢气/合成气作为燃料电池的进料或者用于合成气应用中。

Description

氢气/合成气发生器
技术领域
本发明涉及紧凑型桌面氢气/合成气发生器或者燃料处理器来制备氢气/合成气,以使其直接进料到燃料电池或者合成气进料应用中。更具体地,本发明提供一种在所述发生器中制备氢气/合成气的方法。
发明背景和现有技术描述
氢气/合成气发生器或者燃料处理器是一种可以将燃料转换为产物气体的装置,所述产物气体含有富集氢气/合成气的气流。可以使用一系列水煤气变换反应器、优先氧化反应器或者甲烷化反应器将所述合成气转换为富含氢气的气体。现有技术中对于燃料处理器或者氢气/合成气发生器具有数种可行的设计,但是几乎没有涉及用于制备富集氢气的气体的紧凑型、热联合的燃料处理器,用于将其直接递送到燃料电池或者需要合成气的应用中。另外,现有设计是复杂的,需要外部加热的,其热效率低,体积大且昂贵。另外,在将产物气体进料到燃料电池或者合成气应用之前,需要对其进行处理。
参考题为“用于制备富集氢气的气体的燃料处理器(Fuel processor forproducing hydrogen rich gas)”的专利文件US2002/083646,其涉及一种紧凑型处理器,用于从烃类燃料制备用于燃料电池的富集氢气的气流,所述紧凑型处理器包含第一热交换器、第一脱硫反应器、用于使得烃类燃料与含氧气体混合产生燃料混合物的总管、第二热交换器、自热反应器、第二脱硫反应器、水煤气变换反应器、选择性氧化反应器和热交换器。
参考专利文件US2003/0051405,其揭示了一种用于将烃类燃料转换为富集氢气的气体的设备,该设备包含多个沿着共用轴首尾层叠的模块。
参考题为“单室紧凑型燃料处理器(Single chamber compact fuelprocessor)”的专利文件US2003/0021742,其涉及用于将烃类燃料转换为基本纯的氢气进料的多步骤工艺的设备,该设备在一个共用反应室中包含多个反应区域。
参考题为“集成重整器和转换反应器(Integrated reformer and shift reactor)”的专利文件US7066973,其揭示了一种用于制备双原子氢气的烃类燃料重整器。所述重整器包含第一反应容器,环状地设置在第一反应容器周围并包含第一转换反应区域的转换反应器,以及设置在第一转换反应区域内的第一螺旋管,所述第一螺旋管的进口端与水源连通。
参考题为“用于从碳水化合物进料制备氢气的方法(Process for productionofhydrogen from carbohydrate feedstock)”的专利文件WO/2008/063485,其揭示了一种从植物来源制备氢气的方法,其中在足以分解碳水化合物材料的温度和压力下,用水和催化剂对天然的植物来源进行处理,以形成包含氢气的气体蒸汽混合物以及对氢气混合物进行分离。
现有技术中,没有文件揭示将选自部分氧化反应、完全氧化反应、蒸汽重整反应、干重整反应、干自热重整反应、自热重整反应、水煤气变换反应、优先氧化反应或甲烷化反应的反应以及水冷凝器和连同CO/CO2清除的分离器结合在一个单一的紧凑型单元中。
此外,燃料处理器的现有设计对于从开始到关闭的整个运行过程需要外部加热。
另外,产生富集氢气的气体或者合成气的现有技术的燃料处理器,在将所产生的富集氢气的气体或者合成气进料到燃料电池/合成气进料应用之前,需要额外的设备和/或步骤对其进行处理。
现有技术中,没有文件揭示了使用至少一部分相互任意结合使用的燃料处理器/氢气或合成气发生器,以产生氢气、富集氢气的气体或者合成气。所述进料还可以选自热合成气、煤气化器气体或者任意其他含H2、CO、CO2、CH4、H2O的气流。
发明目的
本发明的一个目的是提供一种紧凑型的桌面氢气以及合成气发生器。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种氢气/合成气发生器,在所述氢气/合成气发生器中进行各种催化/非催化反应。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种氢气/合成气发生器,在所述氢气/合成气发生器中可以无需外部热源进行各种反应。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种在所述发生器中制备氢气/合成气的方法。
发明内容
因此,本发明涉及紧凑型桌面氢气/合成气发生器或者燃料处理器来制备氢气/合成气,以使其直接进料到燃料电池/合成气进料应用中。揭示了一种用于制备氢气/合成气的紧凑型燃料处理器。本发明的特征在于改进的集成燃料重整系统,其包括自热重整器,以及集成形式的一个或多个反应器部分,所述反应器部分选自(但不限于):脱硫器、水煤气变换反应器、优先氧化反应器或甲烷化反应器、CO和/或CO2吸收器、冷凝器以及水或液相分离器。
本发明一个方面的特征在于以下化学反应的结合,所述化学反应选自,但不限于:部分氧化反应、完全氧化反应、蒸汽重整反应、干重整反应、干自热重整反应、自热重整反应、水煤气变换反应、优先氧化反应或甲烷化反应,并且无需外部加热将富集氢气的气体或者合成气直接进料到燃料电池或者合成气进料应用中。
本发明的另一个方面,允许燃料(可任选的预加热的燃料)与空气和水发生反应以在ATR中制备一氧化碳、二氧化碳、水和氢气等,并将其进料到WGS和/或PrOx/甲烷化反应器中从而减少了其CO含量,并且在冷凝器部分可任选地结合冷却与CO/CO2去除。此外,在PrOx反应器中用冷水旋管对产物气体进行冷却。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,氢气/合成气发生器包含至少三个同心壳,最内壳、中间壳以及最外壳,其中所述最内壳(14)由自热重整反应器组成,所述自热重整反应器还包含端口(6)和用于测量形成的气体的取样端口(8),所述端口(6)用于使得蒸汽与燃料和空气经过燃料进口7(a)、空气进口(7b)和进水口(7c)混合,所述中间壳(15)在上部包含LTS WGS反应器(低温水煤气变换反应器)并在下部包含MTS/HTS WGS反应器(中温/高温水煤气变换反应器),并包含放置在内壳(14)和中间壳(15)之间的蒸汽旋管(1)和放置在MTS/HTS  (15)的进口处的喷头(3),用于对从MTS/HTS  (15)形成的气体进行测量的取样端口(9)以及用于对从LTS(15)形成的气体进行测量的取样端口(10),除此之外,发生器的最外壳(16)由放置在上部的优先氧化反应器(PROX)(5)、放置在中部的连同CO和CO2清除的冷凝器以及位于下部的气液分离器组成,所述最外壳(16)还包含壳(15)和(16)之间的冷凝器旋管(2)、在PROX(5)进口处的空气喷头(4)、用于对PROX(5)之后形成的气体进行测量的取样端口(11)以及用于冷却剂/CO和CO2吸收溶液的进口(12)和出口(13)。
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,如权利要求1所述的发生器,包含多个热集成作为一个单一、紧凑型并同轴单元的反应器部分,所述反应器部分选自:脱硫器、自热反应器、水煤气变换反应器、优先氧化反应器、甲烷化反应器、CO和CO2吸收器。
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,如权利要求1所述的发生器,包含多个用于将蒸汽供给到ATR进料预加热部分的旋管,使得产物气体冷却并从富集氢气的产物气体中吸收CO和CO2
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,如权利要求1所述的发生器,所述PrOx反应器(5)可以被甲烷化反应器替代或者与甲烷化反应器结合使用。
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,如权利要求1所述的发生器,所述发生器的部件由金属、陶瓷、耐火型材料、塑料、木材或者复合材料构建。
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,如权利要求1所述的发生器,所述发生器的使用无需使用外部能源。
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,如权利要求1所述的发生器,无需外部能源,每摩尔甲烷产生了至少3摩尔的合成气。
本发明的另一个实施方式中,在如权利要求1所述的发生器中制备氢气/合成气的方法,其中所述方法包括以下步骤:
a.使得预加热的燃料进料与空气或蒸汽或CO2等混合,以得到燃料混合物;
b.在200-1200°C的温度之间,使得步骤(a)中得到的燃料混合物在含催化剂的自热重整器中部分氧化,以得到含H2、N2、CH4、CO、CO2的重整混合物;
c.使得步骤(b)中得到的重整混合物在MTS/HTS水煤气变换反应器中进行水煤气变换反应,以产生具有减少的CO含量的含氢气气态混合物,之后使得所述气态混合物在LTS WGS中反应以制备富集氢气的气体;
d.使得步骤(c)中得到的产物气体在PrOx反应器或者甲烷化反应器中进行优先氧化反应,通过使得CO氧化成CO2以得到含有CO2和H2的气态产物;
e.在冷凝器中冷却步骤(d)中得到的气态产物;
f.或者可任选地将步骤(d)中得到的气态产物通过冷凝器旋管中的CO/CO2吸附剂,以得到纯H2气体;
g.将步骤(e)中得到的冷凝的液体通过液气分离器,其中液体通过排出点而富集氢气的气体从产物气体出口排出被直接进料到燃料电池/合成气应用中。
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,可任选地使得作为产物气体的燃料进料经过可再生或者不可再生的脱硫器催化剂/吸收剂。
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,如权利要求1所述的气体发生器,该气体发生器包含热平衡的化学反应的组合,以提供热中和或者放热的燃料发生器与脱硫器、冷凝器、分离器和CO/CO2吸收器,无需外部加热将合成气直接进料到燃料电池和合成气应用中。
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,如权利要求1所述的气体发生器,所使用的燃料选自:甲烷、液化石油气、碳氢化合物、硫杂质燃料进料、烃类或煤气化器气体或者任意含重整气体的气体,单独或者组合使用。
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,如权利要求1所述的气体发生器,在步骤(e)中所使用的CO/CO2吸附剂选自:与脱硫剂混合的可任选的固体和凝胶、与催化剂混合的可任选的固体和凝胶、放置在催化剂之前的可任选的固体和凝胶以及放置在催化剂之后的可任选的固体和凝胶。
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,对在步骤(f)中的液气分离器之后的排出点回收的液体适当地进行再处理和重复使用和/或丢弃。
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,如权利要求1所述的发生器,该发生器制备了氢气、富集氢气的气体或者合成气。
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,如权利要求1所述的发生器,所述与发生器结合的反应选自,但不限于:PO(部分氧化反应)、PO+SR(蒸汽重整)、PO+SR+DR(干重整)、PO+DR、PO+SR+DR+WGS、PO+SR+DR+WGS+PrOx以及PO+WGS。
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,如果需要的话,可以将作为进料的热气体用作外部能源。
附图简要说明
图1显示了本文所述的紧凑型ATR燃料处理器氢气/合成气发生器。
缩写:
ATR:自热重整
COSORB:CO吸附
DR:干重整
HTS:高温水煤气变换反应器
LPG:液化石油气
LTS:低温水煤气变换反应器
MTS:中温水煤气变换反应器
PO:部分氧化
PrOx:优先氧化反应器
SR:蒸汽重整
WGS:水煤气变换反应器
图2:ATR产物的气相色谱图
图3:HTS产物的气相色谱图
图4:LTS产物的气相色谱图
图5:过程示意图
发明详述
本发明涉及一种无需任意外部加热用于制备氢气/合成气的紧凑型、同轴自热燃料处理器/氢气或合成气发生器。此外,本发明的自热氢气/合成气发生器涉及以下反应的结合,所述反应例如部分氧化反应、蒸汽重整反应、干重整反应、自热重整反应、水煤气变换反应、优先氧化反应或者甲烷化反应,这些反应无需外部加热就能进行,用于将空气、蒸汽(或CO2)和燃料转换成含CO、CO2、N2、CH4以及H2O的重整物,随后转换成氢气/合成气作为进料用于燃料电池或者合成气应用。
氢气/合成气发生器由一个或多个以下反应器部分以集成形式组成,所述反应器部分选自:脱硫器、水煤气变换反应器、优先氧化反应或者甲烷化反应、CO和/或CO2吸收器、冷凝器和水或液相分离器。
本发明的燃料发生器包含:
a)催化自热重整反应器
b)高温或中温水煤气变换反应器,
c)低温水煤气变换反应器
d)优先氧化反应器,
e)连同CO/CO2清除的冷凝器,以及
f)分离器。
在如图1所示的优选的实施方式中,紧凑型氢气/合成气发生器包含如下所述的3个同轴壳:
(i)最内壳(I)(14),包含(位于下部的)ATR反应器。
(ii)中间壳(M)(15),包含(位于上部的)LTS WGS反应器和(位于下部的)MTS/HTS WGS反应器。
(iii)最外壳(O)(16),包含(位于上部的)PrOx反应器、(位于中部的)(连同CO/CO2清除的)冷凝器以及(位于下部的)气液分离器。
此外,参考图1,发生器包含:
蒸汽旋管(1),以将蒸汽(水)供给到位于壳I和M之间的上部的ATR进料预加热部分。所述蒸汽旋管(1)和最内壳上部的壁都吸收了来自产物气体的热量并供给到进料,从而起了集成的热交换器的作用。该旋管从水泵(外部)取水,并将蒸汽注入进料预加热区域。该旋管可任选地具有穿孔,在燃料发生器中喷洒水用于冷却或者加强水煤气变换反应的转化。
蒸汽旋管(1)还可用于在有蒸汽或者没有蒸汽的情况下供给CO2作为进料。
可任选的穿孔冷凝器旋管(2),其位于壳M和O之间的中间位置,用于冷却产物气体、吸收来自富集氢气的产物气体的CO和/或CO2
喷头(3),其位于MTS/HTS反应器的进口处,以对ATR产物气体喷洒水使其冷却到合适的较低的温度,增加蒸汽/CO比并增加ATR产物气体的GHSV(气时空速)。
空气喷头(4),其位于PrOx反应器(5)的进口处,所述PrOx反应器(5)在图1中标记为PrOx。
中央管的端口(6),其用于使得蒸汽与空气和燃料混合
ATR的用于燃料的进口、用于空气的进口以及用于水的进口(7a、7b、7c)。
取样端口(8),用于测量在ATR之后形成的气体。
取样端口(9),用于测量在MTS/HTS之后形成的气体。
取样端口(10),用于测量在LTS之后形成的气体。
取样端口(11),用于测量在PrOx之后形成的气体。
进口(12)和/或出口(13),其用于本领域已知的冷却剂/CO和/或CO2吸收剂溶液。
本发明的发生器的不同部件由金属、塑料、陶瓷、耐火型材料或者纯的材料或者复合材料等构建。
温度和/或压力测量装置安装在发生器中所需的位置。
非穿孔的冷凝器旋管(2)输送用于冷却的水。在本发明的发生器的一个实施方式中,穿孔的冷凝器旋管(2)输送用于冷却的水。在另一个实施方式中,冷凝器旋管(2)输送用于CO/CO2吸收和冷却的溶液。在本发明的另一个实施方式中,发生器包含多个冷凝器旋管,所述冷凝器旋管用于可任选地输送冷却水、用于吸收CO的溶液、或者用于吸收CO2的溶液,单独或者组合输送。冷凝器旋管可任选地延伸进入到PrOx反应器部分内部,以释放PrOx部分的热量。
当使用PrOx反应器时,空气喷头(4)在LTS产物气体上喷洒空气、氧气、惰性气体,单独或者组合喷洒。
将在发生器中产生的气体冷却到燃料电池/合成气进料应用中所需的合适的温度。
直接对产物气体进行冷却,通过旋管供给冷却水。
喷头对产生的气体进行冷却,孔被引入到旋管中用于喷洒冷却水。
通过直接冷却和旋管中的孔的结合来进行冷却。
在发生器中,将催化剂封装在各个反应器的位置。封装的催化剂选自HTS/MTS/LTS催化剂、ATR催化剂、SR催化剂、PrOx催化剂、PO催化剂、脱硫化催化剂以及例如市售产品,这是产氢技术领域众所周知的。催化剂可任选地是可再生或者不可再生的。在本发明的发生器中用于实验的催化剂是内部得到或者购自M/S SudChemie公司的氧化铝担载Pt、G31ETM催化剂(α-氧化铝担载NiO)、和G90LDPTM催化剂(CaAl12O18担载NiO)以及ATR-1催化剂(氧化铝担载Pt或铑)。类似地,HTS[G3CTM(80%Fe2O3、8.5%Cr3O3以及2%CuO的复合混合物)以及LTS催化剂[CI 8TM(55%CuO、30%ZnO以及10-15%A12O3和0-2%促进剂)购自Sudchemie公司,而氧化铝担载Pt是内部得到或购自Sudchemie公司的。石灰水用于CO2吸收。
发生器包含任选封装有合适尺寸的惰性材料的空心部分,以影响或者改变发生器内部的热传递和流体流动模式。所述惰性材料选自陶瓷珠、滚珠以及类似的材料。在本发明的一个实施方式中,惰性材料取代了催化剂。在另一个实施方式中,将惰性材料封装在催化剂之间。
用本领域已知的气体吸附剂取代了催化剂。气体吸附剂吸附了CO和CO2。吸附剂可任选地是可再生或者不可再生的。
发生器的催化剂、吸附剂以及惰性材料是单独使用或者组合使用的。发生器的催化剂是球粒形式或者整体形式等,单独使用或者组合使用的。
本文描述了用于本发明的发生器中自热重整反应的一般步骤。在发生器中配制并进行了用于所需一系列反应以及这些反应的组合的类似的步骤。
在发生器的一个反应中,燃料(例如,甲烷)与空气和水结合,在ATR、WGS和/或PrOx/甲烷化反应器之后产生一氧化碳、二氧化碳、水以及氢气。在PrOx反应器中用冷水旋管对产物气体进行冷却。结合有CO/CO2清除的冷凝器使得气体冷却,液体进入到排出点而干燥气体被直接进料到燃料电池。
本发明的发生器中的氧化剂选自:空气、富氧空气、缺氧空气、以及与惰性气体结合的氧气等。发生器的燃料选自:甲烷、LPG、其他烃类、硫杂质燃料进料、以及碳水化合物等,单独或者组合使用。可以将水以液体或者蒸汽引入。根据所需的运行条件来确定进料的组合物百分比。
通过输送氧化剂来启动图1所示的发生器,所述氧化剂选自:空气、富氧空气、缺氧空气,单独使用或者以一定摩尔比与所述气体组合使用。在发生器启动时,可任选使用固体、液体或者气态形式的产氧反应。发生器仅在启动时可能需要使用少量的氢气。可任选地使用热甲烷(燃料)和空气来引燃。燃料可任选地在ATR催化剂或者在负载在ATR催化剂之前的催化剂上催化燃烧,这提升了ATR催化剂的温度。当该温度达到~300°C或者催化剂所需的温度时,燃料流动在开始时是缓慢地,然后增加到计算流速的所需值,并关闭氢气流。在ATR催化剂上发生燃料的部分或者完全氧化反应,这使得ATR的温度增加到600°C或者对于催化剂合适的温度,ATR产物气体通过WGS反应器部分和PrOx或者甲烷化反应器,从而降低了其CO含量,并在冷凝器部分冷却,该冷却可任选地结合有CO/CO2的清除。冷凝的液体通过排出点而富集氢气的气体通过产物气体出口被进料到燃料电池中。对排出点回收的液体进行再处理和重复使用和/或丢弃。在所述方法的一个实施方式中,对排出点回收的液体进行部分再处理和重复使用或者丢弃。
通过单独使用或者组合使用燃料、水和空气来启动发生器,在将燃料输送到发生器之前,可任选对其进行电预加热或者在引燃点附近通过热交换混合物来进行预加热,其中燃料和空气引起了ATR催化剂上的氧化反应。
在蒸汽旋管中流动的水、喷洒的水、PrOx反应器中的空气/氧气、冷凝器水和/或CO/CO2清除溶液开始时以所需的缓慢流速启动,然后当最后的WGS部分的温度超过100°C,增加/降低到所需的值。在ATR催化剂上开始自热重整反应。如果第一WGS反应器进口处的ATR产物的温度增加到高于催化剂所需的运行温度(例如,对于高温变换催化剂,>400°C),启动水喷洒以维持在所需的值。还启动水喷洒以增加进入到WGS部分的进口空气的GHSV。
启动时的空气流速是缓慢的,然后通过PrOx空气喷头增加到所需的值以降低CO量。或者,在没有PrOx反应器的情况下,在该部分使用甲烷化催化剂以进行甲烷化反应。
当各个反应器的温度稳定化,提供了恒定的排出发生器的气体和液体流速时,达到了稳定状态。
通过各种选择来关闭发生器。在一个实施方式中,关闭了ATR水,ATR以部分氧化模式运行。再次以计算的流速启动氢气、氮气或者任意其他合适的惰性气体,并关闭燃料和所有的水流以及CO/CO2吸收溶液。当发生器被气体完全填满,将其关闭。
将在发生器中产生的产物气体直接进料到燃料电池或者合成气应用中。产生的气体包括,但不限于,氢气、富集氢气的气体、以及合成气等。基于潮湿气体的需求,在将所述产生的气体进料到燃料电池/合成气应用之前,可任选地将其与水、以及惰性材料等混合。
发生器至少使用一个部件用于产生产物气体。本发明的发生器使用合成气、煤气化器气体或者含CO、CO2、CH4、H2O、硫等的任意其他气体作为进料,并且使用选自但不限于MTS/HTS部分的发生器部件用于产生产物气体。在发生器中进行的一些反应的组合如下所述(但不限于此):
PO、PO+SR、PO+SR+DR、PO+DR、PO+SR+DR+WGS、PO+SR+DR+WGS+PrOx以及PO+WGS。
可能的组合多于这里所列出的。以下所给出的实施例用于对本发明进行说明,而不是为了限制本发明的范围。所列出的反应温度可能随着催化剂以及反应器中热传递的变化而变化。
使用本领域已知以及本文所述的催化剂在发生器中进行上述反应的各种组合。
在进料到达ATR催化剂之前,在进料部分进行脱硫化反应。可任选地,将脱硫催化剂/吸附剂封装在位于ATR催化剂之前的发生器燃料进料线中,以从进料中吸收硫。在另一个实施方式中,在ATR部分之后使用封装在发生器中的硫吸附剂吸附了硫化合物。在本发明的另一个实施方式中,将SO2型硫吸附剂封装在发生器外部,以使得产物气体脱硫。可任选地,在反应器的上游或下游完成脱硫化反应。脱硫催化剂可任选是再生或者不可再生的,单独或者组合使用。
发生器包含CO/CO2吸附剂,所述CO/CO2吸附剂可任选地是混合有脱硫催化剂的固体或凝胶,位于催化剂之前或者之后。
本发明的氢气/合成气发生器是紧凑型的,安装在实验室工作台上,如本文以及所附权利要求所述的方式工作。尽管它的尺寸可以根据需要大至工业规模,它也可以小至微反应器尺寸并工作良好。本文所述的氢气/合成气发生器(燃料处理器)的尺寸和大小是用来进行说明的,不应理解为对设想的应用所需的替代尺寸范围进行限制。
实施例
通过举例说明给出以下实施例,因此不应理解为用于限制本发明的范围。
实施例1:
在发生器中进行部分氧化,用甲烷作为燃料对此处发生的反应进行阐述:
燃料+O2(空气)=CO+H2
CH4+0.5O2=CO+2H2(200-1900°C)
实施例2:
在部分氧化之后,在发生器中发生了此处所述的蒸汽重整:
燃料+O2(空气)=CO+H2
CH4+0.5O2=CO+2H2(200-1900°C)
燃料+H2O=CO+H2      CH4+H2O=CO+3H2
燃料+H2O=CO2+H2O    CH4+2H2O=CO2+4H2(200-1600°C)
实施例3:
发生了此处所述的干重整。在部分氧化之后发生了DR,干重整如此处所述:
燃料+O2(空气)=CO+H2
CH4+0.5O2=CO+2H2(200-1900°C)
燃料+CO2=CO+H2    CH4+CO2=2CO+2H2(200-1600°C)
实施例4:
在部分氧化之后,发生了如之前所述的发生器的水煤气变化。
燃料+O2(空气)=CO+H2
CH4+0.5O2=CO+2H2(200-1900°C)
CO+H2O=CO2+H2(150-800°C)
实施例5:
如下所述,在发生器中发生了优先氧化:
CO+O2=CO2(60-600°C)
实施例6:
燃料+O2(空气)=CO+H2
CH4+0.5O2=CO+2H2(200-1900°C)
燃料+H2O=CO+H2      CH4+H2O=CO+3H2
燃料+H2O=CO2+H2O    CH4+2H2O=CO2+4H2(200-1600°C)
燃料+CO2=CO+H2
CH4+CO2=2CO+2H2(200-1600°C)
CO+H2O=CO2+H2(120-800°C)
如此处所述,在水煤气变换反应之后发生了部分氧化、蒸汽重整、干重整。
实施例7:
如此处所述,在水煤气变换反应之后发生了部分氧化、蒸汽重整、干重整,然后发生了优先氧化。
燃料+O2(空气)=CO+H2
CH4+0.5O2=CO+2H2(200-1900°C)
燃料+H2O=CO+H2      CH4+H2O=CO+3H2
燃料+H2O=CO2+H2O    CH4+2H2O=CO2+4H2(200-1600°C)
燃料+CO2=CO+H2
CH4+CO2=2CO+2H2(200-1600°C)
CO+H2O=CO2+H2(120-800°C)
CO+O2=CO2(60-600°C)
实施例8:
使用甲烷作为燃料的发生器的实施例
ATR反应器的条件:
甲烷=2.5升/摩尔每分钟
温度=600°C和650°C
S/C比=1.2
O2/C比=0.6
压力=1atm
600°C的ATR产物(ATR-1)以及650°C的ATR产物(ATR-2)
ATR的产物以S/CO比=5.0进入到WGS(HTS)。
HTS之后得到的产物气体具有以下组分:
HTS的产物进入到WGS(LTS)。
LTS之后得到的产物气体具有以下组分:
LTS的产物进入到CO和CO2吸收部分。
吸收之后得到的产物气体具有以下组分:
发明的优点
1.紧凑型桌面氢气/合成气发生器。
2.可以进行各种反应,使得产生的氢气/合成气的产量最大化。
3.可以降低CO的水平,以直接进料到燃料电池。
4.无需外部热源。
5.取决于进料和应用,可以对发生器的模块/组件进行选择。
6.对于各种单独反应或者反应的组合可以使用相同的发生器。
7.可以用于产生氢气以及合成气。

Claims (19)

1.一种氢气/合成气发生器,该氢气/合成气发生器包含至少三个同心壳,最内壳、中间壳以及最外壳,其中所述最内壳(14)由自热重整反应器组成,所述自热重整反应器还包含端口(6)和用于测量形成的气体的取样端口(8),所述端口(6)用于使得蒸汽与燃料和空气经过燃料进口(7a)、空气进口(7b)和进水口(7c)混合,所述中间壳(15)在上部包含低温水煤气变换反应器(LTSWGS反应器)并在下部包含中温/高温水煤气变换反应器(MTS/HTS WGS反应器),并包含放置在最内壳(14)和中间壳(15)之间的蒸汽旋管(1)和放置在MTS/HTS反应器的进口处的喷头(3)、用于对从MTS/HTS反应器形成的气体进行测量的取样端口(9)以及用于对从LTS WGS反应器形成的气体进行测量的取样端口(10),除此之外,发生器的最外壳(16)由放置在上部的优先氧化反应器(PROX反应器)和/或甲烷化反应器、放置在中部的连同CO和CO2清除的冷凝器以及位于下部的气液分离器组成,所述最外壳(16)还包含中间壳(15)和最外壳(16)之间的冷凝器旋管(2)、在PROX反应器和/或甲烷化反应器进口处的空气喷头(4)、用于对PROX反应器和/或甲烷化反应器之后形成的气体进行测量的取样端口(11)以及用于冷却剂以及CO和CO2吸收溶液的进口(12)和出口(13)。
2.如权利要求1所述的发生器,其特征在于,该发生器包含多个热集成作为一个单一、紧凑型并同轴单元的反应器部分,所述反应器部分选自:脱硫器、自热反应器、水煤气变换反应器、优先氧化反应器、甲烷化反应器、CO和CO2吸收器。
3.如权利要求1所述的发生器,其特征在于,该发生器包含多个用于将蒸汽供给到自热重整进料预加热部分的旋管,使得产物气体冷却并从富集氢气的产物气体中吸收CO和CO2
4.如权利要求1所述的发生器,其特征在于,所述PROX反应器与甲烷化反应器结合使用。
5.如权利要求1所述的发生器,其特征在于,所述发生器的部件由金属、陶瓷、耐火型材料、塑料、木材或者复合材料构建。
6.如权利要求1所述的发生器,其特征在于,该发生器的使用无需使用外部能源。
7.如权利要求1所述的发生器,其特征在于,无需使用外部能源,每摩尔甲烷产生了至少3摩尔的合成气。
8.如权利要求1所述的气体发生器,其特征在于,该气体发生器包含热平衡的化学反应的组合,以提供热中和或者放热的燃料发生器与脱硫器、冷凝器、分离器和CO/CO2吸收器,无需外部加热将合成气直接进料到燃料电池或其他合成气应用中。
9.如权利要求1所述的发生器,其特征在于,与该发生器结合的反应选自,但不限于部分氧化(PO)、部分氧化和蒸汽重整(PO+SR)、部分氧化和蒸汽重整和干重整(PO+SR+DR)、部分氧化和干重整(PO+DR)、部分氧化和蒸汽重整和干重整和水煤气变化(PO+SR+DR+WGS)、部分氧化和蒸汽重整和干重整和水煤气变化和优先氧化(PO+SR+DR+WGS+PROX)以及部分氧化和水煤气变化(PO+WGS)。
10.如权利要求1所述的发生器,其特征在于,作为进料的热气体被用作外部能源。
11.如权利要求1所述的气体发生器,其特征在于,该发生器制备了氢气或者合成气。
12.如权利要求11所述的气体发生器,其特征在于,所述合成气是富集氢气的气体。
13.在如权利要求1所述的发生器中制备氢气/合成气的方法,其特征在于,该方法包括以下步骤:
a.使得预加热的燃料进料与空气和蒸汽和CO2混合,以得到燃料混合物;
b.在200-1200℃的温度之间,使得步骤(a)中得到的燃料混合物在含催化剂的自热重整器中部分氧化,以得到含H2、N2、CH4、CO、CO2的重整混合物;
c.使得步骤(b)中得到的重整混合物在MTS/HTS WGS反应器中进行水煤气变换反应,以产生具有减少的CO含量的含氢气气态混合物,之后使得所述气态混合物在LTS WGS反应器中反应以制备富集氢气的气体;
d.使得步骤(c)中得到的产物气体在PROX反应器或者甲烷化反应器中进行优先氧化反应,通过使得CO氧化成CO2以得到气态产物,所述气态产物含有CO2和H2
e.在冷凝器中冷却步骤(d)中得到的气态产物;
f.或者可任选地将步骤(d)中得到的气态产物通过冷凝器旋管中的CO/CO2吸附剂,以得到纯H2气体;
g.将步骤(e)中得到的冷凝的液体通过液气分离器,其中液体通过排出点而富集氢气的气体从产物气体出口排出被直接进料到燃料电池或其他合成气应用中。
14.如权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,可任选地使得作为产物气体的燃料进料经过可再生或者不可再生的脱硫催化剂/吸收剂。
15.如权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,所述使用的燃料选自:液化石油气、碳氢化合物、硫杂质燃料进料或煤气化器气体或者任意含重整气体的气体,单独或者组合使用。
16.如权利要求15所述的方法,其特征在于,所述碳氢化合物是烃类。
17.如权利要求16所述的方法,其特征在于,所述烃类是甲烷。
18.如权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,在步骤(f)中使用的CO/CO2吸附剂选自:与脱硫剂混合的可任选的固体和凝胶、与催化剂混合的可任选的固体和凝胶,放置在催化剂之前的可任选的固体和凝胶以及放置在催化剂之后的可任选的固体和凝胶。
19.如权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,对在步骤(g)中的液气分离器之后的排出点回收的液体适当地进行再处理和重复使用和/或丢弃。
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US9126831B2 (en) 2015-09-08
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