CN102713316B - 用于制造被断裂分离的构件的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于制造被断裂分离的构件的方法。根据本发明的第一方面,用于制造具有一个至少部分涂层的通孔的被断裂分离的构件特别是连杆的方法包括以下步骤:提供一个构件毛坯;在一个通孔表面上涂敷一个由轴承材料构成的涂层;和使涂层变形,用于平衡在断裂分离构件之前在涂层中的内部拉应力。根据本发明的第二方面,用于制造具有一个至少部分涂层的通孔的被断裂分离的构件特别是连杆的方法包括以下步骤:提供一个构件毛坯;在断裂分离构件之前,在一个通孔表面上涂敷一个由轴承材料构成的涂层;和在涂敷涂层之前构成一个用于产生压应力的对应硬化区,这些压应力反向于涂层的内部拉应力。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于制造被断裂分离的构件特别是连杆的方法,该构件具有一个至少部分涂层的通孔。
背景技术
已知,在不具有分开的滑动轴承或滚动轴承的构件中,例如在用于汽车内燃机的整体连杆中,对构件的轴承面进行调质处理或涂层,由此使该构件经得起高载荷。同样已知,将轴承构件一步制成并且当之后的安装需要一个分开的构件(例如连杆大头和连杆轴承盖)时,才在之后通过断裂分离分开一个轴承半体。
在DE 10 2004 003 403 A1和DE 10 2004 018 921 A1中描述了一些制造方法,在这些制造方法中,在连杆被断裂分离之前,至少该连杆的大的轴承孔被涂层。这些方法的出发点为:在用高熔点的轴承材料(例如铜(Cu-)基的,在完成涂层之后允许的构件温度或基质温度>200″C)进行热涂层之后,不仅在本来的连杆中而且还在材料锁合连接的涂层中都没有或只有可忽略的内应力,从而被断裂分离的构件半体不用矫正过程或安装辅助装置就可以再次配合精确地被组装在一起。
但是在试验中显示,在用低熔点的轴承材料(例如锡-锑-合金(SnSb-体系),在完成涂层之后允许的构件温度或基质温度<100″C)对轴承构件进行涂层之后,在涂层中存在内部拉应力,这些内部拉应力在断裂分离轴承半体时释放出来。轴承半体的在此出现的不同强度的翘曲由于不同的刚度导致:为了配合精确地再次组装轴承半体,在最后加工时或在安装时或是必须矫正各轴承半体,或是需要辅助装置。
根据意义相同的内容也适于在完成涂层之后自调节的构件温度或基质温度<200″C的高熔点的轴承材料。
由DE 10 2007 021 622 A1已知一种用于制造由碳钢制成的被断裂分离的轴承构件的方法,在该方法中,对一个轴承面进行至少区域性调质处理和/或涂层,这种调质处理和/或涂层伴随着引入应力。因此在断裂分离之前或之后,设置一种用于针对性地引入反向应力的局部热处理或一种变形。在这种情况下出发点为:在断裂分离一个设有铜基涂层的由碳钢制成的连杆时,会发生轴承半体(连杆大头和连杆轴承盖)的不同强烈程度的“弹开”。弹开的意思是,轴承半体的外部尺寸(宽向尺寸)在断裂分离之后比在断裂分离之前大。当在靠近表面的通孔区域内例如存在一种马氏体组织转变(通过形成马氏体而体积增大)时,产生弹开。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于:提供一种用于被断裂分离的构件的有利的制造方法,在该方法中,特别是在用一种低熔点的材料进行涂层的情况下确保:在断裂分离后,两个构件半体可以再次配合精确地被组装在一起。
所述目的通过本发明的方法来实现。
根据本发明的第一方面,根据本发明的用于制造一个被断裂分离的具有一个至少部分涂层的通孔的构件特别是连杆的方法包括以下步骤:
-提供一个构件毛坯;
-在一个通孔表面上涂敷一个由轴承材料构成的涂层;和
-使涂层变形,用于平衡在涂层中的内部拉应力;
其特征在于,使所述涂层变形在断裂分离所述构件之前进行。
本发明以这样的认识为基础,即特别在用一种低熔点的轴承材料例如用一种Sn基粉末对构件涂层情况下,在涂层中引起拉应力,这些拉应力在断裂分离之后导致一种“下陷”。轴承半体的外部尺寸(宽向尺寸)因此在断裂分离之后比在断裂分离之前小。在一个在大的轴承孔处被断裂分离的连杆的具体情况下,由于不同的刚度,被涂层的连杆轴承盖相对于未被涂层的连杆大头而下陷。根据本发明,通过使涂层在断裂分离构件之前机械变形的方式来应对这种不期望的效果,以平衡在涂层中的内部拉应力。
所述变形包括优选对涂层进行滚压,特别是强化滚压。
可以附加地通过以下方式抵消在涂层中的内部拉应力,即在变形之前,在一种切削的中间加工的框架中将涂层减小到一个确定的尺寸。
对于承受最高负荷的轴承构件,可以将变形(滚压)有意地提高到一个程度,以致在涂层中保留固有压应力。除了涂层的变形外,还可以附加地构成一个用于产生对应压应力的对应硬化区,这些对应压应力反向于涂层的内部拉应力。
优选在涂敷涂层之前且优选在构件的一个外轮廓上构成所述对应硬化区。对应硬化区的大小、形状和位置可以通过实验确定。
根据本发明的第二方面,根据本发明的用于制造一个被断裂分离的具有一个至少部分涂层的通孔的构件特别是连杆的方法包括以下步骤:
-提供一个构件毛坯;
-在断裂分离构件之前,在一个通孔表面涂敷一个由轴承材料构成的涂层;和
-构成一个用于产生压应力的对应硬化区,这些压应力反向于涂层的内部拉应力;
其特征在于,构成对应硬化区在涂敷所述涂层之前进行。
在这种备选的方法中,在涂层中引起的在断裂分离构件之后导致“下陷”的拉应力仅仅通过在涂敷涂层之前构成一个对应硬化区来抵消。对应硬化区在构件中产生反向于涂层的内部拉应力的压应力。
对应硬化区优选构成在构件的一个外轮廓上。对应硬化区的大小、形状和位置又可以通过实验来确定。
附图说明
下面借助附图描述本发明的其它细节。在附图中示出:
-图1 第一连杆的一部分,
-图2 第二连杆的一部分。
具体实施方式
所述图分别示出一个构造为用于汽车内燃机的连杆10或20的轴承构件的大的轴承孔。连杆10、20在锻造工艺、烧结工艺或烧结-锻造-工艺中制造。大的轴承孔设有一个通过对其内表面进行涂层构成的功能层12、22,该功能层基于一种锡(Sn-)粉末。功能层12、22借助激光被热涂敷,从而在连杆基本材料与构成功能层12、22的轴承材料之间构成一种材料锁合连接。
功能层12、22按照要求特别覆盖大的轴承孔的整个内部通孔表面或仅仅一部分。如在各图中所示的那样,功能层12、22可以只围绕通孔圆周的大约180°延伸。径向完全环绕的或部分的功能层12的轴向伸展可以变化;例如可以距通孔边缘设置一定的轴向距离。
通过用一种Sn基的轴承材料进行涂层,在功能层12、22中引起拉应力。这些内部应力因此导致:构件在涂层时由于Sn材料的低的熔点温度而不允许变得显著的热(最大100℃)。否则,轴承材料硬化得不够迅速,并且出现具有低疲劳强度的粗糙的组织结构。
通过沿平面14或24的断裂分离,连杆轴承盖18或28可与连杆大头16或26分离。在各图中所示的实施例中,只有连杆轴承盖18、28的通孔表面被涂层。在断裂分离被涂层的连杆10、20时,在Sn基的功能层12、22中存在的内部拉应力导致连杆轴承盖18、28相对于连杆大头16、26下陷。
因此,根据第一种方法变型将功能层12、22在断裂分离之前变形,以平衡涂层中的内部拉应力。通过滚压(强化滚压,不压光)来完成变形,为此可采用商用标准的刀具。为此所需要的机械预加工或是指一个唯一的工艺步骤(镗孔)或是用一个适当的组合刀具(例如用去皮和滚压件)在相同的工艺步骤中实施。
在最高负荷的轴承构件的情况下,如此强烈地滚压轴承材料,以致内部拉应力不仅被平衡,而且在涂层中还保留固有压应力。必要时,将该措施与构成一个或多个用于产生对应压应力的附加的对应硬化区19或29相结合,所述对应压应力反向于涂层的内部拉应力。涂敷涂层之前,在构件的外轮廓上构成对应硬化区19、29,其中,对应硬化区19、29的大小、形状和位置根据实验确定。在下文中将在第二备选方法的框架内阐述用于形成对应硬化区19、29的细节。
根据第二备选方法,连杆大头16、26和连杆轴承盖18、28的不同刚度仅仅通过以下方式均衡,代替对轴承材料进行滚压,而在涂敷涂层之前就已经构成至少一个用于产生压应力的对应硬化区19、29,这些压应力反向于之后制成的功能层12、22的内部拉应力。
通过对构件的外轮廓的预先确定的区域进行局部热处理(激光硬化或感应硬化)构成对应硬化区19、29。对应硬化区19、29的大小、形状和位置以及其硬化深度又可通过实验,例如借助断裂分离没有对应硬化区的参考构件,在断裂分离之前获知。备选地,也可对构件的待涂层的通孔进行完全或局部的热处理(激光硬化或感应硬化)。
图1示出一个连杆10,该连杆具有一个通过涂层成一体的功能层12和一个在连杆轴承盖18上紧挨轴承涂层设置的对应硬化区19。在图2中所示的连杆20中,在连杆轴承盖28上的对应硬化区29具有两个扩大的区域29a、29b并且与功能层22隔开一点距离。
在涂层以及之前的硬化和/或事后的变形之后,通过断裂分离,连杆轴承盖18、28与连杆大头16、26分离。由于上面所描述的措施,在连杆10、20中的应力如此分布,以致在断裂分离之后,构件的各个组件不需要矫正或安装辅助装置即可无缺陷地装配并且避免了侧面对接,在此组件为连杆大头16、26和连杆轴承盖18、28。由此使工艺具有可重复性并且保障了构件的运转安全性。断裂分离构件之后,通常还要进行最后加工,包括清洁、平面研磨和/或珩磨。
Claims (14)
1.用于制造被断裂分离的构件的方法,该构件具有一个至少部分涂层的通孔,该方法包括以下步骤:
-提供一个构件毛坯;
-在一个通孔表面上涂敷一个由轴承材料构成的涂层;和
-使所述涂层变形,用于平衡在所述涂层中的内部拉应力;
其特征在于,使所述涂层变形在断裂分离所述构件之前进行。
2.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述变形包括滚压所述涂层。
3.按照权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,将所述涂层在变形前减小到一个确定的尺寸。
4.按照权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,除了所述涂层的变形之外,还构成一个用于产生对应压应力的对应硬化区,这些对应压应力反向于所述涂层的内部拉应力。
5.按照权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,在涂敷所述涂层之前构成所述对应硬化区。
6.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述构件是连杆。
7.用于制造被断裂分离的构件的方法,该构件具有一个至少部分涂层的通孔,该方法包括以下步骤:
-提供一个构件毛坯;
-在断裂分离所述构件之前,在一个通孔表面上涂敷一个由轴承材料构成的涂层;和
-构成一个用于产生对应压应力的对应硬化区,这些对应压应力反向于所述涂层的内部拉应力;
其特征在于,构成对应硬化区在涂敷所述涂层之前进行。
8.按照权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述构件的一个外轮廓上构成所述对应硬化区。
9.按照权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述构件的待涂层的通孔上构成所述硬化区。
10.按照权利要求7至9之一所述的方法,其特征在于,通过实验确定所述对应硬化区的大小、形状、位置和/或硬化深度。
11.按照权利要求7至9之一所述的方法,其特征在于,借助激光热涂敷所述涂层。
12.按照权利要求7至9之一所述的方法,其特征在于,选择一种低熔点的材料作为用于涂层的轴承材料。
13.按照权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,所述构件是连杆。
14.按照权利要求12所述的方法,其特征在于,低熔点的材料是一个Sn基的体系。
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