CN102811639B - 摩擦降低材料的中间层 - Google Patents

摩擦降低材料的中间层 Download PDF

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CN102811639B
CN102811639B CN201180006169.2A CN201180006169A CN102811639B CN 102811639 B CN102811639 B CN 102811639B CN 201180006169 A CN201180006169 A CN 201180006169A CN 102811639 B CN102811639 B CN 102811639B
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intermediate layer
fiber
friction
layer
displaceable layers
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CN102811639A (zh
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P·哈尔丁
A·伯格纳
K·格林内贝克
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Mips AB
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41WEAPONS
    • F41HARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H1/00Personal protection gear
    • F41H1/02Armoured or projectile- or missile-resistant garments; Composite protection fabrics
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A42HEADWEAR
    • A42BHATS; HEAD COVERINGS
    • A42B3/00Helmets; Helmet covers ; Other protective head coverings
    • A42B3/04Parts, details or accessories of helmets
    • A42B3/06Impact-absorbing shells, e.g. of crash helmets
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A42HEADWEAR
    • A42BHATS; HEAD COVERINGS
    • A42B3/00Helmets; Helmet covers ; Other protective head coverings
    • A42B3/04Parts, details or accessories of helmets
    • A42B3/10Linings
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/12Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin next to a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B32B5/02Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/022Non-woven fabric
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    • B32B5/00Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/22Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
    • B32B5/24Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/245Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it being a foam layer
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/22Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
    • B32B5/24Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/26Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it also being fibrous or filamentary
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B7/00Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
    • B32B7/04Interconnection of layers
    • B32B7/12Interconnection of layers using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16FSPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F7/00Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers
    • F16F7/12Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers using plastic deformation of members
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41WEAPONS
    • F41HARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H1/00Personal protection gear
    • F41H1/04Protection helmets
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41WEAPONS
    • F41HARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/007Reactive armour; Dynamic armour
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41WEAPONS
    • F41HARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02Plate construction
    • F41H5/04Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A42HEADWEAR
    • A42BHATS; HEAD COVERINGS
    • A42B3/00Helmets; Helmet covers ; Other protective head coverings
    • A42B3/04Parts, details or accessories of helmets
    • A42B3/06Impact-absorbing shells, e.g. of crash helmets
    • A42B3/062Impact-absorbing shells, e.g. of crash helmets with reinforcing means
    • A42B3/063Impact-absorbing shells, e.g. of crash helmets with reinforcing means using layered structures
    • A42B3/064Impact-absorbing shells, e.g. of crash helmets with reinforcing means using layered structures with relative movement between layers
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/70Other properties
    • B32B2307/744Non-slip, anti-slip
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2437/00Clothing
    • B32B2437/04Caps, helmets
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/50FELT FABRIC
    • Y10T442/59At least three layers
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/647Including a foamed layer or component
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/659Including an additional nonwoven fabric
    • Y10T442/66Additional nonwoven fabric is a spun-bonded fabric
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/674Nonwoven fabric with a preformed polymeric film or sheet
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/69Autogenously bonded nonwoven fabric
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
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    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/696Including strand or fiber material which is stated to have specific attributes [e.g., heat or fire resistance, chemical or solvent resistance, high absorption for aqueous compositions, water solubility, heat shrinkability, etc.]

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Helmets And Other Head Coverings (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及设置在两层(2,3)之间的摩擦降低材料的中间层(1)。当施加力(K)并且其切向分力(KT)对所述层形成剪切时,所述中间层(1)适于在所述层(2,3)之间产生滑动。所述摩擦降低材料包括纤维(F)。

Description

摩擦降低材料的中间层
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及适于被设置在两层之间的摩擦降低材料层,从而当斜向的分力被施加到至少其中一层时,所述摩擦降低材料层可以在所述两层之间产生滑动。
背景技术
目前存在的一个问题是,如何制造一种结构,使其能够吸收产生切向分力的斜向冲击(由比如说是在人和移动的物体或表面之间冲击所造成)的能量。
在现有技术WO2004/032659中,提出了含中间层的负载转移头盔。所述中间层设置在头盔内层和外层之间。所述中间层使得头盔外层相对于头盔内层进行移动,从而吸收由对所述头盔斜向冲击产生的转动能。在该申请中,所述中间层由一或多层薄的片层(folio)组成,在其中间含或不含高弹性材料。这些层较为昂贵,并且难以塑造成所需要的形状。
发明内容
本发明的目的是制造一种中间层,其材料可减少两个可滑动层之间的摩擦以吸收转动能(例如由具有切向分力的斜向冲击所形成的)。所述中间层应该在生产和操作方面是性价比高的,也应该很容易地塑形以匹配所述滑动层。
根据本发明的发明涉及到设置在两层之间的低摩擦(摩擦降低)材料的中间层。当施加斜向力并且其切向分力对所述层形成剪切时,所述中间层适于在所述层之间产生滑动。所述低摩擦材料包括纤维。通过使用纤维作为摩擦降低材料,在所述层之间的摩擦可被降低。此外,所述纤维很容易成型,可适于放置在较大范围的可移动层设计之间。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,所述中间层中的有些或所有的纤维是天然纤维。天然纤维环保并且可再次使用。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,所述中间层中的有些或所有的纤维是聚合物基的。聚合物基纤维可商业使用并且性价比高。同样可以使用多种不同的聚合物基材料。其他种类的纤维材料,例如比如说玻璃、玄武岩、碳纤维等等也当然是可以的。
在进一步的实施方案中,所述聚合物基纤维为热塑性塑料。所述热塑性塑料纤维具有变化的熔解温度,可具有非常低的摩擦。
为进一步减少所述纤维之间的摩擦,在一个实施方案中,所述纤维用低摩擦材料进行处理。所述低摩擦材料可以是含硅或氟的聚合物或其他。
所述纤维的外观可以改变。在一个实施方案中,所述纤维具有圆形截面,在一个实施例中,所述纤维的截面高度小于其宽度,即所述纤维具有扁平的外观。含圆形截面的纤维能够很容易地发生滚动,从而降低了摩擦。而具有扁平外观的纤维因其更大的压力接触面而具有较高的耐压性。
在进一步的实施方案中,所述纤维结合在一起,以稳定所述纤维材料。或者它们可通过纤网成型结合在一起,形成松散结合的片状结构。所述纤网成型步骤可由湿法成网或干法成网工艺进行,形成非编织材料,例如团块或毛毡。所述非编织材料可进一步由纤网结合(webbonding)进行处理,例如乳胶树脂结合、溶剂结合、机械结合-例如针刺或针缝结合、超声结合、热结合或履带束紧。所述材料的塑形方法取决于使用的纤维材料,可由不同的结合工艺进行制造。在可能的实施方案中,成形的纤维垫也可被粘接、浸透(impregnate)或熔接在一起。当所述纤维被熔接在一起时,它们可以由热、超声、摩擦、射频或由热表面进行熔接。所述熔接可以进行点接或大约0.5-15mm的直径/宽度的线接。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,向所述中间层的一侧或两侧添加支持层。所述支持层与所述中间层例如可通过热和/或任何一种胶粘剂进行结合,形成了具有明确界定的外表面的中间层,所述外表面可容易地进行处理和成型。如果所述支持层在其附接在所述中间层之前即被预先切割,则所述支持层也可覆盖(drape)在任何表面上。所述支持层可以是纺粘层、热塑性塑料片层、泡沫材料或其它。
在进一步的实施方案中,所述中间层通过胶粘剂(例如胶水)、胶带、圣诞树(christmastree)、针、别针或理发师(barber)被附接到任一个所述可移动层上。这通过将所述中间层固定就位而简化了处理和制造工艺。
为了进一步将所述中间层固定就位,所述中间层也可在其外围边缘处被附接到两个所述可移动层上。优选地,在施加外力的可能性比较低的结构部分处进行附接。
在另一个适于吸收更大的切向力的实施方案中,在所述中间层内或在任一个所述可移动层和所述中间层之间的结合适于在一定的切向力的作用下断开。通过使得结合适于在一定的切向力的作用下断开,包括所述两个可移动层和所述中间层的构造能够吸收更多的切向上的能量。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,所述可移动层可被描述为内层和外层。至少一个所述的层覆盖了身体的一部分或能够与身体的一部分接触。在该实施方案中,位于所述可移动内层和外层之间的所述中间层适于通过使所述外层相对于所述内层发生移动来防止所述身体的一部分承受过高的切向力。
在进一步的实施方案中,所述中间层在头盔的外层和内层之间、在防护装置和/或防护服中的外层和内层之间使用,或者以在陆地、水中或空中移动的交通工具(craft)的外层和内层之间使用,使其覆盖所述交通工具的一部分、多个部分或整个内部。
请注意,所有的实施方案或一个实施方案的特征可以任何方式进行组合,只要这种组合不是明显矛盾的。所有的实施例也应该被认为仅仅是示例,本发明并不受这些实施例的局限。
附图说明
下面参考附图,通过实施例,对本发明进行描述,其中:
图1示出了根据本发明的设置在两个可滑动层之间的中间层。
图1a和1b示出了两种不同纤维类型的实施方案。
图2示出了由形成中间层的纤维所组成的摩擦降低层的一种可能的制造方法。
图3示出了形成所述摩擦降低层以匹配部分球形物体的第一种方法。
图4示出了形成所述摩擦降低层以匹配部分球形物体的第二种方法。
图5示出了形成所述摩擦降低层以匹配部分球形物体的第三种方法。
图6a-6d示出了含所发明的摩擦降低层的头盔的不同的图示实施方案的剖视图,以及
具体实施方式
在下文中,公开了对本发明的不同实施方案的详细描述。
图1示出了所发明的摩擦降低材料的中间层1的最常见形式。中间层1设置在两个能够相对于彼此滑动的层2、3之间。当施加力K并且其切向分力KT对所述层形成剪切时,在层2、3之间便产生滑动。
所述摩擦降低材料包括纤维F,优选为天然纤维或聚合物基纤维或其混合物。纤维F也可用任一种低摩擦材料进行处理。纤维F也可具有圆形截面(参见图1b),或者具有高度小于宽度的截面(参见图1c)。
图2中公开了以织物层(包括不同种类的纤维F1、F2、F3、F4)为形式的摩擦降低材料层的一种可能的生产方法。所述纤维可以是天然纤维、聚合物基热塑性塑料纤维或其他纤维。将纤维F1、F2、F3、F4送入在制造装置中发生的过程的第一阶段,得到第一和第二种上述不同纤维的混合物M1、M2。
获得稳定织物层的一种方法为使用干法成网工艺进行纤网成型,形成含松散结合的片状结构的非编织材料。如图2所描述的片状结构,可以包括至少两层,中间层A和支持层B,其中每层由多个薄片(lamina)组成。然而,也同样有可能仅使用含第一纤维混合物M1的中间层A,通过纤网成型的方式形成稳定的织物层。因此,可形成由仅含一种纤维混合物的多层所组成的稳定织物。
在图2中,层A可由第一纤维混合物M1的多层所组成,层B可由第二纤维混合物M2的多层所组成。在一个实施方案中,层A和层B可包括含下列纤维混合物的层:
层A:95%硅化聚酯+5%聚酯
层B:50%双组分聚酯+50%聚酯
在支持层B中使用50%聚酯使得可以将所述织物热成型在稳定表面中。支持层B也可以为纺粘层或热塑性层。中间层A为包括纤维的低摩擦层,在这里用硅化聚酯纤维进行示例。当然,也有可能使用其他类型的纤维混合物。其他混合物可以为比如说75-100%的硅化PET和0-25%的标准PET或其他纤维或10-70%的双组分纤维,例如PET/coPET和90-30%的标准PET或其他纤维。所述纤维不局限于基于PET的结合纤维。
非编织材料的每个层A、B在所述过程的阶段2中由纤网结合进一步处理(例如通过梳理),形成纤网片。当使低摩擦的纤维(例如硅化聚酯纤维)形成纤网时,尤其要使用梳理法。也可通过诸如熔喷法、气流成网法或熔融纺丝法解决纤网成型的问题。
在所述过程的阶段3中,继而堆积纤网片的层,通过交叉重叠或任何其他方法进行彼此覆盖。
在阶段4中,不同的层通过针刺而结合在一起。在所述针刺过程中,具有几个小倒钩的针穿透这两层。在它们穿透所述纤网的过程中,所述针将带动每层分开的纤维,继而将所述分开的纤维用作为线。
在阶段5中,使用热结合来完成在所述层之间的结合,形成稳定表面以及形成最终的片状1的用做摩擦降低层/中间层的所述层。
应该注意到,上面所描述过程的所有或单独的阶段可在制造摩擦降低材料层时使用。
在图3中示出了形成具有含纤维织物的稳定层A、B的最终的片状1的摩擦降低层,以匹配部分球形物体S(例如头盔)的第一种可能的方法。平板1优选设置在冲切装置P中,所述冲切装置P在所述平板上冲切出一个图案。所述图案为具有至少四个臂a1-a4的撑压的交叉(bulgingcross)的形式,被设计为匹配到所述部分球形表面上。也有可能使用具有少于或多于四个臂的花的图案或其他适于被覆盖在至少部分球形物体S的中空部上或内的图案。
当被覆盖在所述部分球形物体S上或内时,每个臂a1-a4的边缘会彼此接触或接近于彼此接触,所述臂重叠或不重叠,从而完全或部分覆盖了所述部分球形表面。
在图4中示出了成形摩擦降低板以匹配部分球形物体S的的第二种方法。此时所述板直接形成了立体球形。为了能够形成所述板,需要在所述板中加入一定量的热敏纤维。优选在所述中间层A的一侧或两侧加入支持层B。所述板继而被放置在部分球形的第一模具D1上或内,由可被加热到一定温度上的第二球形模具D2以预设的时间按压就位。含两个模具部件D1、D2的完整模具也可被插入到烤箱中或放置在热源下。所述温度应该高到足以熔化部分所述的热敏纤维的程度,例如120℃的温度,且模制时间可以大约为1分钟。因此,通过热成型工艺将所述平板制成了立体球形。所述立体模制优选使用未被热处理过(用于结合)的板。
在图5中示出了成形摩擦降低板以匹配部分球形物体S的第三种方法。此时使用了真空成型工艺。板1放置在具有至少一个部分球形突起P1、P2的模具上,通过真空被按压覆盖到所述模具上。当板1就位后,其被加热到一定温度。当使用这种方法形成所述板时,可以使用比如聚乙烯泡沫作为支持层B,通过例如胶粘的方式附接到中间层A上。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,如在图6a-6d中所图示的,中间层1被应用在防护头盔中。所述头盔由外壳层2和设置在其内侧的内壳层或衬垫3所装配而成,所述内壳层或衬垫3被设计为与穿戴者的头部接触。在外壳层2和衬垫3之间设置摩擦降低材料的中间层1,中间层1包括一或多层A、B,这使得外壳层2和衬垫3之间可以发生位移。
摩擦降低材料的中间层1也可包括穿刺的或由其他方法形成的孔,所述孔适于设置在与外壳层2和衬垫3中的通风孔基本对齐的位置。
可以在所述头盔的外围边缘部分设置一或多个连接件5,连接件5将外壳层2和衬垫3进行内连接,通过吸收能量而抵消了它们之间的相对位移。对于连接件5,可以使用比如以适当的方式固定在外壳层和内壳层中的塑料或金属的可变形的条带。同样可能将中间层1附接到两个位于所述中间层的外围边缘处的可移动层2、3上,这种连接在外壳层2和衬垫3之间形成了内连接。
外壳层2相对较薄和坚固,以抵抗各种形式的冲击,可以有利地由例如纤维增强塑料制成。衬垫3明显更厚,能够减震或吸收对头部的撞击。它可以有利地由例如聚氨酯泡沫体或发泡聚苯乙烯制成。该构造可以以不同的方式进行变化,如下文所述,比如具有不同材料的多个层。
可由斜向冲击K(可以对防护头盔1产生切向力KT和径向力KR)引起外壳层2和衬垫3之间的位移。
除了在图6a中示出的实施例外,防护头盔1的多种其他实施方案也是有可能的。在图6b-d中示出了几种可能的变型。
在图6b中,衬垫3由更坚固、相对较薄的外层3″和更柔软、相对较厚的内层3′所构成。在图6c中,衬垫3所构成的方式与图6b中相同。然而,在该种情况下,具有两个滑动的中间层1,在这两层之间具有中间壳6。如果需要,所述两个滑动的中间层1可以以不同的方式实现,并且由不同的材料制作而成。例如,一种可能性是在外部的滑动中间层中具有比在内部的滑动中间层中更低的摩擦。最后,在图6d中,外壳层2与之前的实施方案不同。在该种情况下,更坚固的外层2″覆盖了较柔软的内层2′。各种层的厚度的比例在附图中为了更加清晰而进行了夸大,当然也可以根据需要和要求进行调整。
中间层也可在防护装置和/或防护服中的外层和内层之间使用,或者可以在陆地、水中或空中移动的交通工具的外层和内层之间使用,覆盖在所述交通工具的一部分、多个部分或整个内部。然而,这些实施方案并未示出。

Claims (12)

1.一种摩擦降低材料的中间层(1),所述中间层(1)适于与两个可移动层(2,3)接触且被设置在所述两个可移动层(2,3)之间,从而当施加力(K)并且其切向分力(KT)对所述两个可移动层进行剪切时,所述中间层(1)使所述两个可移动层(2,3)之间能够产生滑动,其特征在于,所述摩擦降低材料包括分开的纤维(F),用低摩擦材料处理所述摩擦降低材料以降低所述纤维(F)之间的摩擦,其中所述纤维(F)结合在一起,形成了具有松散结合在一块的非编织片状结构的纤维材料;其中所述两个可移动层(2,3)为内部可移动层和外部可移动层且至少所述两个可移动层的其中一层覆盖了身体的一部分或能够与身体的一部分接触;且其中所述外部可移动层为头盔的外壳层(2、2’、2”),所述内部可移动层为头盔的内层(3)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的中间层(1),其特征在于,部分或所有的所述纤维(F)为天然纤维或为聚合物基的。
3.根据权利要求2所述的中间层(1),其特征在于,部分或所有的所述聚合物基的纤维为热塑性塑料。
4.根据权利要求1所述的中间层(1),其特征在于,所述低摩擦材料可以是含硅或氟的聚合物。
5.根据权利要求1所述的中间层(1),其特征在于,所述纤维通过纤网成型而结合在一起,所述纤网成型能够经干法成网或湿法成网方法完成。
6.根据权利要求1所述的中间层(1),其特征在于,所述纤维被系在一起,形成以团块或毛毡为形式的非编织材料。
7.根据要求要求5或6所述的中间层(1),其特征在于,所述纤维为纤网结合的。
8.根据权利要求1所述的中间层(1),其特征在于,所述纤维通过热或通过超声或通过摩擦或通过射频或通过热表面而熔接在一起。
9.根据权利要求1所述的中间层(1),其特征在于,向所述中间层(1,A)的一侧或两侧添加支持层(B)。
10.根据权利要求9所述的中间层(1),其特征在于,所述支持层(B)为纺粘层或热塑性塑料片层或泡沫材料。
11.根据权利要求1所述的中间层(1),其特征在于,所述中间层(1)通过胶粘剂附接在所述可移动层(2,3)的任一个上。
12.根据权利要求1所述的中间层(1),其特征在于,所述中间层(1)在所述中间层的外围边缘处附接到两个所述的可移动层(2,3)上。
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