CN102869457B - 聚合物材料的流涂方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于流涂聚合物材料的方法,其中a.至少将一个部件(1)以相对于地面(5)25-90o的角度放入到支架(2)中,和b.将部件(1)从上边缘(1a)起用漆(3)涂覆,所述漆(3)含有10重量%-30重量%4-甲基-2-戊酮和/或其衍生物。
Description
本发明涉及用于流涂聚合物材料的方法和装置。
除视觉外观外,涂料和漆料对聚合物材料的表面质量和稳定性有重要影响。这不仅涉及视觉印象如聚合物材料的颜色或光泽,也涉及它的化学和机械稳定性。如果漆料在待涂工件上粘附非常不好,则可以在一个两步工艺中施涂持久粘附的漆。在第一步中,施涂底漆,它在聚合物工件和面漆之间产生化学或物理结合。在施涂和固化底漆之后可以施涂功能层。功能层和底漆除了着色化合物和颜料之外还可以含有UV阻断剂、防腐剂以及用于提高耐刮擦性的组分例如纳米颗粒。在许多情况下,首先施涂的底漆含有UV阻断剂和防腐剂。然后在第二步中,在底漆上施涂硬质涂层。在许多情况下,硬质涂层含有杂化聚硅氧烷,后者既包含Si-O基团又包含具有有机残基-R的Si-R基团。这种硬质涂层对机械应力和腐蚀性化学物质或化合物具有高耐受性。所述腐蚀性化学物质或化合物主要包括有机溶剂,但也包括稀释的酸和碱。
由底漆和面漆组成的漆料的施涂可以通过不同的方法进行。常用方法包括刷涂和辊涂,气溶胶的喷涂,粉末涂覆,溶液、乳液或悬浮液的浸涂和流涂,以及气相的CVD(化学气相沉积)和PVD(物理气相沉积)法。这些方法的区别明显在于其设备的复杂性、成本和尤其是在大批量时它们的可重复性。对大批量的聚合物材料涂漆的常用方法是流涂法。为此,将部件从上边缘起用液体漆加载。所获得的涂层可以用一个或多个固定安装的流涂喷嘴或漆帘或者用一个可移动的流涂机器人臂(Flutroboterarm)来实现。在此,根据流涂机器人臂的位置,流出的漆将整个部件润湿。
流涂法的缺点是漆的施涂点或上流入边缘和过量漆料的下滴出边缘的物理成因的层厚梯度。在去往待涂部件的路径上部分溶剂挥发。在许多情况下,溶剂浓度的下降导致滴出边缘区域漆的粘度增加。该粘度增加同时降低了滴出速度并同时引起滴出边缘区域层厚增加。此外,在滴出边缘区域中漆的预聚合和部分聚合的部分会积聚和堵塞。在流入区域,经常达不到要求的层厚,而在滴出边缘,受漆的塑性流动残留影响,会构建过高的层厚。过低的层厚会造成气候稳定性的损失并因此造成涂覆过的部件快速老化。与之相反,过高的漆的层厚经常造成应力裂纹的形成。如果在待涂的工件上施涂多个漆层或功能层,则将增强这一效果。
DE19906247A1公开了一种在汽车车身上制备两层面漆的方法。一层清漆涂覆材料的透明面漆层被施涂在水基的底漆层上。
GB1097461A公开了一种对塑料片或塑料薄膜印刷和染色的方法。可以通过刷涂、喷涂或流涂施加染料并随后任选地通过干燥固定。
GB1201292A公开了一种用于木材、玻璃、塑料和塑料车身部件的丙烯酸系涂料,其可以在低温下固化。该丙烯酸系涂料可以通过喷涂、浸涂、刷涂或流涂来施加。
GB2123841A公开了一种薄的、耐刮擦的聚氨酯涂料,它可以通过浸涂法和流涂法施加到材料上。可能的基材尤其是透明的聚碳酸酯和热塑性聚氨酯片。
WO2008/134768A1公开了一种聚合物材料的流涂方法。这里,涂覆以预先设定的涂覆角度进行。
本发明的目的在于提供用于流涂聚合物材料的方法,该方法能够在待涂的部件上实现经涂覆的漆层均匀的层厚。尤其是,从上流入边缘到下滴出边缘的漆料的层厚梯度应该尽可能小。
根据本发明,本发明的目的通过根据权利要求1的用于流涂聚合物材料的方法得以实现。优选的实施方案在从属权利要求中给出。
根据本发明的用于流涂的装置及其应用在其他的并列权利要求中给出。
根据本发明的用于流涂聚合物材料的方法包括一个第一步,其中将至少一个部件以相对于地面(Boden)25o-90o的角度放入到支架中。随后将该部件从上边缘起用漆涂覆,所述漆含有10重量%-30重量%,优选15重量%-20重量%的4-甲基-2-戊酮和/或衍生物。该漆从上边缘经该部件流到滴出边缘。取决于待涂部件的大小,所述漆由漆帘和/或由多个并行排列的喷嘴流到该部件上。在另一种可能性中,将所述漆由一个可移动的喷嘴臂施涂到部件上。
快速挥发的溶剂4-甲基-2-戊酮决定性地促进了膜的形成,其方式为通过使涂料的流动动力学提前停止并因此克服了在上边缘区域中由于漆过长的塑性流动残留而引起的膜的收缩,以及克服了在下边缘处由于漆的推入而造成的升高的漆的构建。以此方式,在沿着部件表面的Y方向实现了均匀的层厚。实验表明,上边缘区域(从上边缘到最远约构件长度的30%)内的层的厚度增加了2-10%,而下边缘区域(从下边缘到最远约构件长度的30%)内的层的厚度减少了2-10%。
在一个优选的实施方式中,同时和/或在漆在部件上流动的期间,在部件的上边缘下部用空气流加载所述漆。在本发明范围内,该表述“上边缘下部”包括部件临近该边缘的表面的最多30%。在上边缘下部的区域中用空气流加载至少部分区域提高了漆中溶剂的挥发并提高了漆的粘度。提高的粘度减缓了漆在上边缘下部区域的流出并使得在上边缘下部的漆的层厚与下滴出边缘处漆的层厚相均衡。
在根据本发明的用于流涂聚合物材料的方法的一个替代实施方案中,在第一步中将至少一个部件以相对于地面25o-90o的角度放入到支架中。随后将该部件在上边缘处加热到25-100℃的温度并在此期间和/或随后从该上边缘起用漆涂覆。表述“上边缘”如上所述指部件临近边缘的表面的30%。该上边缘的加热可以用热空气流或热鼓风机进行。另外的可能性是借助于辐射热,例如红外辐射仪进行加热。如在用空气流加载中的那样,对部件的上边缘下部的加热提高了漆中的溶剂的挥发并提高了漆的粘度。提高的粘度减缓了漆在上边缘下部区域的流出并使得上边缘(流入边缘)下部的漆的层厚与下滴出边缘处漆的层厚相均衡。
上述的两种根据本发明的方法的实施方案也可以在自动化的过程中重复。漆涂覆的重复以及使用气流的加载或部件的加热使得可以实现多层相同和/或不同的漆层的沉积。所述重复既可以在同一个装置上也可以在通过传送带相互连接的不同的根据本发明的装置上实施。
将该部件优选以相对于地面35-70o,特别优选40-60o的角度放入到支架中。所述支架优选包含金属和/或合金,特别优选铁、铝、铬、钒、镍、钼、锰或聚合物如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氨酯、聚碳酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚酯、聚酰胺和/或它们的混合物或共聚物。
所述空气流优选具有1m/s-5m/s,更优选2m/s-4m/s的速度。
所述空气流优选具有30-150℃,更优选40-80℃的温度。
此外,本发明包括用于流涂聚合物材料的装置。所述装置包括至少一个以相对于地面25o-90o的角度放入到支架中的部件。所述部件包含至少一种聚合物材料,此外所述部件也可以包含金属和/或玻璃。所述聚合物材料优选含有聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氨酯、聚碳酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚酯、聚酰胺、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和/或它们的混合物或共聚物,特别优选聚碳酸酯和聚碳酸酯共混物如聚碳酸酯/聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯;聚碳酸酯/丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯;聚碳酸酯/聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯。所述部件优选具有大于250cm2,特别优选大于500cm2的表面。在该部件上方安放有喷嘴,优选可移动的机器人臂,用于将漆施涂到部件上。所述喷嘴或可移动机器人臂能够将漆施加到相对于地面来说的上边缘和该部件临近该边缘的30%的表面上。将空气喷嘴和/或热源对准部件的上边缘。根据部件的大小和宽度,也可以并排安放多个空气喷嘴和/或热源。
支架优选安装在传送带、地面输送机或悬挂输送机上。传送带优选位于漆装生产线内并因此能够实现大批量部件的流涂和多个涂装步骤。
空气喷嘴或空气喷枪优选以距部件100mm-1000mm,优选150mm-400mm的距离,以暂时静止(停放)的状态安放。
在部件前面优选安放1-10个空气喷嘴,特别优选2-5个空气喷嘴。
所述漆优选包含面漆和/或底漆,特别优选在面漆中具有有机改性的硅酮树脂和/或在底漆中具有聚丙烯酸酯。
所述漆优选含有溶剂,优选水、醇、和/或酮,特别优选甲醇、2-丙醇、正丁醇、1-甲氧基-2-丙醇、4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮,和/或它们的混合物或衍生物。
所述底漆含有溶剂,优选1-甲氧基-2-丙醇、4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮,和/或它们的混合物或衍生物。所述面漆含有溶剂,优选水,特别优选甲醇、2-丙醇、正丁醇,和/或它们的混合物或衍生物。
此外,本发明包括根据本发明的装置的用途,用于流涂聚合物材料,优选用于流涂汽车中的塑料部件,特别优选用于流涂塑料的汽车顶棚和/或汽车车窗。
在下面,借助于附图进一步说明本发明。该附图是纯粹的示意图,而不是按照正确比例的。该附图也不用于限制本发明。
图1表示根据本发明的装置一个实施方式的示意图
图2表示根据本发明的装置另一个实施方式的示意图,
图3表示根据现有技术的经流涂的部件的横截面图和
图4表示根据本发明的经流涂的部件的横截面图。
图1表示根据本发明的装置(10)一个优选实施方式的示意图。待涂覆的部件(1)位于支架(2) 中并由可移动的喷嘴臂(6)从部件(1)的上边缘(1a)用漆(3) 涂覆。在部件(1)的上边缘(1a)内的区域,即临近边缘的表面的30%中,用空气流(4)从空气喷嘴(7a)加载漆(3)。支架(2)优选位于地面输送机(8)上。地面(5)上的地面输送机(8)使得在涂装流水线和传送带中以传送方向(11)使用根据本发明的装置(10)成为可能。
图2表示根据本发明的装置(10)的另一个优选实施方式的示意图。基本结构相应于图3中所描述的装置的结构。但是,在上边缘区域,在未显示的涂覆漆(3)之前或期间,将该部件用热源(7b)加热。漆(3)中的溶剂在受热区域挥发较快并因此在上边缘(1a)处产生较高的粘度和层厚度(a)。地面(5)上的传送带(8)也如图3中那样使得在涂装流水线和传送带中使用本发明的装置(10)成为可能。
图3表示根据现有技术的经流涂的部件的横截面图。将部件(1)从上边缘(a’)直到滴出边缘(b’)进行流涂。在漆(3)中,一部分溶剂在流过部件(1)时挥发。部件(1)越长和外部温度越高,这一效果越显著。漆(3)中溶剂的减少造成漆(3)的粘度增加并因此在滴出边缘(b’)区域中漆层厚度不利地增加。
图4是根据本发明的方法的经流涂的部件的横截面图。将部件(1)从上边缘(a)直到滴出边缘(b)进行流涂并在此期间在部件(1)的上边缘(1a)下面用空气流(4)冲击加载漆(3)。在漆(3) 中,一部分溶剂在流过部件(1)时挥发,如在图1中所描述的一般,部件越长和外部温度越高,这一效果越显著。但是,用空气流(4)加载增加了上边缘(a)处漆(3)的溶剂的挥发。由此引起的高粘度增加了上边缘(a)处漆(3)的层厚度并造成与滴出边缘(b)处漆(3)的层厚度的更小的区别。与使用图3的装置进行流涂相比,在根据本发明的装置和方法中,上边缘(1a)的平均层厚增加了3-5%。
附图标记说明
(1)部件
(1a)部件的上边缘
(2)支架
(3)漆
(4)空气流
(5)地面
(6)喷嘴/喷涂臂
(7a)空气喷嘴
(7b)热源
(8)传送带/地面输送机
(9)热辐射
(10)根据本发明的装置
(11)传送方向
(a、a’)上边缘/流入边缘和
(b、b’)滴出边缘
Claims (13)
1.用于流涂聚合物材料的方法,其中
a.将至少一个部件(1)以相对于地面(5)25-90o的角度放入到支架(2)中,和
b.将部件(1)从上边缘(1a)起用漆(3)涂覆,所述漆(3)含有10重量%-30重量% 4-甲基-2-戊酮和/或其衍生物,
其中,在步骤b中,最远到部件(1)临近上边缘(1a)的表面的30%用空气流(4)加载,或者其中在步骤b之前和/或期间,将最远到部件(1)临近上边缘(1a)的表面的30%保持在25-100℃的温度。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中将所述步骤b在30秒-120秒之后至少重复一次。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中将所述部件(1)以相对于地面35o-70o的角度放入到支架(2)中。
4.根据权利要求3的方法,其中将所述部件(1)以相对于地面40o-60o的角度放入到支架(2)中。
5.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中所述空气流(4)具有1m/s-5m/s的速度。
6.根据权利要求5的方法,其中所述空气流(4)具有2m/s-4m/s的速度。
7.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中所述空气流(4)具有30℃-150℃的温度。
8.根据权利要求7的方法,其中所述空气流(4)具有40℃-80℃的温度。
9.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中所述漆(3)包含面漆和/或底漆。
10.根据权利要求9的方法,其中所述面漆和/或底漆含有有机改性的硅酮树脂和/或聚丙烯酸酯。
11.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中所述漆(3)含有溶剂。
12.根据权利要求11的方法,其中所述溶剂是水、醇、酚和/或酮。
13.根据权利要求12的方法,其中所述溶剂是4-甲基-2-戊酮、乙醇、甲醇、2-丙醇、正丁醇、1-甲氧基-2-丙醇、4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮,和/或它们的混合物或衍生物。
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PCT/EP2011/059311 WO2011157586A1 (de) | 2010-06-14 | 2011-06-06 | Verfahren zur flutbeschichtung eines polymeren werkstoffes |
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JPH08300569A (ja) * | 1995-05-08 | 1996-11-19 | Teijin Ltd | 表面を保護されたプラスチック成形体及びその製造方法 |
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