CN102933734A - 合金、保护层和构件 - Google Patents

合金、保护层和构件 Download PDF

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CN102933734A
CN102933734A CN2011800274608A CN201180027460A CN102933734A CN 102933734 A CN102933734 A CN 102933734A CN 2011800274608 A CN2011800274608 A CN 2011800274608A CN 201180027460 A CN201180027460 A CN 201180027460A CN 102933734 A CN102933734 A CN 102933734A
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protective layer
nickel
alloy
silicon
yttrium
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CN102933734B (zh
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弗里德黑尔姆·施米茨
沃纳·斯塔姆
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Siemens Energy Global GmbH and Co KG
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Abstract

具有高Cr含量并且还有硅的已知的保护层构成脆相,所述保护层在碳的影响下在使用期间附加地变脆。根据本发明的保护层具有24%至26%的钴(Co)、10.5%至11.5%的铝(Al)、0.1%至0.7%的钇(Y)和/或来自包括钪和稀土元素的组中的至少一种等效的金属、12%至15%铬(Cr)、可选0.1%至3%的钽、可选0.05%至0.6%的硅、剩余是镍。

Description

合金、保护层和构件
技术领域
本发明涉及一种根据权利要求1所述的合金、一种根据权利要求13所述的、用于尤其在高温的情况下保护构件免受腐蚀和/或氧化的保护层和一种根据权利要求15所述的构件。
背景技术
用于金属构件的保护层在现有技术中大量已知,其中所述保护层应提高其抗腐蚀性和/或抗氧化性。大多数这种保护层以总称MCrAlY已知,其中M代表来自包括铁、钴和镍的组的元素中的至少一种元素和其他重要的组分铬、铝和钇。
从美国专利4,005,989和4,034,142中已知这种类型的典型的覆层。
在静态的燃气轮机和飞行推进器中努力提高进气温度对于燃气轮机的专业领域具有很大的意义,因为进气温度对于可借助燃气轮机实现的热动力学的效率而言是重要的决定量。通过使用特别研发的合金作为用于高热负荷的构件如导向叶片和动叶片的基本材料,尤其通过使用单晶的超合金使进气温度显著高于1000℃是可能的。在此期间,现有技术在静态的燃气轮机中允许950℃和更高的进气温度,以及在飞行推进器的燃气轮机中允许1100℃和更高的进气温度。
从WO91/01433A1中公开:用于构造具有单晶基底的涡轮机叶片的示例,所述涡轮机叶片本身能够复杂地构成。
虽然目前研发的用于高负荷构件的基本材料的物理负荷能力在进气温度进一步提高的情况下基本上没有问题,但是为了获得抗氧化和抗腐蚀的足够的抗性必须采取保护层。除了在由废气在1000℃数量级的温度下能够预期出现侵蚀的情况下保护层的足够的化学抗性之外,保护层还必须具有足够好的机械特性,尤其是在保护层和基本材料之间的机械相互作用方面。保护层必须特别是能够足够延展的,以便能够跟随基本材料的可能的变形并且不撕裂,因为以这种方式可能出现氧化和腐蚀的侵蚀点。在这种情况下,典型地出现下述问题:能够改进保护层的抗氧化和抗腐蚀的抗性的、如铝和铬的元素的份额的提高,导致保护层的延展性变差,以至于在燃气轮机中通常出现的机械负荷的情况下能够预期到机械故障、尤其是形成裂缝。
发明内容
相应地,本发明基于的目的是:提出一种合金和一种保护层,所述合金和保护层具有在腐蚀和氧化方面良好的高温抗性、具有良好的长时间稳定性,并且此外,所述合金和保护层尤其良好地适配于尤其在燃气轮机中在高温下能够预期的机械应力。
所述目的通过根据权利要求1所述的合金和根据权利要求13所述的保护层来实现。
本发明的另一目的在于,提供一种构件,所述构件具有提高的抗腐蚀和抗氧化。
所述目的同样通过根据权利要求15所述的构件来实现,尤其是燃气轮机或者蒸汽轮机的构件,所述构件具有前述类型的用于在高温的情况下保护所述构件免受腐蚀和氧化的保护层。
在从属权利要求中列出其他有利的措施,所述措施能够任意地以有利的类型和方式相互结合。
附图说明
下面详细阐述本发明。附图示出
图1示出具有保护层的层系统;
图2示出超合金的成分;
图3示出燃气轮机;
图4示出涡轮机叶片和
图5示出燃烧室。
具体实施方式
附图和说明仅代表本发明的实施例。
根据本发明,用于在高温的情况下保护构件免受腐蚀和氧化的保护层7(图1)基本上由下述元素组成(以重量百分比的比例来说明):
Co:24%-26%
Cr:12%-15%
Al:10.5%-11.5%
0.1%-0.7%稀土元素(钇、……)和/或
钪(Sc):
可选的
Si:0.05%-0.4%
Ta:0.1%-3%。
合金元素的列表Ni、Co、Cr、Al、Y、Si、Ta不是封闭的。
镍优选形成基体。
优选的是,列表Ni、Co、Cr、Al、Y、Si、Ta是封闭的。
合金元素的含量具有下述优点:
中等的Co含量:扩宽贝塔/伽马场、避免例如阿尔法相的脆相。
中等的Cr含量:足够高以提高用于形成Al2O3的Al的活性;足够低以避免脆相(阿尔法铬或者西格马相)。
中等的Al含量:对于Al活性而言足够高以用于构成稳定的Al2O3层;足够低以便避免脆化效应。
低的Y含量:足够高以在低的氧污染的情况下仍形成足够的钇-铝酸盐以形成含钇的“柄(pegs)”;足够低以便使Al2O3层的氧化层生长减速。
低的Si含量:足够高以便略微改善氧化层粘附;足够低以便不损害层的延展性。
要确定的是,尤其在各个元素的效果方面调节各个元素的份额,所述效果尤其能够结合元素硅来看出。当份额的大小确定为使得不形成硅沉淀物时,那么有利地在使用保护层期间不出现脆相,以至于改进并且延长了运行时间性能。
这不仅通过少量的铬含量而且还在考虑铝对于相形成的影响的情况下通过精确地确定铝含量的大小而发生。
通过由于所选择的镍含量而引起的机械应力的下降且结合脆相的减少来改进机械特性,其中所述脆相尤其在更高的机械特性的情况下产生负面的作用。
保护层在良好的腐蚀抗性的情况下具有对氧化的尤其好的抗性,并且特征还在于尤其好的延展特性,以至于所述保护层尤其适用于在进一步提高进气温度的情况下在燃气轮机100(图3)中使用。在工作期间几乎不造成变脆,因为该层几乎不具有在使用期间变脆的铬硅沉淀物。
在要喷涂的粉末中的微量元素同样重要,所述粉末形成沉淀物并且进而为变脆物。
粉末例如通过等离子喷涂来施加(APS、LPPS、VPS、……),以便形成保护层。同样可设想其他方法(PVD、CVD、SPPS、……)。
所说明的保护层7还作用为超合金的增附层。
其他层,尤其是陶瓷隔热层10能够施加到所述保护层7上。
在构件1中,保护层7有利地施加到基于镍或者钴的由超合金制成的基底4上(图2)。特别是下述成分适合用作为基底(以重量百分比来说明):
Figure BDA00002516312200051
可选的少量的硼和/或锆,剩余的是镍。
这种类型的成分作为铸造合金以名称GTD222、IN939、IN6203和Udimet500已知。
在图2中列出用于构件1、120、130、155的基底4(图2)的其他的替选方案。
保护层7在构件1上的厚度优选被确定大小为在大约100μm和300μm之间的数值。
当在大约950℃的材料温度下、在飞行器涡轮机中也在大约1100℃下用废气加载构件时,保护层7尤其适用于保护构件1、120、130、155免受腐蚀和氧化。
因此,根据本发明的保护层7尤其适用于保护燃气轮机100的构件,特别是导向叶片120、动叶片130或者热屏蔽元件155,所述构件在燃气轮机100的或者蒸汽轮机的涡轮机中或者之前用热气加载。
保护层7能够用作为覆盖层(保护层是最外的层)或者用作为结合层(保护层是中间层)。
图1示出层系统1作为构件。层系统1具有基底4。基底4能够是金属的和/或陶瓷的。尤其在例如涡轮机动叶片120(图4)或者涡轮机导向叶片130(图3、4)、热屏蔽元件155(图5)以及蒸汽轮机或者燃气轮机100(图3)的其他壳体部件的涡轮机构件中,基底4具有镍基、钴基或者铁基的超合金,尤其由具有镍基、钴基或者铁基的超合金制成。优选使用镍基的超合金(图2)。
在基底4上存在根据本发明的保护层7。
所述保护层7优选通过等离子喷涂(VPS、LPPS、APS、……)来施加。所述保护层能够用作为较外的层(未示出)或者中间层(图1)。
优选的是,在保护层7上存在陶瓷的隔热层10。
层系统优选由基底4、保护层7和陶瓷的隔热层10、可选的在隔热层10之下的TGO(热生长氧化层)组成。
保护层7能够施加到新制成的构件和翻新的、再处理的构件上。
再处理(Refurbishment)意味着构件1在其被使用之后,必要时必须与层(隔热层)分离,并且例如通过酸处理(酸剥离)去除腐蚀和氧化产物。必要时,还必须修复裂缝。然后能够对这样的构件进行再覆层,因为基底4是极其昂贵的。
图3示例地示出燃气轮机100的纵剖视图。
燃气轮机100在内部中具有带有轴101的、可围绕旋转轴线102转动地支承的转子103,所述转子也被称为涡轮机电枢。沿着转子103依次为进气壳体104、压缩机105、例如环面状的燃烧室110、特别是带有多个同轴设置的燃烧器107的环形燃烧室、涡轮机108和排气壳体109。环形燃烧室110与例如环形的热气通道111连通。在那里例如四个相继连接的涡轮级112形成涡轮机108。每个涡轮级112例如由两个叶片环形成。沿工作介质113的流动方向观察,在热气通道111中,由动叶片120形成的排125跟随导向叶片排115。
在此,导向叶片130固定在定子143的内壳体138上,反之,该排125的动叶片120例如借助涡轮盘133安装在转子103上。发电机或者做功机械(未示出)耦联在转子103上。
在燃气轮机100工作期间,压缩机105通过进气壳体104将空气135吸入并且压缩。在压缩机105的涡轮侧端部处提供的压缩空气被引至燃烧器107并且在那里与燃料混合。然后,混合物燃烧,从而在燃烧室110中形成工作介质113。工作介质113从那里起沿着热气通道111流过导向叶片130和动叶片120。工作介质113在动叶片120处以传递动量的方式膨胀,以至于动叶片120驱动转子103,并且该转子驱动耦联在其上的做功机械。
暴露于热工作介质113的构件在燃气轮机100工作期间承受热负荷。除了加衬于环形燃烧室110的热屏蔽元件之外,沿工作介质113的流动方向观察的第一涡轮机级112的导向叶片130和动叶片120承受最高的热负荷。为了经受住在那里存在的温度,可借助冷却剂来冷却第一涡轮机级的导向叶片和动叶片。同样,构件的基底可以具有定向结构,也就是说它们是单晶的(SX结构)或仅具有纵向定向的晶粒(DS结构)。例如,铁基、镍基或钴基的超合金用作用于构件的材料,特别是用作用于涡轮叶片120、130和燃烧室110的构件的材料。例如由EP 1204776B1、EP 1306454、EP 1319729A1、WO 99/67435或WO 00/44949中已知这样的超合金。
导向叶片130具有朝向涡轮机108的内壳体138的导向叶片根部(这里未示出),以及与导向叶片根部相对置的导向叶片顶部。导向叶片顶部朝向转子103并固定在定子143的固定环140处。
图4示出流体机械的沿着纵轴线121延伸的动叶片120或导向叶片130的立体视图。
所述流体机械可以是飞机的或用于发电的发电厂的燃气轮机,也可以是蒸汽轮机或压缩机。
叶片120、130沿着纵轴线121相继具有:固定区域400、邻接于固定区域的叶片平台403以及叶身406和叶片梢部415。作为导向叶片130,叶片130可以在其叶片梢部415处具有另一平台(未示出)。
在固定区域400中形成有用于将动叶片120、130固定在轴或盘上的叶片根部183(未示出)。叶片根部183例如构成为锤头形。作为枞树形根部或燕尾形根部的其他构形是可行的。叶片120、130对于流过叶身406的介质具有迎流棱边409和出流棱边412。
在传统叶片120、130中,在叶片120、130的所有区域400、403、406中使用例如实心的金属材料、尤其是超合金。例如由EP 1204776B1、EP 1306454、EP 1319729A1、WO 99/67435或WO 00/44949已知这样的超合金。在这种情况下,叶片120、130可以通过铸造法,也可以借助定向凝固、通过锻造法、通过铣削法或其组合来制造。
带有一个单晶结构或多个单晶结构的工件用作为用于机器的在运行中承受高的机械的、热的和/或化学的负荷的构件。这种单晶工件的制造例如通过由熔融物的定向凝固来进行。在此,这涉及一种浇注法,其中液态金属合金凝固为单晶构造物、即单晶工件,或者定向凝固。
在这种情况下,枝状晶体沿热流定向,并且形成柱状晶体的晶粒结构(柱状地,这就是说在工件的整个长度上分布的晶粒,并且在此根据一般的语言习惯称为定向凝固),或者形成单晶结构,这就是说整个工件由唯一的晶体构成。在这些方法中,必须避免过渡成球形(多晶的)凝固,因为通过非定向的生长不可避免地构成横向和纵向晶界,所述横向和纵向晶界使定向凝固的或单晶的构件的良好特性不起作用。如果一般性地提到定向凝固组织,则是指不具有晶界或最多具有小角度晶界的单晶以及确实具有沿纵向方向分布的晶界但不具有横向晶界的柱状晶体结构。第二种所提到的晶体结构也称为定向凝固组织(directionallysolidified structures)。由US-PS 6,024,792和EP 0892090A1中已知这样的方法。
叶片120、130同样可以具有抗腐蚀或抗氧化的根据本发明的保护层7。厚度优选为理论厚度的95%。
在MCrAlX层上形成保护性氧化铝层(TGO=thermal grown oxidelayer(热生长氧化层))(作为中间层或最外层)。
在MCrAlX上还可以存在隔热层,隔热层优选是最外层并例如由ZrO2、Y2O3-ZrO2组成,即,隔热层通过氧化钇和/或氧化钙和/或氧化镁非稳定、部分稳定或完全稳定。隔热层覆盖整个MCrAlX层。通过例如电子束气相淀积(EB-PVD)的适当的覆层方法在隔热层中产生柱状晶粒。也可设想其他覆层方法,例如气相等离子喷涂(APS)、LPPS(低压等离子喷涂)、VPS(真空等离子喷涂)或CVD(化学气相淀积)。隔热层可以具有多孔的、有微观裂缝或宏观裂缝的晶粒,以用于更好的耐热冲击。因此,隔热层优选比MCrAlX层更为多孔。
叶片120、130可以构造成空心的或实心的。当要冷却叶片120、130时,则叶片为空心的并且必要时还具有薄膜冷却孔418(由虚线表示)。
图5示出燃气轮机100的燃烧室110。燃烧室110例如构成为所谓环形燃烧室,其中多个沿周向围绕旋转轴线102设置的燃烧器107通到共同的燃烧室腔154中,所述燃烧器产生火焰156。为此,燃烧室110的整体构成为环形结构,所述环形结构围绕旋转轴线102定位。
为了实现相对高的效率,燃烧室110针对大约1000°C至1600°C的工作介质M的相对高的温度来设计。为了也能够在所述对于材料不利的工作参数的情况下实现相对长的工作持续时间,燃烧室壁153在其朝向工作介质M的侧上设有由热屏蔽元件155形成的内衬。
此外,由于在燃烧室110的内部中的高温,可为热屏蔽元件155或者为其保持元件设置冷却系统。然后,热屏蔽元件155例如是空心的或者必要时还具有通到燃烧室腔154中的冷却孔(未示出)。
每个由合金构成的热屏蔽元件155在工作介质侧配备有尤其耐热的保护层(MCrAlX层和/或陶瓷覆层)或者由耐高温的材料(实心陶瓷石)制成。保护层7能够类似涡轮叶片。
在MCrAlX上还可以存在例如陶瓷的隔热层,并且隔热层由例如ZrO2、Y2O3-ZrO2构成,即,隔热层通过氧化钇和/或氧化钙和/或氧化镁非稳定、部分稳定或完全稳定。通过例如电子束气相淀积(EB-PVD)的适当的覆层工艺在隔热层中产生柱状晶粒。也可设想其他覆层工艺,例如气相等离子喷涂(APS)、LPPS、VPS或CVD。隔热层可以具有多孔的、有微观裂缝或宏观裂缝的晶粒,以用于更好的耐热冲击性。
再处理(Refurbishment)意味着涡轮叶片120、130和热屏蔽元件155在其被使用之后,必要时必须将保护层从涡轮叶片120、130和热屏蔽元件155上去除(例如通过喷砂)。接着,去除腐蚀层和/或氧化层及腐蚀产物和/或氧化产物。必要时,还修复在涡轮叶片120、130或热屏蔽元件155中的裂缝。然后,对涡轮叶片120、130和热屏蔽元件155进行再覆层以及重新使用涡轮叶片120、130或热屏蔽元件155。

Claims (15)

1.合金,包含下述元素(以重量百分比来说明):
24%-26%的钴(Co),尤其为25%,
12%至15%的铬(Cr),尤其为12%至14%的铬(Cr),更尤其为13%的铬(Cr),
10.5%至11.5%的铝(Al),尤其为重量百分比为11%的铝(Al),
0.1%至0.7%的来自包括钪(Sc)和/或尤其为钇(Y)的稀土元素的组中的至少一种金属,
可选的0.1%至3%的钽(Ta)和/或
可选的0.05%至0.6%的硅(Si),
镍(Ni),
尤其为43.2%至53.4%的镍(Ni),
更尤其剩余的是镍(Ni)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的合金,包含重量百分比为0.2%-0.4%的钇,尤其重量百分比为0.3%的钇。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的合金,不包含铼(Re)。
4.根据上述权利要求中的一项或多项所述的合金,所述合金包含硅(Si),尤其包含重量百分比至少为0.1%的硅(Si)。
5.根据上述权利要求中的一项或多项所述的合金,所述合金包含重量百分比为0.2%至0.4%的硅(Si),尤其包含重量百分比为0.3%的硅(Si)。
6.根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5所述的合金,所述合金包含钽(Ta),尤其包含重量百分比为至少0.5%的钽(Ta),更尤其包含重量百分比为至少1.0%的钽(Ta)。
7.根据上述权利要求中的一项或多项所述的合金,不包含锆(Zr)和/或不包含钛(Ti)和/或不包含镓(Ga)和/或不包含锗(Ge)和/或不包含铂(Pt)和/或不包含铪(Hf)和/或不包含铈(Ce)。
8.根据上述权利要求中的一项或多项所述的合金,由钴、铬、铝、钇、镍以及可选的组分硅和/或钽组成。
9.根据上述权利要求1至8中的一项或多项所述的合金,由钴、铬、铝、钇、镍和硅组成。
10.根据上述权利要求1至8中的一项或多项所述的合金,由钴、铬、铝、钇、硅、钽和镍组成。
11.根据上述权利要求1至8中的一项或多项所述的合金,由钴、铬、铝、钇、镍和钽组成。
12.根据上述权利要求中的一项或多项所述的合金,其中镍(Ni)形成基体。
13.用于尤其在高温下保护构件(1)免受腐蚀和/或氧化的保护层(7),所述保护层具有根据权利要求1至12中的一项或多项所述的合金的成分。
14.根据权利要求13所述的保护层(7),所述保护层通过尤其是气相等离子喷涂的等离子喷涂或者高速喷涂(HVOF)来施加。
15.构件、尤其是燃气轮机(100)的构件(120、130、155),尤其其中所述构件(120、130、155)的基底(4)基于镍或者基于钴,
所述构件具有根据权利要求13或14所述的保护层(7)以用于保护所述构件在高温的情况下免受腐蚀和氧化,其中尤其在所述保护层(7)上施加有陶瓷的隔热层(10)。
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JP2013530309A (ja) 2013-07-25
EP2612949B1 (de) 2014-12-24
CN102933734B (zh) 2016-05-18
WO2011151334A1 (de) 2011-12-08
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RU2562656C2 (ru) 2015-09-10
EP2612949A2 (de) 2013-07-10
EP2612949A3 (de) 2014-02-19
EP2612950A3 (de) 2014-02-19
KR20130018906A (ko) 2013-02-25
EP2392684A1 (de) 2011-12-07
US20130136948A1 (en) 2013-05-30

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