CN102767441A - 用于启动内燃机的方法和设备 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于启动内燃机的方法和设备。在用于启动内燃机(14)尤其带有直喷机构的内燃机(14)的方法中,内燃机(14)具有活塞缸机构和曲轴(18),其中曲轴(18)抗扭转地与电机(26)的驱动轴以及与扭转减振机构(24)连接或能够连接,其中曲轴(18)逆着内燃机(14)的驱动方向旋转,以便使气缸(36)的活塞(44)运动进入点火位置,其中通过燃料到气缸(36)的喷射以及通过由此在气缸(32、34、36、38)中产生的燃料-氧气混合物的点火,引起曲轴的转动方向逆转以及使曲轴(18)沿着驱动方向(52)旋转,其中在点火后通过电机(26)将扭矩沿着驱动方向(52)施加给曲轴(18)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于启动内燃机尤其带有直喷机构的内燃机的方法,其中内燃机具有活塞缸机构和曲轴,其中曲轴抗扭转地与电机的驱动轴以及与扭转减振机构连接或能够连接,其中曲轴逆着内燃机的驱动方向旋转,以便使气缸的活塞朝着点火位置运动,其中通过将燃料喷射到气缸内以及通过由此在气缸内产生的燃料-氧气混合物的点火引起曲轴的转动方向逆转以及使曲轴沿着驱动方向旋转。
此外本发明还涉及一种用于启动内燃机尤其带有直喷机构的内燃机的设备,其中内燃机具有活塞缸机构和曲轴,所述设备带有电机,电机与曲轴和扭转减振机构连接或能够连接,其中电机被构造用于使曲轴旋转,其中,内燃机被构造用于,通过将燃料喷射到气缸内以及通过由此在气缸内产生的燃料-氧气混合物的点火而被启动,以便向曲轴加载力矩以及使曲轴旋转。
最后,本发明涉及一种汽车动力系,带有内燃机和上述类型的设备。
背景技术
由现有技术已知一种用于直接启动内燃机的方法,例如在DE 103 51 891 A1中公开。在这种公开的方法中,直接启动通过燃料朝气缸的喷射以及紧接着对包含的空燃混合物的点火实施。在这种用于通过所谓的直接启动来启动内燃机的方法中,在启动前不久,将所用的活塞缸机构沿与驱动方向相反的方向转动,以便获得即将到达上止点前的最佳位置,从而可以安全地进行空燃混合物的点火。
此外还由现有技术普遍公开的是,曲轴通过扭转减振器以及尤其通过双质量飞轮(Zwei-Massenschwungrad)与传动机构连接,以便防止扭振从内燃机传递到传动机构。
倘若与扭转减振器连接的内燃机借助直接启动而启动,那么尤其会由于曲轴的转动方向逆转而在扭转减振器中出现对扭矩传递带来不利影响的振动。此外,转动能量可以在扭转减振器内被吸收。
发明内容
按照本发明如下改善本文开头所述的方法,即,在点火后通过电机将扭矩沿着驱动方向施加给曲轴。
此外还如下改善本文开头所述的设备,即,设置了控制机构,控制机构被构造用于实施按本发明的方法。
最后本发明还提供一种汽车动力系,带有用于启动上述类型的内燃机的设备。
通过本发明可以实现内燃机的最佳启动时间,因为通过电机的附加的扭矩向扭转减振器施加更大的扭矩以及因而不是所有通过内燃机产生的能量被吸收到扭转减振器中。结果是因此可以在启动时尤其在直接启动时实现最佳的启动时间和改善的振动特性。
优选这样来选择由电机施加给曲轴的扭矩,即,通过扭转减振器的吸收进行补偿,由此可以特别快速和可靠地启动内燃机。
扭转减振机构优选是双质量飞轮(Zwei-Massenschwungrad)。
由此可以特别有效和成本低廉地减轻扭振。
还优选的是,电机的扭矩通过曲轴的至少一圈转动施加。
由此可以有效地扭转减振机构,以便在启动内燃机时有效地减轻扭振。
还优选的是,扭转减振机构布置在内燃机和传动机构之间。
由此可以有效地防止可能出现的扭振传递给传动机构以及伤害传动机构。
还优选的是,电机被构造用于启动内燃机、提供在曲轴上的附加的驱动功率以及以发电机方式运行。
由此电机可以用于动力系中的不同的功能,因此可以更为成本低廉以及结构更为简单地制造总驱动器。
还优选的是,电机是发电机(Lichtmaschine)。
由此发电机可以同时用于支持启动,尤其是直接启动。
还优选的是,逆着驱动方向地驱动电机的驱动轴,以便使气缸的活塞朝点火位置运动。
由此可以快速且可靠地导入启动。
作为备选还优选的是,沿着驱动方向驱动电机的驱动轴,以便将第二气缸的活塞沿点火位置运动,其中通过在第二气缸内的点火引起曲轴逆着驱动方向的旋转。
由此使启动变得特别有效,因为第一气缸的点火已经可以用于第二气缸内的预压缩以及因而必须有更少的功率从电机传递给内燃机且通过第二次点火将更大的扭矩从内燃机施加给曲轴。
当前,直接启动指的是内燃机的起动,起动时,点燃气缸内的燃料-氧气混合物,而不会经历完整的压缩冲程。
当然,按本发明的方法的特征、特性和优点也适用于或能应用于按本发明的设备。
附图说明
图1示意性示出了带有内燃机的汽车;
图2a至2c示意性示出了在直接启动的各个时间点期间的内燃机。
具体实施方式
在图1中示意性示出了汽车以及总体用附图标记10标注。汽车10具有动力系12,动力系在当前情况下包含用于提供驱动功率的内燃机14。动力系12用于驱动车辆10的被动轮16L、16R。
内燃机14通过曲轴18与传动单元20连接或能够连接,其中,内燃机14在曲轴18上提供扭矩,曲轴以能调节的转速转动。曲轴18可以通过离合器22和扭转减振器24与传动单元20连接,从而将扭矩传递给被动轮16R、16L。扭转减振器24用于减轻内燃机14的扭振并且优选设计成双质量飞轮。
内燃机14还通过曲轴18与电机26连接。电机26通过控制单元28控制并且通过电供应单元20被供应电能。电机26用于通过曲轴18驱动内燃机14以及由此启动内燃机。此外,电机26还用于将附加的扭矩传递给曲轴18,从而在曲轴18上提供附加的驱动力矩。此外,电机26可以在汽车10的滑动运行时用作发电机以及产生电能,电能被储存在电蓄能器30中。
当然,本发明不局限于这种动力系。在特别的实施形式中,动力系12也可以设计成混合动力系并且具有用于提供驱动功率的电机。
在图2a中示意性示出了内燃机14。内燃机14具有4个气缸32、34、36、38,分别带有活塞40、42、44、46。在图2中还示意性示出了曲轴18以及电机26以便说明曲轴18的旋转位置。当然,在图2中设计成四缸发动机的内燃机14也可以具有任意其它数量的气缸,例如五缸、六缸、八缸或十缸。
为了导入直接启动,曲轴18通过电机26先逆着驱动方向被驱动或旋转,这在图2a中用箭头48表示。
根据曲轴18的旋转位置50或活塞40、42、44、46在气缸32至38中的位置,导入不同类型的直接启动。
倘若例如在图2a中为活塞42的活塞位于上止点附近,那么曲轴18先逆着驱动方向旋转,以便使活塞42从膨胀冲程运动到压缩冲程。活塞42在压缩冲程中的位置在图2b中示出。箭头50在图2b中表示曲轴18相对图2a的旋转位置的旋转位置。通过曲轴18的这种沿着后退方向48的旋转,活塞44从图2a的压缩冲程运动进入膨胀冲程,如图2b所示。由此使空气在气缸36内被沿着后退转动方向48压缩。在图2c中仅示出了气缸34和36,其中,在接下来的步骤中将燃料喷入气缸36以及点燃产生的燃料-氧气混合物。通过燃烧,活塞44在膨胀冲程中向下运动以及曲轴18沿着驱动方向旋转,如图2c中箭头52所示。
在点火后将附加的扭矩沿着驱动方向52施加给现在正沿驱动方向52旋转的曲轴18,以便实现最佳的启动时间以及减轻扭转减振器24的振动。
扭转减振器24设计成双质量飞轮并且具有两个借助弹簧元件相互连接的飞轮质量块。曲轴与第一飞轮质量块连接,第一飞轮质量块借助弹簧与第二个自由摆动的飞轮质量块连接。通过在图2b所示的冲程到图2c所示的冲程之间的转动方向逆转,直接在点火后,第一飞轮质量块或就沿着驱动方向52摆动以及第二飞轮质量块逆着驱动方向或沿着后退方向48摆动。由此一方面吸收通过气缸36中的燃烧提供的能量,并且在扭转减振器24中会出现振动。因为在气缸36内点火后,附加的扭矩被从电机26施加给曲轴18,所以可以减轻这种振动以及提供用于通过扭转减振器24吸收的附加的能量。
作为备选,电机26可以为了启动内燃机而在相同的活塞位置中使曲轴18沿着驱动方向52旋转,以便压缩处在压缩冲程中的活塞42内的空气。通过燃料喷射产生的燃料-氧气混合物在气缸34中被点火,由此使曲轴18逆着驱动方向48旋转。直接启动的这种变型方案与图2a至2c的方案的区别在于,曲轴18逆着驱动方向的旋转不是通过电机26而是通过在压缩冲程中气缸34的点火促成。这种逆着驱动方向的旋转导致活塞44从压缩冲程运动进入膨胀冲程,其中,如图2a和2b所示压缩在气缸36中的空气。空燃混合物如在图2c中那样被点火,由此引起曲轴18的转动方向逆转以及曲轴18沿着驱动方向50转动。之后通过电机26将附加的扭矩施加给曲轴18,以便如上所示那样实现最佳的启动时间以及减轻扭转减振器24的振动。
作为备选,可以在合适的活塞位置中,在曲轴静止的情况下喷射燃料和对燃料点火,以便使曲轴逆着驱动方向旋转。
倘若在直接启动之前没有一个活塞40至46位于上止点附近,那么曲轴18就逆着驱动方向48运动,直至处在膨胀冲程中的气缸36被压缩以及可以通过燃料的喷射而被点火。由此使曲轴18沿着驱动方向52旋转。在相应的气缸36点火后,曲轴18的旋转得到电机25的支持,以便如前所述那样实现最佳的启动时间以及减轻扭转减振器24的振动。
Claims (10)
1.用于启动内燃机(14)尤其带有直喷机构的内燃机(14)的方法,其中内燃机(14)具有活塞缸机构和曲轴(18),其中曲轴(18)抗扭转地与电机(26)的驱动轴以及与扭转减振机构(24)连接或能够连接,其中曲轴(18)逆着内燃机(14)的驱动方向旋转,以便使气缸(36)的活塞(44)运动进入点火位置,其中通过燃料到气缸(36)的喷射以及通过由此在气缸(32、34、36、38)中产生的燃料-氧气混合物的点火引起曲轴的转动方向逆转以及使曲轴(18)沿着驱动方向(52)旋转,其特征在于,在点火后通过电机(26)将扭矩沿着驱动方向(52)施加给曲轴(18)。
2.按权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述扭转减振机构(24)是双质量飞轮(24)。
3.按权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中电机(26)的扭矩通过曲轴(18)的至少一圈转动施加。
4.按权利要求1至3之一所述的方法,其中扭转减振机构(24)布置在内燃机和传动机构(20)之间。
5.按权利要求1至4之一所述的方法,其中电机(26)被构造用于启动内燃机(14)、在曲轴(18)上提供附加的驱动功率以及以发电机方式运行。
6.按权利要求1至4之一所述的方法,其中电机(26)是发电机。
7.按权利要求1至6之一所述的方法,其中电机(26)的驱动轴被逆着驱动方向驱动,以便使气缸(36)的活塞(44)运动进入点火位置。
8.按权利要求1至6之一所述的方法,其中电机(26)的驱动轴被沿着驱动方向(52)驱动,以便使第二气缸(34)的活塞(42)运动进入点火位置,其中通过第二气缸内的点火引起曲轴(18)逆着驱动方向的旋转,以便使第二气缸(36)的活塞(44)运动进入点火位置。
9.用于启动内燃机(14)尤其带有直喷机构的内燃机(14)的设备,其中内燃机(14)具有活塞缸机构和曲轴(18),该设备带有电机(26),该电机与曲轴(18)和扭转减振机构(24)连接或能够连接,其中电机(26)被构造用于使曲轴(18)旋转,其中内燃机(14)被构造用于通过将燃料喷射到气缸(32、34、36、38)内以及通过由此在气缸(32、34、36、38)内产生的燃料-氧气混合物的点火而被启动,以便向曲轴(18)加载力矩以及使曲轴(18)旋转,该设备还带有控制机构(28),该控制机构被构造用于实施按权利要求1至8之一所述的方法。
10.汽车动力系(12),带有内燃机(14)和按权利要求9所述的用于启动内燃机(14)的设备。
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