CN102712541B - 用于干燥耐火材料的包括玻璃陶瓷颗粒的粉末 - Google Patents

用于干燥耐火材料的包括玻璃陶瓷颗粒的粉末 Download PDF

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CN102712541B
CN102712541B CN201080059268.2A CN201080059268A CN102712541B CN 102712541 B CN102712541 B CN 102712541B CN 201080059268 A CN201080059268 A CN 201080059268A CN 102712541 B CN102712541 B CN 102712541B
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powder
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ceramic material
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CN102712541A (zh
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埃里克·乔治
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Saint Gobain Centre de Recherche et dEtudes Europeen SAS
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种包含大于70%的玻璃陶瓷和/或耐火颗粒的粉末,所述粉末的颗粒根据其小于或等于100μm还是大于100μm而分别被归类为称为“基质”的部分或称为“聚集体”的部分,该聚集体,代表大于60%的该粉末,包括:大于40%的玻璃陶瓷材料颗粒,该材料具有大于50%的结晶率以及在700°C下测量的小于0.3%的热膨胀值,称为“玻璃陶瓷料粒”;小于35%的、不同于玻璃陶瓷材料的耐火材料颗粒,称为“耐火料粒”,如果该聚集体包括大于40%的、具有在700°C测量的小于或等于0.15%的热膨胀值的玻璃陶瓷料粒,则耐火料粒的量是大于10%;该基质,代表大于10%的该粉末,包括:小于30%的、不同于玻璃陶瓷材料的耐火材料颗粒,称为“精细耐火颗粒”,如果具有小于75%的结晶率的玻璃陶瓷料粒的质量是大于5%,则该精细耐火颗粒的量是大于5%,并且优选地小于25%;以及在0.1%与18%之间的可热活化的粘结剂颗粒;所有的百分比是相对于该粉末重量的重量百分比。

Description

用于干燥耐火材料的包括玻璃陶瓷颗粒的粉末
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于干燥的耐火冲压材料或“DVC”,“干燥的可振动混合物”或“干燥的耐火”类型的粉末,该粉末尤其是旨在用于制造加热炉的衬里,例如特别是用于熔融金属的感应炉的衬里。 
本发明还涉及从根据本发明的粉末获得的一种固结产品并且涉及用于制造此种产品的方法。 
背景技术
用于熔融金属的加热炉的衬里应该尤其具有: 
相对于正在熔融的金属的良好的耐腐蚀性; 
良好的耐开裂性; 
对于该熔融的金属良好的渗透耐受性;以及 
良好的抗热震性。 
为此目的,使用了通过固结热处理DVC类型的粉末获得的产品,例如在EP1224153中描述的。 
DVC类型的粉末是不同于混凝土、可以“干”用的粉末,也就是说无需添加水或液体粘结剂,或者很少地添加非常少量的水或液体粘结剂(典型地小于3%),不同于混凝土。这就是为什么与混凝土不同,DVC类型的粉末通常不含任何能够通过加水而凝结的粘结剂。因此从关于混凝土的文件研究得出的可能的传授内容不能既定地转移到这种类型的粉末上。 
将DVC类型的粉末成形通常由环境温度下的简单压缩而引起,这种固结是由随后的固结热处理引起的。 
同样常见的是,DVC类型的粉末是由耐火颗粒以及可热活化的粘结剂的微粒构成的。固结热处理的温度是在该可热活化的粘结剂与该耐火颗粒的熔点之间。在该固结热处理过程中,该可热活化的粘结剂因此可以从固体状态转变成使得能附着到这些耐火颗粒上并且在后者之间粘结的粘性液体状态。从固态转变成这种粘性液态的变化被称为该粘结剂的“活化”。 
该可热活化的粘结剂因此还被选择为能够在接近该加热炉的工作温度的温度下处于这种粘性液态,特别是在该第一升温的过程中。这种粘性液态因此有利地使之有可能降低该烧结的产品的刚度,从而有利于其变形并且因此增加了其适应局部的热机械应力的能力。在随后的升温过程中,这种液态可以进行改变,并且可以尤其通过精细颗粒的富集而变为刚性。 
Saikia等人的第4届冶金行业耐火材料进展国际座谈会的文章“空心诱导炉衬里中的尖晶石结构(Spinel formation in coreless induction furnace linings)”第827-840(2004)页描述了基于氧化铝和/或MgAl2O4尖晶石的DVC类型的粉末。从这些粉末获得的这种烧结的产品对于正在熔融的金属的腐蚀具有良好的耐受性。然而,它们具有有限的热震稳定性,尤其因为在熔融轻质合金或铝合金的情况下有严重的热震。这种热震创造了开裂,这些开裂是被正在熔融的金属渗透的有害现象的原因。 
JP 3183656描述了基于结晶的硅石的DVC类型的粉末。从这些粉末获得的烧结的产品具有良好的抗热震性的优点,尤其是在反复的温度升高和降低过程中。然而,这些烧结的产品具有有限的耐腐蚀性以及有限的对于正在熔融的金属的腐蚀耐受性。它们还具有在其安装过程中的健康问题,尤其是由于潜在的晶态硅石粉尘的存在。 
为了提高该抗热震性,已知的是加入精细分散的单斜氧化锆颗粒或莫来石-氧化锆和/或氧化铝-氧化锆料粒。氧化锆热膨胀的事件创造了微裂缝的网络,这些裂缝有利于开裂蔓延能的吸收。为此目的,已知的是加入精细的硅石颗粒。 
对于以下粉末存在持续的需要,该粉末使之有可能制造固结的产品,尤其是烧结的产品,这些产品具有良好的抗热震性以及良好的对于正在熔融的金属的渗透的耐受性,同时保持了良好的耐腐蚀性。 
本发明的一个目的是满足这种需要。 
发明内容
本发明涉及包含大于70%,优选地大于80%,大于90%的的玻璃陶瓷和/或耐火颗粒的粉末,所述粉末的颗粒根据其是否具有小于或等于100μm还是大于100μm的尺寸而分别被归类为“基质”部分或“聚集体”部分, 
该聚集体,代表大于60%的该粉末,包括: 
大于40%的玻璃陶瓷材料颗粒,该材料具有大于50%的结晶度以及在700°C下测量的小于0.3%的热膨胀值,称为“玻璃陶瓷料粒”; 
小于35%的由不同于玻璃陶瓷材料的耐火材料制成的颗粒,称为“耐火料粒”,如果该聚集体包括大于40%的、具有在700°C测量的小于或等于0.15%的热膨胀值的玻璃陶瓷料粒,则耐火料粒的量大于10%; 
该基质,代表大于10%的该粉末,包括: 
小于30%的由不同于玻璃陶瓷材料的耐火材料制成的颗粒,称为“精细耐火料粒”,如果具有小于75%的结晶度的玻璃陶瓷料粒的量值大于5%,则该精细耐火料粒的量大于5%,并且优选地小于25%; 
在0.1%与18%之间的可热活化的粘结剂颗粒,特别是无机粘结剂或至少一种树脂,称为“精细的可热活化的粘结剂颗粒”; 
所有的百分比是相对于该粉末的重量按重量计的。 
如在说明书的其余部分的更详细内容中可见的,诸位发明人已经发现了根据本发明的粉末导致了一种产品,该产品具有特别好的对热震以及渗透的耐受性,同时保持了良好的腐蚀耐受性。 
根据本发明的粉末还可以包括一个或多个以下最佳的特征: 
优选地,该基质代表大于15%,优选大于20%,和/或小于40%,优选地小于35%重量的粉末,余量按定义而言由该聚集体构成。 
该粉末具有以下特征: 
这些颗粒的最大尺寸小于5mm,并且 
具有大于300μm的尺寸的颗粒的量值大于50%并且小于70%,并且基质的量值大于15%,优选地大于20%,并且小于40%,并且具有小于75μm的尺寸的颗粒的量大于10%并且小于35%。 
该玻璃陶瓷料粒的材料与该精细玻璃陶瓷颗粒的材料相同或不同。 
所有的玻璃陶瓷颗粒是由同一材料构成的。 
该耐火料粒的材料与该精细耐火颗粒的材料相同或不同。 
该粉末优选地包括大于1%,大于2%,大于3%,大于4%,大于5%,和/或小于15%,小于12%,小于10%,或甚至小于8%,或甚至小于6%的该可热活化的粘结剂。 
优选地,该可热活化的粘结剂具有的熔点大于5°C,优选地大于15°C,优选地大于20°C,或甚至大于30°C,大于50°C,大于70°C,大于80°C,大于150°C,和或小于1500°C,小于1300°C,小于1200°C。 
优选地,该可热活化的粘结剂具有的熔点在150°C与1200°C之间。 
优选地,该可热活化的粘结剂不是金属。 
该可热活化的粘结剂选自:氧化硼、硼酸、硼酸盐、冰晶石、氟化盐、硅酸盐化合物、磷酸盐化合物、长石、氯化镁、硬硼钙石、粘土、高岭土、无定形硅石、特别是气相白炭黑、树脂、陶瓷玻璃料、以及其混合物。该树脂可以特别是选自酚醛树脂、呋喃树脂、丙烯酸树脂、聚酯树脂、环氧树脂、有机硅树脂、硅氧烷树脂、醇酸树脂、聚乙烯树脂、及其混合物。在具体的实施方案中,该树脂是选自在该固结热处理过程中可以转化成聚合物的微粒产品。 
优选地,该可热活化的粘结选自:硼酸钠、硼酸钾、硼酸钙、硼酸、氧化硼、粘土、氟化盐、以及其混合物。优选地,该可热活化的粘结选自:硼酸、氧化硼、粘土、氟化盐、以及其混合物。 
优选地,该可热活化的粘结剂是无机的。 
该粉末包括大于2%,大于3%,或甚至大于4%和/或小于10%,小于8%或甚至小于7%的粘土。 
该粉末包括大于0.5%,大于1%,和/或小于5%,小于4%或甚至小于3%的硼酸。 
该粉末包括大于0.1%,大于0.5%,和/或小于5%,小于3%或甚至小于2%的氟硼酸钾。 
该粉末包含一种使之有可能降低或甚至消除该粉末的安装过程中的粉尘的试剂。这种“防尘剂”可以选自由油,特别是矿物油、煤油、有机聚合物及其混合物组成的组。优选地,这种试剂是煤油。优选地,该防尘剂的量在0.1%与1%之间。 
该粉末包含至少一种使之有可能减小正在熔融的金属对所述粉末和/或从所述粉末获得的固结产品的润湿性的试剂。优选地,这种“抗湿剂”选自碳化硅、硫酸钡、SiAlON化合物、氮化物。优选地,这种试剂选自碳化硅和硫酸钡。更优选地,这种抗湿剂是硫酸钡。优选地,这种抗湿剂以具有小于或等于100μm的尺寸的微粒的形式引入。优选地,该抗湿剂的量在5%与15%之间,优选地在5%与10%之间。 
该耐火颗粒以及该可热活化的粘结剂的颗粒一起代表大于81%,大于85%,大于90%,大于93%,或甚至大于95%,或甚至大于98%的粉末重量。 
该粉末大于95%,或甚至大于98%,或甚至实质上100%由耐火的或玻璃陶瓷的料粒、精细耐火的或玻璃陶瓷的颗粒、可热活化的粘结剂颗粒、防尘剂颗粒和防湿剂颗粒构成的,到100%的可能的余量是由杂质构成的,例如源自研磨步骤的铁。 
这些杂质代表小于3%,小于2%,或甚至小于1%。 
该粉末不含除了任选地一种树脂之外的水硬性粘合剂或有机粘结剂。在第一实施方案中,该粉末既不含水硬性粘合剂,也不含除了任选地一种树脂之外的有机粘结剂。在第二实施方案中,该粉末既不含水硬性粘合剂,也不含无机粘结剂。 
根据本发明的粉末的聚集体还可以包括一个或多个以下最佳的特征: 
该聚集体的颗粒(称为“料粒”)的最大尺寸,小于或等于10mm,优选地小于或等于8mm,优选地小于或等于6mm,或甚至小于或等于4mm。 
具有大于300μm的尺寸的料粒的量大于50%和/或小于70%。 
玻璃陶瓷料粒的量大于45%,大于50%,或甚至大于55%和/或小于80%,或甚至小于70%,或小于65%。 
所述玻璃陶瓷料粒具有的最大尺寸优选小于或等于10mm,优选地小于或等于8mm,优选地小于或等于6mm,或甚至小于或等于4mm。 
具有大于1mm的尺寸的玻璃陶瓷料粒的量基于玻璃陶瓷料粒的量大于30%,优选地大于40%,优选地大于50%,优选地大于60%,或甚至大于70%。 
该聚集体包括大于40%的玻璃陶瓷料粒,这些料粒具有的结晶度大于60%,大于70%,或甚至大于75%,或甚至大于80%或大于85%。 
作为基于该玻璃陶瓷料粒的重量的百分比,大于90%,优选地大于95%,优选地实质上100%的玻璃陶瓷料粒具有的结晶度大于75%,优选地大于85%,优选地大于90%,或甚至大于95%。 
该玻璃陶瓷料粒的玻璃陶瓷材料具有硅铝锂石和/或锂辉石和/或六方堇青石和/或堇青石和/或β石英和/或莫来石和/或钡长石和/或六方钡长石的晶体,优选硅铝锂石和/或堇青石的晶体。 
该玻璃陶瓷料粒的玻璃陶瓷材料具有的玻璃化转变温度大于700°C,或甚至大于750°C。 
该聚集体包括大于5%,优选地大于10%,和/或优选地小于30%的耐火料粒。 
所述耐火料粒具有的最大尺寸优选地小于5mm,优选地小于4mm,优选地小于2mm,优选地小于1mm。 
这些耐火料粒是由一种由选自以下的材料制成的:氧化铝、氧化镁、氧化铬、硅石、铝土矿、莫来石、氧化锆、部分地稳定的氧化锆、稳定的氧化锆、莫来石-氧化锆、氧化铝-氧化锆、氧化镁-氧化铝尖晶石、锆石、堇青石、钛酸铝、含有30%与50%之间的氧化铝、优选35%与45%之间的氧化铝的含粘土的耐火粘土、硅灰石、氧化铝-氧化锆-硅石(或“AZS”)材料,氧化铝-氧化锆-硅石-氧化铬(或“AZS-Cr”)材料、铝土矿、氧化铝强化的氧化锆、氧化铝-氧化钛-氧化锆材料、以及其混合物。优选地,这些耐火料粒是由一种选自以下的材料制成的:氧化铝,莫来石,包含30%与50%之间的氧化铝、优选35%与45%之间的氧化铝的含粘土的耐火粘土,铝土矿及其混合物。优选地,这些耐火料粒是由一种选自以下的材料制成的:氧化铝、莫来石及其混合物。 
基于所述材料的氧化物的百分比,这种氧化铝-氧化钛-氧化锆材料可以尤其是具有以下化学组成: 
10%≤Al2O3≤55%, 
35%≤TiO2≤80%, 
1%≤MgO+Cr2O3≤10%, 
8%≤ZrO2≤20%, 
SiO2≤8%。 
该聚集体包括基于总量小于20%,小于10%,或甚至小于5%的该可热活化的粘结剂,或甚至实质上不含由所述可热活化的粘结剂(称为“粘结剂料粒”)制成的颗粒。 
根据本发明的粉末的基质还可以包括以下的一个或多个最佳的特征: 
具有大于75μm的尺寸的精细颗粒的量在10%与35%之间。 
该基质包含一种由选自以下的材料制成的精细耐火颗粒:氧化铝、氧化镁、氧化铬、硅石、铝土矿、莫来石、氧化锆、部分地稳定的氧化锆、稳定的氧化锆、莫来石-氧化锆、氧化铝-氧化锆、氧化镁-氧化铝尖晶石、锆石、堇青石、钛酸铝、含有30%与50%之间的氧化铝、优选35%与45%之间的氧化铝的含粘土的耐火粘土、硅灰石、氧化铝-氧化锆-硅石(或“AZS”)材料,氧化铝-氧化锆-硅石-氧化铬(或“AZS-Cr”)材料、铝土矿、氧化铝-强化的氧化锆、氧化铝-氧化钛-氧化锆材料、以及其混合物。优选地,所述耐火材料是选自以下各项的材料制成的:氧化铝,莫来石,包含30%与50%之间的氧化铝,优选35%与45%之间的氧化铝的含粘土的耐火粘土,铝土矿及其混合物。更优选地,所述耐火料粒是由一种选自以下各项组成的组:氧化铝、莫来石及其混合物。 
基于所述材料的氧化物的百分比,这种氧化铝-氧化钛-氧化锆材料可以尤其是具有以下化学组成: 
10%≤Al2O3≤55%, 
35%≤TiO2≤80%, 
1%≤MgO+Cr2O3≤10%, 
8%≤ZrO2≤20%, 
SiO2≤8%。 
该精细耐火颗粒的量大于10%,优选地大于15%,和/或小于27%,小于25%。 
该基质包含小于20%,小于10%,或甚至小于5%,或实质上不含由玻璃陶瓷材料制成的颗粒,该材料具有大于50%的结晶度以及在700°C下测量的小于0.3%的热膨胀值,称为“精细玻璃陶瓷料粒”。 
该精细耐火颗粒的量大于5%,优选地大于10%,优选地大于15%,或甚至大于20%,并且优选地小于25%,不含硅铝锂石和/或锂辉石和/或六方堇青石和/或堇青石和/或β石英和/或莫来石和/或钡长石和/或六方钡长石的晶体的玻璃陶瓷料粒量大于5%。 
这些精细的可热活化的粘结剂颗粒的量优选地是大于1%,大于3%,大于5%,和/或优选地小于15%,优选地小于10%,或甚至小于8%或甚至小于6%。 
本发明还涉及通过对根据本发明的粉末固结热处理获得的一种产品,特别是处于块或衬里的形式。 
该产品优选地包括大于1%,大于2%,大于3%,大于4%,大于5%,和/或小于15%,小于12%,小于10%,或甚至小于8%,或小于6%的该可热活化的粘结剂和/或得自所述固结热处理的所述可热活化的粘结剂的转化产品。 
本发明还涉及一种用于制造根据本发明的固结产品的方法,包括以下顺序的步骤: 
a)由根据本发明的粉末制备一种原料; 
(1)该原料包括根据本发明的粉末并且所述原料中的液相代表小于3%,优选小于2%,更优选实质上0%的该原料重量;或 
(2)该原料由包含水和/或临时性粘结剂的混合物构成,如以下描述的; 
b)通过压制、冲压或振动使所述原料成形; 
c)在高于该可热活化的粘结剂的熔点温度以上并且该耐火的以及玻璃陶瓷颗粒的熔点以下的温度对该成形的原料进行固结热处理。 
可以实施该方法来制造感应炉坩埚的侧壁和底部。此种坩埚的侧壁和底部一起构成了该加热炉的“衬里”。 
在情况(1)中,所述原料中的水或甚至液相优选地代表小于2%的原料重量。更优选地,并且特别对于空心感应炉衬里,该原料不含水或临时性粘结剂。 
坩埚的底部,或“底板”通过将该原料倾倒入该感应炉的腔室中生产,该原料优选地由根据本发明的粉末构成。如此构成的这个层然后进行例如冲压或振动。在匀平操作之后将模具临时性地置于如此获得的层上,该操作使之有可能消除该底板的致密化较差的上层。 
为了生产坩埚的侧壁,然后在加热炉腔室与所述腔室中放置的模具之间继续倾倒该原料,优选地直至该原料在该模具的整个高度上包围该模具。所述腔室可以尤其是由绝缘材料的层构成的。 
优选地,该原料是通过振动压实的。该压实可以在倾倒该原料时进行。 
然后升温可以活化该可热活化的粘结剂,也就是说使能将该可热活化的粘结剂颗粒熔化成粘性的形式,并且因此确保了该耐火的和玻璃陶瓷的颗粒之间的内聚力。 
在步骤c)中,固结热处理优选地在高于工作温度T工作的温度下进行。在固结热处理过程中达到的最大温度下的保持时间优选地大于30分钟,优选地大于一小时和/或小于十小时,优选地小于三小时。 
该固结热处理可以是烧结。 
冷却之后,该可热活化的粘结剂在该耐火的和玻璃陶瓷的颗粒之间形成了粘结剂相。因此获得了称为“固结的”产品。典型地,此种固结的产品的表面多孔性是在10%与30%之间。 
如果没有在该坩埚的侧壁以及底部的整个厚度上达到该活化温度,则该坩埚的一部分,特别是在该加热炉的感应器附近可能不进行固结。 
该固结加处理步骤之后,将该模具移除或消除并且该坩埚准备用于熔融金属。 
这种用于制造固结的产品的过程还可以用于制造旨在与其他块进行组装的多个独立的块。然后优选地是,根据任项(2),向该粉末中加入临时性粘结剂和/或水。然后获得了一种混合物,该混合物可以倾倒入模具中并且使之有可能在步骤b)之后获得在环境温度下具有“冷”强度的预成型件。 
本发明还涉及此种混合物。 
优选地,该混合物中的临时性粘结剂的量大于0.5%和/或小于6%,并且水的量大于2%和/或小于6%,或甚至小于5%,作为相对于加入该临时性粘结剂和水之前的粉末的重量、按重量计的百分比。 
可以使用通常用于制造粘结的陶瓷块的临时性粘结剂,例如糊精、木素磺酸钙、 CMC、或PEG。 
本发明还涉及根据本发明的固结的产品在应用中的用途,其中使所述固结的产品的至少一个部件经受低于该最大固结热处理温度的工作温度T工作。 
本发明还涉及一种用于熔融金属的加热炉,该加热炉包括至少一个由根据本发明的固结的产品构成的区域,特别是旨在与正在熔融的金属接触的区域。 
该加热炉可以特别是用于熔融铝、铝合金,例如像根据标准NF EN 1706参考号42200的合金,镁合金、锌合金或铜合金的加热炉。 
当然,耐火料粒的性质被确定为使得所述料粒的熔点高于其预期经受的所述区域的温度。 
优选地,这些玻璃陶瓷料粒的玻璃陶瓷材料具有的玻璃化转变温度Tg大于其预期经受的所述区域的温度(工作区域T工作)减去50°C,也就是说使得Tg>T工作-50°C。有时,可以考虑减小100°C,也就是说Tg>T工作-100°C。 
最后,本发明涉及一种用于制造加热炉、特别是一种用于熔融金属的加热炉的方法,其中将根据本发明的产品制成的至少一个块进行组装,或者其中生产了包含根据本发明的产品的坩埚,特别是在旨在与正在熔融的金属接触的区域中。 
优选地,所述玻璃陶瓷料粒的玻璃陶瓷材料具有的玻璃化转变温度Tg大于所预其的使用所述产品的温度减去50°C。 
定义 
术语“粉末”应理解为意思是干燥的微粒的混合物。 
术语“颗粒”是指粉末的固体组分要素。基质的颗粒被称为“精细颗粒”并且聚集体的颗粒被称为“料粒”。 
颗粒的“尺寸”通常通过粒度分布的表征给出。激光粒度分析器使该尺寸的测量能小于或等于5mm。 
粉末的百分位数或“百分位等级”10(D10)、50(D50)、90(D90)和99.5(D99.5)对应于该粉末的颗粒的累积颗粒大小分布曲线上按重量计分别为10%、50%、 90%和99.5%的百分比的颗粒大小,这些颗粒大小根据逐渐增加的顺序进行归类。例如,按重量计10%的粉末颗粒具有小于D10的尺寸,并且按重量计90%的颗粒具有大于D10的尺寸。这些百分位数可通过使用激光颗粒尺寸分析仪产生的颗粒大小分布来确定。 
表达“最大尺寸”是指所述粉末的百分位数99.5(D99.5)。 
表达“粒度中值”是指百分位数D50,也就是说将这些颗粒分成按质量计相等的第一以及第二群体的尺寸,这些第一以及第二群体仅包含具有分别大于或小于该粒度中值的颗粒。 
表达“玻璃陶瓷材料”应理解为是指通过前体玻璃的受控的结晶而获得的微晶的化合物。这些玻璃陶瓷材料是具有非常精细的结晶的化合物(微结晶),具有小于1μm的粒度中值,漂浮在残余的玻璃相中。玻璃相的量并不限制本发明并且能以非常小的量存在。 
前体玻璃的受控的结晶(在固态中)通常直接地或者以其他方式跟随在用于获得所述前体玻璃的步骤之后的步骤过程中进行。这种受控的结晶通常被称为“结晶热处理”或“玻璃陶瓷化热处理”。 
因此通过熔融冷却制造的产品不是玻璃陶瓷材料,这些产品在其制造过程中不经历其中它们处于玻璃态的步骤。熔融的刚玉、熔融的氧化铝、熔融的尖晶石、熔融的氧化镁、熔融的莫来石、熔融的莫来石-氧化锆、任选地掺杂的熔融钛酸铝、以及熔融的氮化物具体地不是玻璃陶瓷材料。 
当根据本发明的粉末的颗粒是由既为玻璃陶瓷的又为耐火的材料制成时,它被认为是“玻璃陶瓷颗粒”,也就是说取决于其尺寸,是“玻璃陶瓷料粒”或是“精细玻璃陶瓷颗粒”。 
表达玻璃陶瓷材料的“玻璃化转变温度”应理解为意思是以下这种温度间隔的中间,其中所述玻璃陶瓷材料逐渐地变得更粘稠并且从液态转变成固态。该玻璃陶瓷材料的玻璃化转变温度可以通过差示热分析(DTA)来确定。 
表达在700°C下测量的“热膨胀值”应理解为意思是比率100.(L700°C-L0)/L0的平均值,其中L700°C和L0表示分别在700°C和环境温度下产品的样品的长度。热膨胀值可以尤其是如在实例中描述的测量的。 
表达玻璃陶瓷材料的“结晶度”应理解为是指在所述材料中包含的结晶相的重量百分比。 
术语“杂质”应理解为意思是与原料一起偶然地并且不可避免地引入的、或从与这些组分的反应中产生的不可避免的组分。这些杂质不是必要的组分,但是仅是容许的组分。优选地,这些杂质的量是小于2%,小于1%,小于0.5%或甚至实质上为零。 
表达“耐火材料”应理解为意思是具有高于1500°C熔点的材料。该定义通常由本领域的普通技术人员使用并且引用自1979年由Septima Paris出版的G.Aliprandi的“Matériaux réfractaires et céramiques techniques (éléments de céramurgie et de technologie)[工程耐火材料和陶瓷材料(陶瓷学和技术组分)]”。该著作还在第297至301页给出了耐火材料,尤其是氧化物、碳化物和氮化物的实例。 
表达“可热活化的粘结剂”应理解为意思是一种组分,该组分在温度增加的作用下将会液化成一种适合用于使混合在其中的耐火粉末的颗粒进行聚集的粘性形式。举例而言,熔点分别处于150°C与300°C之间、约530°C和1010°C的硼酸、四氟硼酸钾以及冰晶石熔体给出了能够使根据本发明的粉末的颗粒聚集的粘性相,也就是说能够导致结构化(自支撑)的产品。 
术语“硼酸盐”应理解为意思是基于硼并且基于带正电的元素的含氧阴离子化合物。基于硼的含氧阴离子可以是硼酸盐含氧阴离子BO2 -,二硼酸盐含氧阴离子B2O5 4-,三硼酸盐含氧阴离子B3O5 -,四硼酸盐含氧阴离子B4O7 2-。四硼酸钠Na2B4O7、三硼酸锂LiB3O5、二硼酸镁Mg2B2O5是硼酸盐的例子。这些硼酸盐还可以是水合的,例如像硼砂Na2B4O7.10H2O。 
术语“暂时性”应理解为意思是“在该固结热处理过程中从该产物中消除”。 
除非另外指明,所有的百分比是关于该粉末的重量按重量计表达的。 
通常,关于物质的状态的特征(熔点、粘度、等)是在1巴下提供的,除非另外指明。 
具体实施方式
优选地,根据本发明的粉末通过仅仅将耐火颗粒、玻璃陶瓷颗粒以及可热活化的粘结剂颗粒进行混合而形成。 
在根据现有技术的技术中使用的所有耐火颗粒均可以考虑用于该基质和该聚集体。 
诸位发明人已经发现了,加入玻璃陶瓷颗粒显著地改进了从该粉末获得的固结产品的特性,其条件是: 
该聚集体包含大量的玻璃陶瓷颗粒; 
所述聚集体的玻璃陶瓷颗粒的结晶度较高; 
在接近该工作温度的温度(通常约700°C)下,所述聚集体的玻璃陶瓷颗粒的热膨胀值是较低。 
这些玻璃陶瓷颗粒优选地选择为,使得颗粒的玻璃化转变温度是低于所述颗粒在工作中经受的最大温度至多50°C,不论所考虑的颗粒。换言之,后者的温度应不超过玻璃化转变温度大于50°C。 
优选地,玻璃陶瓷颗粒的玻璃化转变温度(不论所考虑的颗粒)是大于或等于其在工作中经受的温度。 
然而,必需的是,在该聚集体中,由不同于玻璃陶瓷材料的耐火材料制成的料粒的量是小于35%。 
暂时性地,尤其是在第一升温过程中,该工作温度可以超过这些颗粒的最大玻璃化转变温度。然而,优选地,这种超过仍然被限制为小于100°C。 
已经证明大于50%的结晶度是必须的,使得与使用在工作中在负荷下正在熔融并且软化的金属相比,其性能适合于所考虑的用途。 
大于75%的结晶度使之有可能获得优异的性能,不论该基质是否包括耐火颗粒。 
如果结晶度在50%与75%之间,则其性能是更低的。然而,诸位发明人已经发现了,在基质中存在5%与25%之间量值的精细耐火颗粒使之有可能保持对于目标应用而言可接受的耐腐蚀性以及对正在熔融的金属的渗透的耐受性。 
该玻璃陶瓷必须在该粉末的玻璃陶瓷颗粒中进行陶瓷化。确切地说,形成该粉 末之后,例如在固结热处理过程中或在加热炉的第一启动过程中的结晶将导致不可接受的收缩。 
此外,尽管所述聚集体的玻璃陶瓷颗粒的热膨胀值必须较低,然而诸位发明人已经发现了它不必尽可能的低。具体地,已经发现了当该热膨胀值低于或等于0.1%时,性能将会降低。然而这种性能的降低可能至少部分地通过在聚集体中存在优选10%与35%之间的量值的耐火料粒来补偿。 
另一方面,如果该热膨胀值大于0.1%,则在该聚集体中存在耐火料粒是任选的。优选地,其量值是小于30%。 
该可热活化的粘结剂具体地必须随着工作温度的变化而进行选择。更确切地说,这种粘结剂必须是在工作温度下可活化的。举例而言,没有考虑使用冰晶石作为该可热活化的粘结剂用于其中工作温度将会低于950°C的应用。 
该可热活化的粘结剂还必须选择为具有低于该玻璃陶瓷和/或耐火颗粒的熔点的熔点。在该固结热处理过程中,该可热活化的粘结剂因此可以从固体状态转变成一种使得能附着到这些玻璃陶瓷和/或耐火颗粒上并且在后者之间粘结的一种粘性液体状态。 
根据本发明的粉末可以通过将具有适当的粒度、结晶以及组成的原料进行混合而制造。 
用于压实根据本发明的粉末的所有已知的手段是有可能的,尤其是压制、冲压、浇注或振动。 
优选地,根据本发明的粉末的粒度分布适合于有利其压紧。可以使用压紧模型,例如Fuller-Bolomey模型或Andreasen来确定最适当的粒度分布。 
实例 
以如下方式制造了不同实例的粉末。 
玻璃陶瓷颗粒的制备
将适合于随着所希望的粉末的玻璃陶瓷颗粒的化学分析变化而变化的原料在电弧炉中进行熔融。将约15kg的熔融材料浴倾倒入200升的水槽中,使得能迅速淬火并且避免结晶。 
如此获得的玻璃前体是具有小于20mm尺寸的非晶相颗粒的混合物。颗粒的非晶相状态通过X射线衍射证实。然后将这些颗粒在110°C下干燥48小时,然后经受玻璃陶瓷化(或“结晶”)热处理。该热处理主要包括成核(或“发芽”)保持点(hold)以及结晶生长保持点,这些保持点被定义为结晶峰的和玻璃化转变温度Tg的函数,它们通过差示热分析(DTA)确定。 
该玻璃陶瓷化热处理如下: 
实例2和3的玻璃陶瓷颗粒: 
从20°C至750°C:以300°C/h增加 
在750°C下保持一小时 
从750°C至950°C:以300°C/h增加 
在950°C下保持一小时 
以300°C/h降低到20°C。 
实例4的玻璃陶瓷颗粒: 
从20°C至750°C:以300°C/h增加 
在750°C下保持一小时 
从750°C至950°C:以300°C/h增加 
在950°C下保持十小时 
以300°C/h降低到20°C。 
实例5、6和7的玻璃陶瓷颗粒: 
从20°C至780°C:以300°C/h增加 
在780°C下保持四小时 
从780°C至1020°C:以300°C/h增加 
在1020°C下保持十小时 
以300°C/h降低到20°C。 
实例8的玻璃陶瓷颗粒: 
从20°C至790°C:以300°C/h增加 
在790°C下保持四小时 
从790°C至1200°C:以300°C/h增加 
在1200°C下保持两小时 
以300°C/h降低到20°C。 
在该玻璃陶瓷化的热处理之后,将这些颗粒在颚式破碎机中进行研磨并且筛分以获得所希望的粒径部分。 
所使用的玻璃陶瓷颗粒的分析在以下表1中给出(重量百分比)。100%的余量由杂质构成。 
玻璃陶瓷材料在700°C下测量的热膨胀值在所述材料的整体式的圆筒中进行,该圆筒是由具有小于20mm的尺寸的并且玻璃陶瓷化的非晶相的颗粒中的机加工的。该圆筒具有12mm的直径以及在10与15mm之间的高度。该圆筒的高度在环境温度下使用Setaram Setsys evolution TMA 1750竖直膨胀计测量。该测量使用具有硅石部件的单一的半球状探针进行。测量了在环境温度下的长度L0以及在700°C下的长度L700°C。在700°C下测量的热膨胀值是等于比率100.(L700°C-L0)/L0。 
玻璃化转变温度Tg通过DTA测量。 
表1 
有待试验的零件的制备
将不同的微粒组分、包括该可热活化的粘结剂引入到混合器中,并且干混五分钟。 
所使用的不同微粒成分如下: 
白色的刚玉(corindon),具有大于99.6%的氧化铝含量以及等于3.95g/cm3的料粒密度; 
棕色刚玉,具有大于95%的氧化铝含量、小于1.2%的硅石含量、小于3%的氧化钛含量、小于0.25%的氧化铁含量、以及大于3.85g/cm3的料粒密度; 
煅烧的氧化铝AC44B6,由RIO TINTO ALCAN公司出售; 
粘土,具有相对于干燥产品等于28%的氧化铝含量,等于40μm的百分位数D90以及在1000°C热处理一小时之后等于9%的燃烧失重; 
硼酸,具有大于99.9%的H3BO3当量以及等于100μm的粒度中值D50; 
氟硼酸钾(KBF4),典型地包含按重量计96%的氟硼酸钾,并且具有小于100μm的尺寸。 
将如此获得的每种粉末引入到混合器中,还向其中加入1%的糊精粉末,这个百分比是相对于所述粉末的重量。混合五分钟之后,逐渐地加入作为相对于初始粉末的重量3%的水(因此无需糊精粉末),其中不停止该混合器。引入所有的水之后,该混合继续五分钟。 
加入临时性粘结剂,例如糊精和水对于制造小的样品是必须的,但是在用于形成加热炉衬里的粉末的工业应用过程中并不是必须的。 
然后将湿混合物倾倒入适合用于制造以下零件的模具中: 
固结的砖,具有230×114×60mm3的尺寸,用于加工具有150×25×25mm3尺寸的棒,不含表皮面(skin face)并且旨在用于物理机械表征(堆密度、表面多孔性、热震后挠曲强度的相对损失), 
圆筒,具有50mm的直径以及60mm的高度,在其中心用12mm直径的孔穿透,旨在用于热膨胀测量, 
固结的砖,具有230×114×60mm3的尺寸,包含两个具有35mm直径以及30mm深度的孔,旨在用于对正在熔融的金属的渗透进行测试。 
为此目的,将该湿混合物倾倒入该模具中并且在90MPa压力下经受同轴压制。然后将如此获得的预成型件脱模并且在110°C下干燥24小时。 
旨在用于热膨胀测量的圆筒不进行热处理。 
将这些砖在以下热周期中进行固结: 
从20°C至750°C:以150°C/h增加 
在750°C下保持两小时 
以150°C/h降低到20°C。 
表征
粉末的粒径部分通过干筛分对于D10>45μm的等级进行确定并且使用HORIBA激光粒度分析仪对于D90<100μm的等级进行确定。 
化学分析通过X射线荧光谱对于具有大于0.1wt%含量的元素进行确定。如果一种元素的含量是小于0.1wt%,则它通过ICP(感应耦合等离子体)在Vista AX型(由瓦里安(Varian)公司出售)上确定。 
固结热处理之后的堆密度以及表面多孔性的测量根据以下方法进行:将以上提到的棒首先进行干称重以确定其干重Ms。然后将它们置于真空空气中的钟形罩中保持30分钟。然后用水填充该钟形罩,使得这些棒完全浸没。浸没之后,将该真空保持30分钟。然后重新建立该钟形罩中的大气压并且留下样品以再静置30分钟。然后将这些样品经受流体静力称重,给出重量Mi。然后将它们用湿布擦拭并且对其湿质量Mh进行测量。 
堆密度通过ρ.Ms/(Mh-Mi)以g/cm3给出,其中ρ是水的密度,取等于1g/cm3。 
表面多孔性通过比率100(Mh-Ms)/(Mh-Mi),以%给出。 
对正在熔融的金属的渗透的耐受性是通过将这些用两个孔穿透的固结的砖置于与正在熔融的金属进行接触而确定。为此目的,将这些孔用根据标准NF EN 1706的参考号42220的铝硅合金的碎屑填充。然后将整个组件置于800°C的温度下持续限制为八小时的保持时间。冷却之后,测量渗透的深度。 
热震后的挠曲强度的相对损失使之有可能评估产品经受此种震动的能力。 
使用标准试验PRE III.26/PRE/R.5.1/78通过在一个周期后挠曲强度(%MOR损失)的相对损失来确定热震行为,该周期包括将试验样本置于600°C的温度,将该样 本在这个温度下保持一小时,然后将该样本浸没到冷(20°C)水中。 
这些样本是如以上描述的,在进行该试验之前在110°C加热48小时的棒。 
该挠曲强度根据标准ISO 5014,使用125mm的支持跨度进行测量。对于给定的组成,样本的初始挠曲强度的测量值(未经受热震),或“初始MOR”的测量值,是在三个相同样本上测量的平均值;在600°C的热震之后的强度的测量,“TS后的MOR”,是对于三个样品在其经受所述的热震之后在环境温度下测量的挠曲强度的平均值;挠曲强度的相对损失的测量值,“%MOR损失”,通过以下公式给出: 
%MOR损失=100.(TS后MOR-初始MOR)/(初始MOR) 
该玻璃陶瓷的结晶度通过X射线衍射测量。X射线衍射图使用布鲁克(Bruker)公司的D5000衍射仪,使用铜对阴极进行采集。这种采集在5°与80°之间范围内的2θ角度上以0.02°的步长和1s/步的时间进行。使用0.6mm的接收缝隙并且使样品本身进行旋转以限制优选定向作用。将采集时间增加一个因子2以获得更好的统计计数。 
存在的结晶相的性质使用EVA软件和ICDD文件数据库确定。 
非晶相的百分比使用PANalytical公司提供的High Score Plus软件测量。该方法通过向该样品中加入已知百分比的通常的结晶的标准物(在这种情况下是氧化锌ZnO)使用Rietveld精修。该样品是球粒,通过在玛瑙研钵中将0.4g(即,按重量计20%)的具有按重量计大于99%纯度和小于1μm的尺寸的ZnO以及1.6g(即,按重量计80%)研磨到小于40μm的尺寸的玻璃陶瓷材料混合而获得。 
该非晶相通过Rietveld法是不可见的,仅考虑结晶的相并且其总和标准化到100%。 
在其中还存在至少一个非晶相的情况下,结晶的相的量必须进行矫正:已知量值的结晶标准物的加入使之有可能进行所存在的所有结晶相的量的矫正,并且因此使得能确定存在的非晶相的百分比,%CompAm。 
结晶度通过以下公式给出:100-%CompAm,作为重量百分比。 
表2的膨胀值的测量在非固结的圆筒上进行,这些圆筒具有50mm的直径,被12mm直径的中央孔穿过,通过压制并且在110°C下干燥24小时而直接获得。该测量根据标准EN993-19进行。该测量通过RDP牌DCT 500A型LVDT传感器,使用 致密的烧结的氧化铝制成的比较器进行。 
结果
以下表2归纳了所获得的结果。 
表2 
诸位发明人考虑到,如果这些结果满足以下折中的话则它们是特别令人满意的: 
(a)金属的渗透深度是小于或等于1mm,优选0; 
(b)热震后的MOR损失是小于或等于30%。 
此外,诸位发明人考虑到,为了避免开裂,必要的是该产品在700°C测量的热膨胀值仍然是正的。 
如现在明显清楚的是,本发明提供了一种粉末,该粉末使之有可能制造固结的产品,这些产品具有良好的抗热震性以及良好的对于正在熔融的金属的渗透的耐受性。 
此外,其他试验已经证明了,根据本发明的粉末容易进行安装,具有低成本,并且导致了相对于正在熔融的金属具有良好的化学惰性的固结产品,能够有效地经受这些正在熔融的金属的侵蚀。根据本发明的固结的产品因此完全适合于用于熔融金属的加热炉中的应用。 
当然,本发明并不限于通过举例所提供的这些实施方案。 

Claims (23)

1.一种包含大于70%的玻璃陶瓷和/或耐火颗粒的粉末,所述粉末的颗粒根据其具有小于或等于100μm还是大于100μm的尺寸而分别被归类为“基质”部分或“聚集体”部分,
该聚集体,代表大于60%的该粉末,包括:
大于40%的玻璃陶瓷材料颗粒,该材料具有大于50%的结晶度以及在700℃下测量的小于0.3%的热膨胀值,称为“玻璃陶瓷料粒”;
小于35%的、由不同于玻璃陶瓷材料的耐火材料制成的颗粒,称为“耐火料粒”,如果该聚集体包括大于40%的、具有在700℃测量的小于或等于0.15%的热膨胀值的玻璃陶瓷料粒,则耐火料粒的量大于10%;
该基质,代表大于10%的该粉末,包括:
小于30%的、由不同于玻璃陶瓷材料的耐火材料制成的颗粒,称为“精细耐火颗粒”,如果具有小于75%的结晶度的玻璃陶瓷料粒的量值大于5%,则该精细耐火颗粒的量大于5%;
以及在0.1%与18%之间的可热活化的粘结剂颗粒,称为“精细的可热活化的粘结剂颗粒”;
所有的百分比是相对于该粉末的重量按重量计的。
2.如权利要求1所述的粉末,其中该可热活化的粘结剂是无机粘结剂和/或至少一种树脂。
3.如权利要求1中所述的粉末,包括大于40%的玻璃陶瓷料粒,这些料粒具有大于75%的结晶度。
4.如权利要求1所述的粉末,其中该玻璃陶瓷料粒的量大于50%并且小于65%。
5.如权利要求1所述的粉末,其中具有大于1mm的尺寸的玻璃陶瓷料粒的量基于玻璃陶瓷料粒的量大于40%。
6.如权利要求1所述的粉末,其中所述玻璃陶瓷料粒的玻璃陶瓷材料具有硅铝锂石和/或锂辉石和/或六方堇青石和/或堇青石和/或β石英和/或莫来石和/或钡长石和/或六方钡长石的晶体。
7.如权利要求1所述的粉末,其中所述玻璃陶瓷料粒的玻璃陶瓷材料具有大于700℃的玻璃化转变温度。
8.如权利要求1所述的粉末,其中该基质包括小于20%的、由玻璃陶瓷材料制成的颗粒,该材料具有大于50%的结晶度以及在700℃下测量的小于0.3%的热膨胀值,称为“精细玻璃陶瓷颗粒”。
9.如权利要求1所述的粉末,其中这些耐火料粒和/或精细耐火颗粒是由一种选自以下的材料制成的:氧化铝,氧化镁,氧化铬,硅石,铝土矿,莫来石,氧化锆,部分地稳定的氧化锆,稳定的氧化锆,莫来石-氧化锆,氧化铝-氧化锆,氧化镁-氧化铝尖晶石,锆石,堇青石,钛酸铝,含有30%与50%之间的氧化铝含粘土的耐火粘土,硅灰石,氧化铝-氧化锆-硅石(或“AZS”)材料,氧化铝-氧化锆-硅石-氧化铬“AZS-Cr”材料,氧化铝-氧化钛-氧化锆材料,以及其混合物。
10.如权利要求1所述的粉末,其中该耐火颗粒的量小于25%。
11.如权利要求1所述的粉末,其中该可热活化的粘结剂选自:氧化硼、硼酸、硼酸盐、冰晶石、氟化盐、硅酸盐化合物、磷酸盐化合物、长石、氯化镁、硬硼钙石、粘土、高岭土、无定形硅石、酚醛树脂、呋喃树脂、陶瓷玻璃料、以及其混合物。
12.如权利要求11所述的粉末,其中该可热活化的粘结剂选自:硼酸钠、硼酸钾、硼酸钙、硼酸、氧化硼、粘土、氟化盐、以及其混合物。
13.如权利要求1所述的粉末,其中在该基质中该可热活化的粘结剂颗粒的量大于3%并且小于10%。
14.如权利要求1所述的粉末,其中该可热活化的粘结剂具有在150℃与小于1200℃之间的熔点。
15.如权利要求1所述的粉末,其中该精细耐火颗粒的量大于5%并且不含硅铝锂石和/或锂辉石和/或六方堇青石和/或堇青石和/或β石英和/或莫来石和/或钡长石和/或六方钡长石的晶体的玻璃陶瓷料粒的量大于5%。
16.如权利要求1所述的粉末,既不含水硬性粘合剂也不含除了树脂之外的有机粘结剂。
17.如权利要求1所述的粉末,其中
这些颗粒的最大尺寸小于5mm,并且
具有大于300μm的尺寸的颗粒的量大于50%并且小于70%,并且
基质的量值大于15%并且小于40%,并且
具有小于75μm的尺寸的颗粒的量大于10%并且小于35%。
18.如权利要求1所述的粉末,其中耐火的和/或玻璃陶瓷的料粒、精细耐火的和/或玻璃陶瓷的颗粒、可热活化粘结剂颗粒的、防尘剂颗粒的和防湿剂颗粒的量大于95%。
19.如权利要求1所述的粉末,如果具有小于75%的结晶度的玻璃陶瓷料粒的量值大于5%,则该精细耐火颗粒的量小于25%。
20.一种混合物,包括如权利要求1所述的粉末,以及
暂时性粘结剂,其含量大于0.5%并且小于6%,和/或
水,其含量大于2%并且小于6%,
其百分比是相对于加入该暂时性粘结剂和水之前的粉末重量而言按重量计的。
21.一种固结的产品,通过将如权利要求1所述的粉末或如在权利要求20中所述的混合物在高于该可热活化的粘结剂的熔点以上的温度进行固结热处理而获得。
22.一种用于熔融金属的加热炉,包括至少一个旨在与正在进行熔融的金属进行接触的区域,所述区域由如权利要求21所述的固结的产品构造的。
23.一种用于制造如权利要求21所述的固结产品的方法,包括以下逐次的步骤:
a)由如权利要求1所述的粉末来制备原料,
(1)该原料包括如权利要求1所述的粉末并且所述原料中的液相代表小于该原料重量的3%;或
(2)该原料是由如权利要求20中所述的混合物构成的;
b)通过压制、冲压或振动使所述原料成形;
c)在高于该可热活化的粘结剂的熔点以上的温度,对成形的所述原料进行固结热处理。
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