CN102749549A - Intelligent checking system for substation alternating current voltage secondary circuit - Google Patents
Intelligent checking system for substation alternating current voltage secondary circuit Download PDFInfo
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- CN102749549A CN102749549A CN201210208244XA CN201210208244A CN102749549A CN 102749549 A CN102749549 A CN 102749549A CN 201210208244X A CN201210208244X A CN 201210208244XA CN 201210208244 A CN201210208244 A CN 201210208244A CN 102749549 A CN102749549 A CN 102749549A
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Abstract
The invention relates to an intelligent checking system for a substation alternating current voltage secondary circuit; a digital signal processor (DSP) chip in a hardware part is connected with a primary circuit AD 7865; a chip of the primary circuit AD is respectively connected with current sampling input and voltage sampling input of a pincerlike mutual inductor of the primary circuit; an ARM embedded controller is connected with a chip of a secondary circuit AD by a general packet radio service (GPRS) communication module; the chip of the secondary circuit AD is respectively connected with current sampling input and voltage sampling input of a pincerlike mutual inductor of the second circuit; a voltage regulation control module is also connected with a DC/DC power supply module which is also connected with an AC/DC switch power module; a software part comprises a voltage regulation control proportion integration differentiation (PID) operation part, a GPRS communication processing part and a DSP synchronous sampling algorithm part; and the three parts of software are all completed by an ARM-DSP software design unit. The intelligent checking system is a full-digitalization, multifunctional, high-accuracy and intelligent multi-parameter circuit measurement device and is a necessary device for a transformer substation, a power plant and other projects.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the visual plant of a kind of transformer station AC current-voltage secondary circuit test; Be used in particular for checking the correctness of transformer station's electric current, the wiring of voltage secondary circuit; The method of inspection in unified and standard transformer station AC current-voltage loop belongs to defeated (joining) power plant project equipment technical field.
Background technology
Secondary circuit is normal various incipient fault hidden danger to occur because transformer station exchanges, and the accident that causes error action of device such as relay protection or tripping to cause still constantly takes place.According to GB 50171 T-1992 " electric device installation work dish, cabinet and secondary circuit wiring construction and acceptance specification ", Q/CSG10008-2004 relevant rules, regulation requirements such as " relay protection and automatic safety device check regulations "; " the secondary circuit wiring is by the figure construction; wiring is correct "; Particularly " newly drop into or electric current, voltage circuit, should directly utilize WV inspection voltage secondary circuit, utilize the correctness of load current inspection electric current secondary loop wiring through changing." wait clause that ac circuit installation connection, test are all required its correctness and reliability.
At present, lack the standard of relevant AC current-voltage secondary circuit field adjustable work, site test work is also lack of standardization.All there is not the complete AC current-voltage secondary circuit testing instruments system of function both at home and abroad.The on-the-spot dry cell that mainly utilizes cooperates equipment such as pointer multimeter, cable proofreader device, pincerlike phase meter, relay-protection tester, mutual-inductor tester and strong current generator to accomplish check, lack of complete property and the systematicness of loop individual equipment.
Because site test does not have special-purpose pilot system; The automatic intelligent level is not high; Each site test all will be loaded and unloaded a second trial equipment; Bring great waste to human resources, the correct matching problem of transformer secondary circuit and secondary device is outstanding under different personnel, the distinct methods, does not set up science, objective, intelligent checking system.There is the not high problem of potential safety hazard and test mass in the substation project, also is badly in need of the objective AC current-voltage secondary circuit of research and development one cover science checking system and unifies the standard site test.
Transformer station AC current-voltage secondary circuit intelligence checking system is inspection procedure and the standard relevant according to the power industry relay protection, be directed to specially the AC current-voltage in-circuit testing intellectualizing system.Pick-up unit can do not change circuit connection basically, need not load and unload testing equipment repeatedly and other situation of relatively disperseing that distribute to test site under, onlinely measure the electric current and voltage and the phase value of primary side and secondary side and provide the result.And then judge that the opening circuit of loop, short circuit, loose contact, CT polarity connect instead, CT changes or loop fault such as PT, be power department capable one overlap transformer station's automated intelligent checking system.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to replace traditional current/voltage secondary circuit tester; Develop high, practical reliable, the high precision of a kind of intelligent degree, portable transformer station AC current-voltage secondary circuit intelligence checking system; The management of further strengthening power department current/voltage secondary circuit forms unified operation or work standard, and the safe and stable operation that improves electrical network.
The present invention realizes through following technical scheme.
A kind of transformer station AC current-voltage secondary circuit intelligence checking system, characteristic of the present invention is to comprise hardware components and software section; Hardware components is that core connects dsp chip, TFTLCD display module, 4X4 matrix keyboard, digital dock calendar chip, PC interface, Regulation Control module respectively with the ARM embedded controller; Wherein, dsp chip is connected with primary circuit AD7865, and input is connected primary circuit AD chip with voltage sample with the input of primary circuit forcipated mutual-inductor current sample respectively again; The ARM embedded controller also is connected with secondary circuit AD chip through the GPRS communication module, and input is connected secondary circuit AD chip with voltage sample with the input of secondary circuit forcipated mutual-inductor current sample respectively again; The Regulation Control module also is connected with the DC/DC power module; The DC/DC power module is connected with the AC/DC switch power module again;
Software section comprises Regulation Control PID computing, GPRS communication process part and DSP synchronized sampling algorithm part, and said three part softwares all adopt ARM+DSP software design unit to accomplish.
Dsp software design cell of the present invention connects motor-drive circuit and A/D convertor circuit through after the light-coupled isolation, thereby reaches control and the startup of AD chip and the purpose of conversion of the output voltage of pressure regulator.
The calculation process of sampled data of the present invention is arranged in the dsp software design cell; Algorithm use fft algorithm and hardware synchronization sampling method.
The ARM embedded controller is connected coupling with the GPRS communication module, and wherein GPRS selects the GTM900C wireless module for use.
AD chip of the present invention adopts high-speed chip AD7865.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows; Adopt the scheme of " high-precision A/D+ARM+DSP+GPRS ", the advantage of this scheme is to be transferred to the test terminal to the transmission of the data in the measurement of secondary side through GPRS; Satisfied the field operation environment; Simultaneously pressure regulator has programmable voltage output, and Regulation Control has automatically and manual control dual mode, the adaptation that takes into full account the requirement of field monitoring.
Further set forth content of the present invention below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and embodiment.
Description of drawings
Accompanying drawing 1: general structure synoptic diagram of the present invention;
Accompanying drawing 2: system hardware theory diagram;
Accompanying drawing 3: peripheral circuit synoptic diagram;
Accompanying drawing 4: software workflow figure;
Accompanying drawing 5: calibrating transformer station current/voltage secondary circuit wiring diagram;
Accompanying drawing 6: system testing appearance wiring diagram.
Embodiment
The invention belongs to a kind of electric power with electric current voltage circuit Auto-Test System, this method is:
1) through Auto-Test System computed in software first short circuit electric current, magnitude of voltage; The good transforming plant primary equipment state of respective operations then; Connect Auto-Test System, manually or automatically add electric current, voltage, again to all transformer secondary circuits of trend process; With online amplitude and the phase value measured of intelligent pincers type phase meter; And pass test data back test terminal through GPRS, more whether equate with calculated value, and then judge the correctness and the failure cause of transformer secondary circuit and protection polarity.
2) distribute to test site under the situation such as relatively dispersion; Use that gprs system is online to be measured the electric current and voltage and the phase value of primary side and secondary side and provide test result, so judge that the opening circuit of loop, short circuit, loose contact, CT polarity connect instead, perhaps loop fault such as PT of CT variation;
3) adopt micro-computer controlled test overall process; Under the situation that does not change test loop; Detect the situation of electric current, voltage circuit and mutual inductor polarity; Show primary current, secondary current, voltage, mutual inductance ratio under the instantaneous detected state, the data of collection arrive the test terminal through the GPRS remote transmission;
4) the test terminal software systems can be automatic according to related data and the correlation theory formula calculating parameter gathered, and judge whether more basically to equate that LCD shows test results automatically with calculated value.
See Fig. 1, a kind of transformer station AC current-voltage secondary circuit intelligence checking system, characteristic of the present invention is: comprise hardware components and software section; Hardware components is that core connects dsp chip, TFT LCD display module, 4X4 matrix keyboard, digital dock calendar chip, PC interface, Regulation Control module respectively with the ARM embedded controller; Wherein, dsp chip is connected with primary circuit AD7865, and input is connected primary circuit AD chip with voltage sample with the input of primary circuit forcipated mutual-inductor current sample respectively again; The ARM embedded controller also is connected with secondary circuit AD chip through the GPRS communication module, and input is connected secondary circuit AD chip with voltage sample with the input of secondary circuit forcipated mutual-inductor current sample respectively again; The Regulation Control module also is connected with the DC/DC power module; The DC/DC power module is connected with the AC/DC switch power module again;
Software section comprises Regulation Control PID computing, GPRS communication process part and DSP synchronized sampling algorithm part, and said three part softwares all adopt ARM+DSP software design unit to accomplish.
Dsp software design cell of the present invention connects motor-drive circuit and A/D convertor circuit through after the light-coupled isolation, thereby reaches control and the startup of AD chip and the purpose of conversion of the output voltage of pressure regulator.
The calculation process of sampled data of the present invention is arranged in the dsp software design cell; Algorithm use fft algorithm and hardware synchronization sampling method.
The ARM embedded controller is connected coupling with the GPRS communication module, and wherein GPRS selects the GTM900C wireless module for use.
AD chip of the present invention adopts high-speed chip AD7865.
See that Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4 sampled signal obtain the field measurement data through sample circuit; But the much noise that signal comprises interference and higher hamonic wave can cause the error of aspects such as frequency measurement; If can not be evenly distributed in the signal period for the fft algorithm sampled value; Can bring very big measuring error to measurement, so must handle to sampled data.Various noises in the electric system generally can be thought the randomness white noise.These years, there is the scholar to propose the method for many elimination noises in succession, like Wavelet Transform etc.Wavelet transformation has good localization property when time-frequency domain exists simultaneously, can regulate sampling density automatically according to signal different frequency composition, thereby realizes signal noise silencing is handled.The emphasis of considering automatic tester is measuring ability and the DSP hardware of phase place and the amplitude convenience to FFT, and it is that rudimentary algorithm is sought the noise-eliminating method based on fft algorithm that the design still adopts FFT.Adopt the fft algorithm de-noising on window function, to make an issue of; Can be with reference to using Cosine Window to improve the thinking of precision; And the sinusoidal signal autocorrelation function is the cosine function of same frequency, and the almost nil characteristic of the autocorrelation function of white noise function is eliminated white noise.Employing adds the Cosine Window functional based method and revises the white noise influence that can reduce in the signal, improves the measuring accuracy of detection system.
See Fig. 5; Obtain the first short circuit current value through software mathematical model formula; Primary equipment isolating switch and corresponding disconnecting link then thereof at first close; Close the experiment power supply sky again and open,, realize that a load tide flow path direction is: pressure regulator output AC power source → transforming plant primary equipment → transformer → transforming plant primary equipment → short dot through novel controllable voltage regulating device output voltage.Again to all current transformers of trend process; Carry out on-load hexagonal figure test job cashier's office in a shop at protective device and relevant measurement, measuring screen respectively with intelligent pincers type phase meter; Test data passes back to system software and carries out data statistic analysis, judgement etc., and back cut-off breaker and corresponding disconnecting link and experiment power supply finish.
The voltage circuit method of inspection: under above analog current operating condition of test, the open test short dot can carry out voltage circuit detection test by dosage.
Overall design:
Transformer station's AC current-voltage secondary circuit intelligence checking system divides mainly by five most of compositions from function: Switching Power Supply, analog functuion part, numerical portion, GPRS communication part and PID control section.System mainly is made up of three circuit boards: analog functuion plate, GPRS communication board and drive plate.As main control chip, functions such as GPRS communication, LCD demonstration are responsible in the driving of the collection of major control analog data, pressure regulator motor to the analog functuion plate simultaneously with embedded microprocessor DSP+ARM.The overall system block diagram is as shown in Figure 1:
System divides from structure and is made up of hardware components and software section; Hardware components partly is made up of Switching Power Supply, analog functuion part, numerical portion and GPRS communication function, and software mainly contains three parts and forms: analog data acquisition software design cell, GPRS communication software design cell and pressure regulator motor PID control.The analog data collecting unit mainly is used for carrying out synchronous data sampling, and the data of sampling is carried out fft analysis calculate, and also accomplishes human interface functions such as communication and demonstration simultaneously.The PID unit is through the DSP module programming, and through control motors such as driving circuits, thereby the voltage of control pressure regulator is exported; The exchanges data in a secondary side loop is accomplished in GPRS communication.Program adopts modularization, Structured Design thought, is convenient to transplant, and functional module can be expanded easily, and is concrete like Fig. 1, Fig. 2, shown in Figure 3.
1, Switching Power Supply:
System is made up of the two large divisions: analog functuion part and GPRS funtion part, two-part power supply is all provided by Switching Power Supply.The power supply design seems important, and this power work is at the high frequency state, and loss ratio is less, and conversion ratio can reach more than 80%, and in the market matured product is arranged, thereby after the demand of confirming power supply, purchase just can in market.
2, analog part:
Input signal can be divided into voltage channel and current channel according to the passage of measuring, and once and secondary side.Through the current signal attenuator circuit that two kinds of precision current mutual inductors are formed, make it in the scope of AD sampling; The measurement channel characteristic is following;
Voltage channel voltage limit: the voltage measurement amount is limited to 5V～550V
Input impedance:>500k Ω
Resolution: 0.001V
Current channel magnitude of current limit: 0.1mA～10A
Resolution: 0.0001A
Adopt precision current type mutual inductor CT in the design, can change the size of sampling resistor according to the maximum detection voltage effective value; The adjusting slide rheostat is big or small, measured signal is converted into the input signal of A/D chip through signal filtering, voltage lifting, power amplification; Adopt the zero passage relative method to make Uout and lifting relatively produce the power frequency square-wave signal zero point simultaneously, as the input signal of phase-locked loop circuit, for the AD conversion provides sampling pulse.
Design of drive circuit:
The motor driven major loop adopts floating ground pre-driver, and by independently power supply power supply.Owing to adopted the photoelectricity coupling in the predrive circuit; Make control signal respectively with separately predrive circuit electric insulation, so make control signal, guaranteed driving loop (major loop) and control loop insulation to the floating ground of major loop (or not altogether); Have very high security and reliability
3, numerical portion:
Numerical portion chip DSP can give full play to its unique advantage to digital signal processing as the data operation part.Interface control chip is a 32 risc microcontrollers of high-performance based on ARM7TDMI-S nuclear.Processor has Thumb instruction expansion; Dominant frequency is up to 72MHz; Chip integration becomes 512KB Flash, supports ISP and IAP, 58KB SRAM, the reinforced vectored interrupt controller of PLL, 10/100M ether guipure DMA; USB2.0 is equipment interface at full speed, 2 road CAN, 2.0 interfaces, general dma controller, 4 UART interfaces, 1 interface with global function Modem; 3 I2C serial line interfaces, 3 SPI/SSP serial line interfaces, an I2S interface, SD/MMC memory card interface; 8 tunnel 10 ADC, 1 tunnel 10 DAC catches/comparison clock the house dog clock for 4 32; The PWM module is supported 3 phase motors control, the optional backup battery of RTC real-time clock band, and general purpose I/O etc. please refer to the technical manual of chip about the particulars of various model chips.
The kernel module of DSP is the core of whole transformer station AC current-voltage secondary circuit intelligence checking system data processing, and that its design must be considered is stable, at a high speed and various aspects such as anti-interference.
It is that capacity is the non-volatile flash memory chip of 16MB that storer is mainly formed .NAND FLASH by the NAND FLASH memory chip of Samsung, can be used for depositing next data of collection and the historical data of uploading fully.
Clock adopts the PCF8563 chip of PHILIPS company.This chip has Low-Power CMOS real-time clock/calendar, and peripheral interface is simple, and precision and reliability are high, working stability.The chip maximum bus speed is 400kbits/s, and after reading and writing data, its embedded word address register can produce increment automatically at every turn.PCF8563 has 16 eight bit registers, but and I2C EBI of the address register of auto-increment, the oscillator of built-in 32.768kHz (having an inner integrated capacitance), frequency divider (being used for the source clock to real-time clock RTC being provided), programmable clock output, timer, alarm, detection of power loss device and 400kHz etc. arranged; Have simultaneously meter second, branch, the time, week, day, the moon, year and leap year compensate function, available binary numeral and binary-coded decimal express time, calendar and locking.Set up after the lithium battery, can 10 years under the powering-off state obliterated data not, can satisfy the needs of this device on the function fully.
In the native system, select for use GTM900C to realize the GPRS data-transformation facility, the GPRS module is selected the GTM900C of Huawei module for use, and it is a three frequency band GSMs/GPRS wireless module.Module interface is simple, easy to use and powerful.It is supported the AT order of standard and strengthens the AT order.The flank speed of the GPRS data service of GTM900C can reach the ZIF interface that 85.6kbit/GTM900C provides 40 pin, mainly contains power interface, UART interface (maximum serial ports speed can reach 115200bit/s), standard SIM card and analog voice interface.
The GPRS module is very simple with being connected of ARM, owing to both communicate through serial interface, so both are got final product with the Serial Port Line connection.The network function of GPRS all has been integrated in the module, only need the serial ports parameter be set at this end of primary processor, sends corresponding AT instruction then and module is operated gets final product.
The design of
analog interface:
In the AC sample system design of native system, to the requirement height very of precision, for this reason, native system adopts the method for external A/D, controls outside AD converter through DSP parameters of electric power such as three-phase alternating voltage, electric current are carried out AC sampling.Adopt suitable hardware to connect, start two AD7865 simultaneously with an operational order, corresponding three-phase voltage and the electric current of sampling makes that Im, Um are the sampled value of synchronization simultaneously.
AD7865 is 14 the 4 passage high-speed a/d converters that U.S. AD company releases.Its fastest sample rate is every passage 2.4 μ s; Having 4 road synchronized samplings inputs and 4 follows/hold amplifier; But single supply (+5V) work; Have wide input range (be to the maximum ± 10V), low-power consumption and function such as input overvoltage protection etc.According to the specific requirement of modulate circuit design, select AD7865-2 type A/D chip here, the analog voltage range of its input is 0～5V, in the design, can consider the more AD chip of seniority, transforms chip such as 16 AD.
software section:
Fourier transform is a kind of signal to be transformed from the time domain to the variation of frequency domain, is the important analysis tool in the signal Processing field.The present invention is based on the basis of DFT, adopt the hardware synchronization sampling algorithm, reach the system accuracy requirement.
Because the method about DFT all has in any " Signals & Systems " books, here just do not giving unnecessary details.
Ac sampling method comprises several kinds of synchronized sampling method, accurate synchronized sampling method, non-integer-period sampled method, non-synchronous sampling methods etc., and system adopts the synchronized sampling method.The synchronized sampling method is exactly the complete cycle of a uniform sampling uniformly-spaced, require measured signal cycle T and sampling time interval △ t and satisfy relational expression T=N △ t between the sampling number N in the week, promptly SF be the measured signal frequency N doubly.Different according to the sampled signal mode is provided, the synchronized sampling method is divided into two kinds of synchronous sampling by software method and hardware synchronization sampling methods again.Native system adopts the hardware synchronization sampling.
The hardware synchronization sampling method is to produce the sampling pulse that is synchronized with measured signal by special hardware circuit.A kind of circuit that utilizes the phase-locked loop frequency following principle to realize synchronous equal interval sampling; In the phaselocked loop that phase comparator PD, low-pass filter LP, voltage controlled oscillator VCO constitute, add the Fractional-N frequency device; Input fi is the frequency of measured signal; As the reference frequency of phaselocked loop, output fo is a SF.Fo compares with fi behind Fractional-N frequency, according to the phase-locked loop operation principle, and fo/N=fi during locking, i.e. fo=Nfi.Because the real-time follow-up property of phaselocked loop, when measured signal frequency f i changes, circuit can be automatically tracking and locking fast, satisfy the relation of fo=Nfi all the time, promptly SF is the integer (N) times of measured signal frequency.Remove control sampling/retainer with this output, and start the A/D conversion, N sampled point is evenly distributed in the complete cycle ripple of tested power network signal, eliminated synchronous error, realized the synchronized sampling of no phase differential.During phaselocked loop phase locking, voltage controlled oscillator VCO can be within the specific limits from the change of frequency of motion tracking input signal, has in frequency under the situation of distortion also to guarantee the synchronization of data sampling, guarantees measuring accuracy.
Basic functional principle: DSP samples to the current and voltage signals of primary side and secondary side respectively; SP analyzes and calculates the data of a secondary side; The secondary side data are transferred to ARM through GPRS then, are transferred to LCD or PC computer afterwards again, thereby show and function such as printing.The hardware synchronization sampling is adopted in data acquisition, and software algorithm is simplified relatively like this, has also avoided the precision and linear loss that adopt computed in software to bring; Stability and reliability have been increased because of having reduced conversion links with the adjustment link simultaneously.
Mimic channel adopts high-precision mutual inductor, and the amplifier device constitutes preposition amplifying element, has guaranteed picking up feeble signal; And selected High Performance ADC device AD7865 for use, this ADC device precision is high, can guarantee the accuracy to phase place, amplitude measurement smoothly.
Like Fig. 5, shown in Figure 6, the meaning of each connection terminal representative of proving installation:
Ia.Ib.Ic: this interface is mainly used in secondary side and measures the 0.1mA-1A small current measurement;
IA.IB.IC: this interface is mainly used in primary side and measures the 10mA-10A current measurement;
UA.UB.UC.N: three road primary side voltage signal interfaces;
Ua.Ub.Uc.N: three road secondary side voltage signal interfaces;
S: reservation state input port;
COMM: data transmission interface;
POWER: power supply side mouth;
What other did not show also has:
Regulation Control: motor drive module.
Communication port: can send measurement result to computing machine, supply computing machine to make error information and handle or pass to display result on the LCD.
The concrete software flow pattern of tester is as shown in Figure 4, and when the calibrating mutual inductor, the voltage transformer (VT) wiring diagram is as shown in Figure 6, direct digital display as a result during measurement, and for the user mixes the RSC232 interface, link with computing machine easily; At any time measure the test result in seized loop.
The technical parameter of tester:
1, parameter condition
(a) environment temperature: (10～45) ℃ < ± 50ppm
(b) ambient humidity: (45～75) %RH
(c) position of tested current carrying conductor in jaw: placed in the middle
(d) the outer reference frequency interference of electromagnetic field: should avoid
(e) frequency influence: signal is in 45Hz ~ 65Hz scope < ± 0.04%
(e) the accessible transfer rate of GPRS information: 115200bit/s;
(e) phase measurement: 0.0-360.0 degree
(e) complete machine accuracy: 0.5 grade
(e) temperature effect: at-10 ℃～+ 40 ℃ scope < ± 50ppm
2, fundamental error
Under the nominal working conditions, each measured nominal operation limit of error is no more than the twice of the corresponding basic limit of error.
Claims (4)
1. transformer station's AC current-voltage secondary circuit intelligence checking system is characterized in that, comprises hardware components and software section; Hardware components is that core connects dsp chip, TFT LCD display module, 4X4 matrix keyboard, digital dock calendar chip, PC interface, Regulation Control module respectively with the ARM embedded controller; Wherein, dsp chip is connected with primary circuit AD7865, and input is connected primary circuit AD chip with voltage sample with the input of primary circuit forcipated mutual-inductor current sample respectively again; The ARM embedded controller also is connected with secondary circuit AD chip through the GPRS communication module, and input is connected secondary circuit AD chip with voltage sample with the input of secondary circuit forcipated mutual-inductor current sample respectively again; The Regulation Control module also is connected with the DC/DC power module; The DC/DC power module is connected with the AC/DC switch power module again;
Software section comprises Regulation Control PID computing, GPRS communication process part and DSP synchronized sampling algorithm part, and said three part softwares all adopt ARM+DSP software design unit to accomplish.
2. according to the said transformer station of claim 1 AC current-voltage secondary circuit intelligence checking system; It is characterized in that; The dsp software design cell is through after the light-coupled isolation; Connect motor-drive circuit and A/D convertor circuit, thereby reach control and the startup and the conversion of AD chip of the output voltage of pressure regulator.
3. according to the said transformer station of claim 1 AC current-voltage secondary circuit intelligence checking system, it is characterized in that the ARM embedded controller is connected coupling with the GPRS communication module, wherein GPRS selects the GTM900C wireless module for use.
4. according to the said transformer station of claim 1 AC current-voltage secondary circuit intelligence checking system, it is characterized in that the AD chip adopts high-speed chip AD7865.
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