CN102668731A - 用于电子线路的基质 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种通过喷射印刷方法用墨水印刷导电结构的载体材料,该墨水含有导电颗粒,当该载体材料含有作为外部涂层的微孔层,且微孔层的平均孔隙尺寸小于100nm时,在不需要后续的热处理的条件下该载体材料使印刷结构具有较小电阻。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种通过喷射印刷方法用导电墨水印刷电子线路的载体材料。
背景技术
在电子设备和电子线路的生产中,主要的步骤是建立构件相互之间的导电连接。该连接必须伴随一个预设的结构,以实现组件或设备的预计的功能。提供的不同的方案用以制成这样的结构,该结构由导电材料、通常由金属或碳元素(石墨)材料构成。对于成本适宜的批量生产特别适合采用印刷方法,用该印刷方法、通过在平面式电绝缘的优选具有挠性的载体材料上涂覆印刷油墨、而在一个处理步骤中生成上述线路。
对于电子线路的制造可以采用喷射印刷技术。这实现了,在绝缘的载体材料上涂覆导电结构,或者使已经涂覆的构件形成导电连接;其中,相对于其它印刷技术、诸如丝网印刷,喷射印刷技术不用事先准备印刷模具,并由此可以简单且成本低地进行小批量生产,或甚至可以制造单个构件。这样的应用例如在John B.Blum著的文献“Printed Circuit Design and Manufacture”,1st October 2007,之中进行说明。
在此,作为印刷墨水通常使用含有金属或碳元素的配制品,导电材料以颗粒的形式存在其中。对于喷射印刷,颗粒必须非常精细,通常小于1μm,从而防止印刷喷嘴堵塞,并且防止导电颗粒在低粘度墨水中沉淀。为了使颗粒稳定化以免发生凝聚和沉淀,必须向该墨水中加入添加剂,诸如表面活性剂或保护胶体。通常优选含有细致分散的银金属的墨水。这种类型的墨水例如可以从公司ANP(AdvancedNano Products,韩国,型号为DGP和DGH)、公司Harima Chemicals,Inc.,Japan(型号为NPS)以及公司Cabot Corporation,USA(型号为CCI-300)获得。墨水中,银颗粒的颗粒尺寸在5nm至几百个nm的范围内。
作为待印刷的载体材料,除了硬质载体材料、诸如玻璃或陶瓷以外,还可以采用由聚合物构成的弹性薄膜、特别由聚酯构成的薄膜。在喷射印刷到这样的载体材料上之后,使含在墨水中的溶剂干燥,以及使保留在印刷层中的除了银颗粒以外的没有挥发的添加剂干燥。因为添加剂是电绝缘的,所以这样印刷的结构的导电性很弱。由于该原因,如在墨水制造商的数据表以及在John B.Blum著的文献“PrintedCircuit Design and Manufacture”,1st October 2007,之中所述,需要在温度至少为100℃至高出400℃的条件下进行热学的再处理,从而实现印刷结构的金属导电性。特别在较低的温度条件下,用于必要的热学再处理所需要的时间很长,通常超过1小时。如果为了缩短时间而采用高温,那么相对地就无法应用低成本的且易操作的、由热塑性聚合物构成的、作为载体材料的挠性薄膜,这是因为,这种薄膜不能充分承受较高的所需温度,并且会产生变形。
Werner Zapka et al.在文献“Low Temperature ChemicalPost-treatment of Inkjet-Printed Nano-Particle Silver Inks”(NIP 24and Digital Fabrication 2008Final Program andProceedings,page 907)中公开了一种处理方法,其中,使印刷结构在干燥处理之后用盐溶液进行处理。但是,该盐溶液必须在用过之后用水冲掉,这代表了具有接下来的重新干燥步骤的多步方法。
文献US 3 652 332A公开了多孔性载体材料的应用,特别公开了采用经涂胶的印胶印刷纸来印刷导电结构。作为印刷方法,在此采用凸版印刷方法。所公开的用于产生导电结构的印刷油墨为碳黑印刷油墨或银盐印刷油墨,颗粒尺寸明显大于1μm,而这样大的颗粒尺寸并不适用于喷射印刷方法。该专利的技术方案中,印刷介质必须具有一定的吸收度,以能够产生均匀的印刷表面,该印刷表面具有可再现的导电性。该专利中公开的载体材料,优选通常为涂有粘土颜料的绘画纸,由于该载体材料的粗糙且不均匀的孔隙结构及其较小的孔隙度而不能满足喷射印刷的特定需求,喷射印刷采用的是低粘度的含有导电颗粒的墨水。因此,该载体材料的较高的表面粗糙度妨碍了精细的高分辨率的结构的印刷。
在US 2009/0087548A1中公开了一种方法,其中,将金属墨水涂覆在具有孔隙层的载体材料上。孔隙层防止了印刷结构的偏移,从而获得非常精细的结构。在该方法中,金属颗粒侵入到孔隙层中,在后续进行的热处理中将孔隙层除掉。尽管用该方法可以印刷出非常高分辨率的结构,但是必须还要进行后续的额外的处理步骤,用以除掉孔隙层。由此,该处理步骤需要300℃高温的应用条件,这样又妨碍了该发明在优选的挠性载体材料方面的应用。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于,提供一种用于印刷电子线路的载体材料,采用印刷墨水,该印刷墨水含有导电颗粒,导电颗粒的平均颗粒尺寸小于1μm。即使在没有对印刷材料的后续热处理的情况下,本发明也能够实现印刷结构的高导电性。该载体材料应该特别适用于采用含含有金属或碳元素(石墨)的墨水的喷射印刷,并且实现了精细结构的高分辨率的印刷。
令人惊奇地发现,当载体材料含有位于外部的微孔层,且微孔层的平均孔隙尺寸小于100nm时,利用喷射印刷的含有导电颗粒的结构能够省去后续的热处理。
本发明的主题还涉及一种用于在前述载体材料上制造导电结构的方法。
本发明的主题最后涉及一种印刷线路,通过喷射印刷方法、用印刷墨水来印刷前述载体材料而制成,印刷墨水含有导电颗粒。
具体实施方式
在本发明的一个优选实施例中,微孔层的平均孔隙尺寸在5nm至50nm的范围内。
还特别优选,根据DIN4768的Rz值测得,微孔层表面的平均粗糙度小于1μm。
在本发明的一个特别的结构实施例中,外部的微孔层可以采用聚合物泡沫、例如通过溶胶-凝胶法制成。这样的微孔层例如在WO2007/065841A1中进行公开。
在本发明的另一个优选结构实施例中,外部的微孔层含有细粒的无机和/或有机颜料颗粒、以及亲水粘合剂。根据本发明,适宜的图像记录层的颜料例如为氧化铝、氢氧化铝、氧化铝氢氧化物、氧化铝水合物、二氧化硅、氢氧化镁、高岭土、二氧化钛、氧化锌、氢氧化锌、硅酸钙、硅酸镁、碳酸钙、碳酸镁和硫酸钡。颜料在微孔层中的量值基于干燥层的重量可以为40-95重量%、优选60-90重量%。
微孔层的颜料的颗粒尺寸优选小于1000nm,然而特别为50-500nm。原始颗粒的平均颗粒尺寸优选小于100nm,特别小于50nm。
微孔层含有溶于水和/或可分散在水中的粘合剂。适宜的粘合剂例如为聚乙烯醇、完全或部分皂化的阳离子化改性聚乙烯醇、含有甲硅烷基的聚乙烯醇、含有乙缩醛的聚乙烯醇、白明胶、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、淀粉、甲基纤维素、聚乙二醇、苯乙烯/丁二烯-橡胶和苯乙烯/丙烯酸酯-橡胶。特别优选完全或部分皂化的聚乙烯醇。粘合剂的量值基于干燥层的重量可以为60-5重量%、优选50-10重量%、然而特别为35-8重量%。
微孔层通常可以含有:添加剂和辅助剂,诸如交联剂、离子和/或非离子表面活性剂;固粒剂,诸如多铵化合物;UV吸收剂;抗氧化剂和其它的光稳定剂和改善气体抗性的助剂;以及其它辅助剂。
微孔层的承载重量可以为1-60g/m2,优选5-40g/m2,特别优选10-30g/m2。
微孔层可以具有单层结构,也可以具有多层结构。
上面设置有微孔层的、载体材料所采用的基础材料可以为硬质的板状材料,诸如玻璃或塑料。然而优选采用弹性的基础材料,诸如塑料薄膜、无纺布或纸张。
在一个特别优选的实施例中,基础材料为原纸。对于本发明的目的,原纸可以理解为未涂层的或表面涂胶的纸张。原纸除了含有纸浆以外,还可以含有:施胶剂,诸如烷基烯酮二聚体、脂肪酸和/或脂肪酸盐、环氧化脂肪酸酰胺、烯基或烷基琥珀酸酐;耐湿剂,诸如聚酰胺多胺表氯醇;耐干燥剂,诸如阴离子、阳离子或两性聚酰胺;抛光剂;颜料;着色剂;消泡剂;以及其它在造纸业中公知的辅助剂。原纸可以表面涂胶。对此,适宜的施胶剂例如为聚乙烯醇或氧化淀粉。原纸可以在长网造纸机或Yankee造纸机(滚筒式造纸机)上进行制造。原纸的表面重量可以为50-250g/m2,特别为50-150g/m2。原纸可以以非压实或压实的形式(滚光地)来使用。特别良好适宜地,使原纸的密度为0.8-1.05g/m3,特别为0.95-1.02g/m3。
在原纸中作为填充材料例如可以采用高岭土、天然碳酸钙(诸如石灰石、大理石或白云石)、沉淀碳酸钙、硫酸钙、硫酸钡、二氧化钛、云母、硅石、氧化铝以及它们的混合物。
在本发明的另一个实施例中,在原纸和微孔层之间可以设有至少另一涂层,该另一涂层含有亲水粘合剂。对此特别适宜地采用形成薄膜的淀粉,诸如热改性淀粉,特别为玉米淀粉或羟丙基淀粉。在本发明的一个优选形式中,采用低粘度淀粉溶液,其中,布氏粘度在50-600mPas(浓度为25%的溶液,50℃/100Upm)的范围内,特别为100-400mPas,优选为200-300mPas。布氏粘度根据ISO 2555来测量。优选,粘合剂不含有合成胶乳。通过不含合成粘合剂,实现了废料的再利用,而不需要迄今为止的调整处理。
在本发明的另一个实施例中,包含在亲水粘合剂中的其它层含有至少一种颜料。颜料可以选自组:金属氧化物、硅酸盐、碳酸盐、硫化物或硫酸盐。特别适宜的颜料诸如为高岭土、云母、碳酸钙和/或硫酸钡。
特别优选地,颜料具有狭窄的粒径分布,其中,70%的颜料颗粒的尺寸小于1μm。为了达到本发明的效果,具有狭窄的粒径分布的颜料的含量应该占总颜料量的至少5重量%,特别为10-90重量%。含量为总颜料的30-80重量%时能够达到特别良好的效果。
根据本发明,具有狭窄的粒径分布的颜料还包括具有这样粒径分布的颜料,其中,至少约70重量%的颜料颗粒的尺寸小于约1μm,并且在40-80重量%的颜料颗粒的条件下,最大粒度(直径)的颜料与最小粒度的颜料之间的差值小于约0.4μm。经证实特别具有优势的是,采用d50%值约0.7μm的碳酸钙。
在本发明的一个特别的实施例中,可以采用颜料混合物,该颜料混合物由上文所述的碳酸钙和高岭土组成。碳酸钙/高岭土的含量比优选为30∶70至70∶30。
在该涂层中粘合剂/颜料的含量比可以为0.1-2.5,优选为0.2-1.5,然而特别约为0.9-1.3。
含有亲水粘合剂的层可以优选含有其它聚合物,诸如聚酰胺共聚物和/或聚乙烯胺共聚物。该聚合物的使用含量基于颜料量可以为0.4-5重量%。根据一个优选的实施例,聚合物的含量为0.5-1.5重量%。
含有亲水粘合剂的层可以直接设置在原纸的正面或原纸的背面。该涂层可以作为单层结构或多层结构涂覆在原纸上。层物料可以采用所有在造纸业中常用的涂覆设备进行在线或离线涂覆,其中,涂覆量这样选择,即,在干燥之后,使每层的涂覆重量最大为20g/m2,特别为8-17g/m2,或者根据特别优选的实施例为2-6g/m2。
该另一涂层可以继续用机械方法、例如碾光或铁板上光的方法进行光滑处理,然而还可以采用铸造涂覆方法(cast coating)进行涂覆。
在本发明的一个特别优选的实施例中,基础材料为原纸,该原纸在正面或背面具有至少一层聚合物涂层。在此,正面指的是原纸的印刷有导电结构的一面。
根据本发明的一个实施例,正面和背面的聚合物涂层可以含有相同的聚合物。在本发明的另一结构实施例中,在正面和背面的聚合物涂层中所采用的聚合物不同。
在原纸至少一面上设置的聚合物涂层优选含有这样的聚合物,其水蒸气渗透性最大为150g/m2·24h,以30μm的涂层厚度在40℃和90%相对空气湿度的条件下进行测量。
聚合物优选为热塑性聚合物。适宜的热塑性聚合物例如包括:聚烯烃,特别是低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)、高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、乙烯/α-烯烃共聚物(LLDPE)、聚丙烯、聚异丁烯、聚甲基戊烯以及它们的混合物。还可以采用其它热塑性聚合物,诸如(甲基)丙烯酸酯均聚物、(甲基)丙烯酸酯共聚物、诸如为聚乙烯丁缩醛的乙烯基聚合物、聚酰胺、聚酯、聚缩醛和/或聚碳酸酯。
在本发明的一个优选实施例中,原纸的正面涂有聚合物层,该聚合物层含有至少50重量%、特别为80重量%的聚乙烯,该聚乙烯的最小密度为0.910-0.930g/m3;该聚合物层的熔体流动指数为1-20g/10min。
在本发明的另一个优选实施例中,原纸的背面涂有聚烯烃,特别为聚乙烯。特别优选由LDPE和HDPE构成的聚乙烯混合物,其中,LD/HD的含量比为9∶1至1∶9,特别为3∶7至7∶3。
该聚合物层还可以含有白色颜料,诸如二氧化钛;以及含有其它辅助材料,诸如抛光剂、着色剂和分散剂。
聚合物层在正面和背面的涂覆重量可以分别为5-50g/m2,优选20-50g/m2,或特别优选30-50g/m2。
在本发明的另一个结构实施例中,在微孔层上可以涂覆其它诸如为保护层或增光层的涂层,其中,为了印刷采用喷射印刷方法来设置导电颗粒。这种涂层的涂覆重量优选小于1g/m2。
下面的实施例用于进一步说明本发明。
实施例
原纸的制造
为了制造原纸采用桉树纸浆材料。为了研磨,将纸浆以约5%浓度的水悬浊液(厚料,Dickstoff)利用精磨机以36°SR的研磨度进行研磨。平均纤维长度为0.64mm。纸浆纤维在薄料(Dünnstoff)中的浓度基于纸浆悬浊液的重量为1重量%。添加材料采用薄料,诸如:中性施胶剂,烷基烯酮二聚体(AKD),含量为0.48重量%;耐湿剂,聚酰胺多胺表氯醇树脂含量为0.36重量%;以及,天然碳酸钙,含量为10重量%。该数字基于纸浆质量。薄料的PH值调整为大约7.5,将薄料从流料箱转移到造纸机的滤网上,在滤网上通过在造纸机的滤网部分中的幅面脱水而形成纸片。在压制部分中,使纸张幅面进一步脱水,使水含量基于幅面重量为60重量%。接下来的干燥处理在造纸机的干燥部中采用加热的烘干筒进行。由此生成单位面积重量为160g/m2、湿度约为7%的原纸。
载体样本A(对照)
原纸在正面和背面都涂有涂料,涂料由苯乙烯丙烯酸酯粘合剂和颜料混合物(碳酸钙和高岭土)构成,涂覆重量为30g/m2(正面)和20g/m2(背面),然后进行干燥,接下来用砑光机进行滚光处理。
载体样本B(对照)
原纸的正面采用由100重量%的低密度聚乙烯(LDPE,0.923g/m3)构成的合成树脂、以涂覆重量约20g/m2、在层合机中、以大约250m/min的速度进行涂层。
原纸的背面采用由100重量%的低密度聚乙烯(LDPE,d=0.923g/m3)构成的合成树脂、以涂覆重量约20g/m2进行涂层。该涂层处理在层合机中以大约250m/mi n的挤出速度进行。
载体样本A1(本发明)
载体样本A采用涂料进行涂层,以及进行干燥,其中,涂料的固体总量为23%,并且含有:80份的勃姆石颜料(Sasol公司的HP14)、10份的火成的氧化铝颜料(Evonik Degussa公司的Alu C)、8份的聚乙烯醇(Kurarai公司的40-88)和2份的硼酸。干燥层的涂覆量为20g/m2,涂层的平均孔隙尺寸根据水银孔隙仪的测量为30nm。
载体样本B1(本发明)
载体样本B以与载体样本A1相同的方式设置微孔层,并进行干燥。干燥层的涂覆量为30g/m2,涂层的平均孔隙尺寸根据水银孔隙仪的测量为30nm。
载体样本C1(本发明)
以与载体样本A1相同的方式,对于可商业获得的、厚度为125μm的聚酯薄膜进行电晕处理,然后涂上微孔层,接下来进行干燥处理。干燥层的涂覆重量为30g/m2,涂层的平均孔隙尺寸根据水银孔隙仪的测量为30nm。
印刷性能测试
对载体材料A、B、A1、B1、C1以及可商业获得的聚酯薄膜用银墨水(型号“NPS”,公司Harima Chemicals,Inc.,Japan)利用喷射印刷机(DMP-2800,Fujifilm公司的)进行印刷处理。在此,25mm长和2mm宽的银导电轨以25mm的间距形成,然后在室温条件下进行1小时的干燥处理。
采用多功能电子测量设备(GDM-8251A,制造商GWINSTEK,台湾),在23℃、50%相对湿度的条件下,对印刷的银导电轨的电阻进行测量,以及对位于相邻地两个导电轨之间的电阻进行测量。此外,对印刷质量、特别是对印刷的均匀性和轮廓清晰度借助于显微镜(DPM-100,公司Fibro Systems AB,Sweden)进行视觉鉴定。
下表中对结果进行汇总。
载体材料 | 导电轨电阻 | 相邻导电轨之间的电阻 | 印刷质量*) |
薄膜(对照) | 600Ohm | >100MOhm | ○ |
A(对照) | 480Ohm | 2MOhm | - |
B(对照) | 580Ohm | >100MOhm | ○ |
A1(本发明) | 7Ohm | 50MOhm | + |
B1(本发明) | 9Ohm | >100MOhm | + |
C1(本发明) | 7Ohm | >100MOhm | + |
*)印刷质量:-:不满意,○:合格,+:良好
由此可见,本发明的材料使印刷的导电轨的电阻较低,并且在导电轨之间具有较高的绝缘电阻,由此实现了良好的印刷质量。
如这里所提供的本发明的优选实施例仅用于说明本发明,但并不局限于本发明。在不背离本发明的精神以及这里和后续的权利要求所限定的保护范围的前提下,可以考虑采用各种改变形式。
Claims (13)
1.一种通过喷射印刷方法用导电墨水印刷电子线路的载体材料,所述载体材料包括基础材料和至少设置在基础材料一侧上的外部微孔层,其中,所述微孔层的孔隙的平均孔隙尺寸小于100nm。
2.根据权利要求1所述的载体材料,其中,所述微孔层的平均孔隙尺寸在5nm至50nm的范围内。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的载体材料,其中,根据DIN4768的Rz值测得的所述微孔层表面的粗糙度小于1μm。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任意一项所述的载体材料,其中,所述微孔层含有无机颜料和亲水粘合剂。
5.根据权利要求4所述的载体材料,其中,所述无机颜料为二氧化硅、氧化铝或氧化铝水合物。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任意一项所述的载体材料,其中,所述微孔层设置成泡沫。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任意一项所述的载体材料,其中,所述基础材料为原纸。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任意一项所述的载体材料,其中,在所述基础材料和微孔层之间设有至少另一涂层。
9.根据权利要求8所述的载体材料,其中,所述另一涂层含有亲水粘合剂和无机颜料。
10.根据权利要求8所述的载体材料,其中,所述另一涂层为聚烯烃涂层。
11.根据权利要求1至10中任意一项所述的载体材料,其中,所述基础材料为聚合物薄膜。
12.一种用于在载体上制造导电结构的方法,包括:准备基础材料;以及,通过喷射印刷方法在基础材料上印刷导电墨水;其中,在基础材料上设有微孔层,所述微孔层的平均孔隙尺寸小于100nm。
13.一种印刷线路,包括载体材料,所述载体材料由基础材料和设置在所述基础材料上的微孔层构成;其中,所述微孔层的孔隙的平均孔隙尺寸小于100nm;并且,所述印刷线路通过喷射印刷方法、用印刷墨水来印刷载体材料而生成,所述印刷墨水含有导电颗粒。
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- 2010-09-09 EP EP10754717A patent/EP2478752A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2010-09-09 KR KR1020127009640A patent/KR20120083885A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2010-09-09 CN CN2010800409475A patent/CN102668731A/zh active Pending
- 2010-09-09 WO PCT/EP2010/063222 patent/WO2011029865A1/de active Application Filing
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ZA201201845B (en) | 2013-08-28 |
US20120234585A1 (en) | 2012-09-20 |
KR20120083885A (ko) | 2012-07-26 |
US8815375B2 (en) | 2014-08-26 |
WO2011029865A1 (de) | 2011-03-17 |
JP2013504864A (ja) | 2013-02-07 |
EP2478752A1 (de) | 2012-07-25 |
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